Redox remodeling as an immunoregulatory strategy
Open accessAbstract
Activation and proliferation of T cells require a reducing extracellular microenvironment in the immune synapse that is provided by antigen presenting cells, especially dendritic cells. Stimulation of dendritic cells by T cells activates the NF-kappaB pathway in dendritic cells and induces an antioxidant response. It also enhances system x(c)(-)-dependent cystine uptake, leading to enhanced glutathione synthesis, export, and, finally, degradation to cysteine outside the cell. Accumulation of extracellular cysteine supports glutathione synthesis in T cells while also leading to a more reducing redox potential that is needed for T cell proliferation. Naturally occurring regulatory T cells, a suppressor subpopulation of T cells, prevent autoimmune diseases and maintain peripheral tolerance by suppressing self-reactive effector T cells. They also suppress beneficial immune responses to parasites, viruses, and tumors. However, their mechanism of suppression is still not fully understood. Recently, we have found that inhibition by regulatory T cells of dendritic cell-induced extracellular redox remodeling is a component of the regulatory T cell suppression mechanism. In this review, we describe recent advances in our understanding of redox regulation and signaling in the adaptive immune system with a focus on T cell activation by dendritic cells. The role of regulatory T cells in perturbing redox remodeling by dendritic cells and its implications as a general regulatory T cell suppression mechanism are discussed.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
ROS causes T cell cycle arrest, and T cell activation/proliferation requires a reducing extracellular microenvironment.
“ROS causes T cell cycle arrest (Belikov et al., 2015; Yan and Banerjee, 2010) and T cell activation/proliferation requires a reducing extracellular microenvironment (Yan and Banerjee, 2010).”
From Comprehensive Multi-omics Analysis Reveals Mitochondrial Stress as a Central Biological Hub for Spaceflight Impact (2020) · cites this paper as Yan and Banerjee, 2010
The Abstract and Concluding Remarks state that T-cell activation and proliferation require a reducing extracellular microenvironment. The “Redox Signaling During T cell Activation” section says sustained pro-oxidant conditions inhibit proliferation, but does not establish that ROS causes T-cell cycle arrest; it also says low levels of ROS can promote activation. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Dendritic cells and the control of immunity
Banchereau, J., & Steinman, R. M. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/32588 · Cited by 14,244 · see citing works
Control of Regulatory T Cell Development by the Transcription Factor <i>Foxp3</i>
Hori, S., Nomura, T., & Sakaguchi, S. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1079490 · Cited by 8,187 · see citing works
Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells
Banchereau, J., Brière, F., Caux, C., Davoust, J. M., Lebecque, S., Liu, Y., Pulendran, B., & Palucka, K. (2000) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.18.1.767 · Cited by 6,612 · see citing works
Park, J., Adoro, S., Guinter, T. I., Erman, B., Alag, A., Catálfamo, M., Kimura, M. Y., Cui, Y., Lucas, P. J., Gress, R. E., et al. (2010) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.1840 · Cited by 5,835 · see citing works
Meister, A., & Anderson, M. E. (1983) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.52.070183.003431 · Cited by 5,694 · see citing works
Sakaguchi, S., Sakaguchi, N., Asano, M., Itoh, M., & Toda, M. (1995) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.155.3.1151 · Cited by 5,608 · see citing works
Regulatory T Cells and Immune Tolerance
Sakaguchi, S., Yamaguchi, T., Nomura, T., & Ono, M. (2008) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.05.009 · Cited by 5,357 · see citing works
Bennett, C. L., Christie, J., Ramsdell, F., Brunkow, M., Ferguson, P., Whitesell, L., Kelly, T., Saulsbury, F., Chance, P., & Ochs, H. (2001) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/83713 · Cited by 3,576 · see citing works
Vignali, D. A. A., Collison, L. W., & Workman, C. J. (2008) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2343 · Cited by 3,463 · see citing works
Sakaguchi, S. (2003) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141122 · Cited by 3,293 · see citing works
CTLA-4 Control over Foxp3 <sup>+</sup> Regulatory T Cell Function
Wing, K., Onishi, Y., Prieto-Martin, P., Yamaguchi, T., Miyara, M., Fehervari, Z., Nomura, T., & Sakaguchi, S. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1160062 · Cited by 2,956 · see citing works
Physiological functions of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase
Arnér, E. S. J., & Holmgren, A. (2000) · European Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01701.x · Cited by 2,535 · see citing works
The inhibitory cytokine IL-35 contributes to regulatory T-cell function
Collison, L., Workman, C., Kuo, T. T., Boyd, K., Wang, Y., Vignali, K. M., Cross, R., Sehy, D., Blumberg, R., & Vignali, D. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06306 · Cited by 2,152 · see citing works
Asseman, C., Mauze, S., Leach, M. W., Coffman, R. L., & Powrie, F. M. (1999) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.190.7.995 · Cited by 1,617 · see citing works
Nakamura, K., Kitani, A., & Strober, W. (2001) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.194.5.629 · Cited by 1,596 · see citing works
Modulation of tryptophan catabolism by regulatory T cells
Fallarino, F., Grohmann, U., Hwang, K. W., Orabona, C., Vacca, C., Bianchi, R., Belladonna, M. L., Fioretti, M. C., Alegre, M., & Puccetti, P. (2003) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1003 · Cited by 1,375 · see citing works
Radical-free biology of oxidative stress
Jones, D. P. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00283.2008 · Cited by 1,213 · see citing works
Thelander, L., & Reichard, P. A. (1979) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.48.070179.001025 · Cited by 1,177 · see citing works
Granzyme B and Perforin Are Important for Regulatory T Cell-Mediated Suppression of Tumor Clearance
Cao, X., Cai, S. F., Fehniger, T. A., Song, J., Collins, L. I., Piwnica-Worms, D. R., & Ley, T. J. (2007) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2007.08.014 · Cited by 1,038 · see citing works
Chambers, C. A., Kuhns, M. S., Egen, J. G., & Allison, J. P. (2001) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.19.1.565 · Cited by 1,000 · see citing works
Regulation of T Cell Immunity by Dendritic Cells
Lanzavecchia, A., & Sallusto, F. (2001) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00455-x · Cited by 997 · see citing works
Gondek, D. C., Lu, L., Quezada, S. A., Sakaguchi, S., & Noelle, R. J. (2005) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.174.4.1783 · Cited by 943 · see citing works
Glutathione deficiency is associated with impaired survival in HIV disease
Herzenberg, L. A., Rosa, S. C. D., Dubs, J. G., Roederer, M., Anderson, M. T., Ela, S. W., Deresinski, S. C., & Herzenberg, L. A. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.5.1967 · Cited by 672 · see citing works
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate is a key component of regulatory T cell–mediated suppression
Bopp, T., Becker, C., Klein, M., Klein‐Hessling, S., Palmetshofer, A., Serfling, E., Heib, V., Becker, M., Kubach, J., Schmitt, S., et al. (2007) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20062129 · Cited by 659 · see citing works
Redox-mediated activation of latent transforming growth factor-beta 1
Barcellos‐Hoff, M. H., & Dix, T. A. (1996) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/mend.10.9.8885242 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Kemp, M. L., Go, Y., & Jones, D. P. (2007) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.11.008 · Cited by 568 · see citing works
Regulatory T cells inhibit stable contacts between CD4+ T cells and dendritic cells in vivo
Tadokoro, C. E., Shakhar, G., Shen, S., Ding, Y., Lino, A. C., Maraver, A., Lafaille, J. J., & Dustin, M. L. (2006) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20050783 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Glutathione levels in antigen-presenting cells modulate Th1 versus Th2 response patterns
Peterson, J. D., Herzenberg, L. A., Vasquez, K. O., & Waltenbaugh, C. R. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.6.3071 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Kobie, J. J., Shah, P. R., Li, Y., Rebhahn, J. A., Fowell, D. J., & Mosmann, T. R. (2006) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.6780 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
EXTRACELLULAR THIOLS AND THIOL/DISULFIDE REDOX IN METABOLISM
Moriarty-Craige, S. E., & Jones, D. P. (2004) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132208 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Suthanthiran, M., Anderson, M. E., Sharma, V. K., & Meister, A. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.9.3343 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Angelini, G., Gardella, S., Ardy, M., Ciriolo, M. R., Filomeni, G., Trapani, G. D., Clarke, F. M., Sitia, R., & Rubartelli, A. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.022630299 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Low Concentrations of Acid-Soluble Thiol (Cysteine) in the Blood Plasma of HIV-1-Infected Patients
Eck, H., Gmünder, H., HARTMANN, M., Petzoldt, D., Daniel, V., & Dröge, W. (1989) · Biological Chemistry Hoppe-Seyler · doi:10.1515/bchm3.1989.370.1.101 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
The cystine/cysteine cycle: a redox cycle regulating susceptibility versus resistance to cell death
Banjac, A., Perisic, T., Sato, H., Seiler, A., Bannai, S., Weiss, N., Kölle, P., Tschoep, K., Issels, R. D., Daniel, P. T., et al. (2007) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1210796 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Secrist, J. P., Burns, L. A., Karnitz, L. M., Koretzky, G. A., & Abraham, R. T. (1993) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53403-7 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Łoś, M., Schenk, H., Hexel, K., Baeuerle, P. A., Dröge, W., & Schulze‐Osthoff, K. (1995) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb00043.x · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Bcl-2 expression causes redistribution of glutathione to the nucleus
Voehringer, D. W., McConkey, D. J., McDonnell, T. J., Brisbay, S. M., & Meyn, R. E. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.6.2956 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
A redox cycle within the cell cycle: ring in the old with the new
Menon, S. G., & Goswami, P. C. (2006) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1209895 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Redox signalling by transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1 in lymphocytes
Schulze‐Osthoff, K., Łoś, M., & Baeuerle, P. A. (1995) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0006-2952(95)02011-z · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Yang, H., Magilnick, N., Lee, C., Kalmaz, D. M., Ou, X., Chan, J. Y., & Lu, S. C.-L. (2005) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.25.14.5933-5946.2005 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Generation and Function of Reactive Oxygen Species in Dendritic Cells During Antigen Presentation
Matsue, H., Edelbaum, D., Shalhevet, D., Mizumoto, N., Yang, C., Mummert, M. E., Oeda, J., Masayasu, H., & Takashima, A. (2003) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.171.6.3010 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Emerging Challenges in Regulatory T Cell Function and Biology
Sakaguchi, S., & Powrie, F. M. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1142331 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
T cell surface redox levels determine T cell reactivity and arthritis susceptibility
Gelderman, K. A., Hultqvist, M. H., Holmberg, J., Olofsson, P., & Holmdahl, R. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0604571103 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Thiol–Disulfide Balance: From the Concept of Oxidative Stress to that of Redox Regulation
Ghezzi, P., Bonetto, V., & Fratelli, M. (2005) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2005.7.964 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Cleaving the oxidative repair protein Ape1 enhances cell death mediated by granzyme A
Fan, Z., Beresford, P. J., Zhang, D., Xu, Z., Novina, C. D., Yoshida, A., Pommier, Y. G., & Lieberman, J. (2003) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni885 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Redox regulation of signal transduction: tyrosine phosphorylation and calcium influx.
Staal, F. J. T., Anderson, M. T., Staal, G. E. J., Herzenberg, L. A., Gitler, C., & Herzenberg, L. A. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.9.3619 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Tse, H. M., Milton, M. J., & Piganelli, J. D. (2003) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2003.10.029 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Glutathione Is Recruited into the Nucleus in Early Phases of Cell Proliferation
Marković, J., Borrás, C., Ortega, Á., Sastre, J., Viña, J., & Pallardó, F. V. (2007) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m609582200 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Disulfide exchange in domain 2 of CD4 is required for entry of HIV-1
Matthias, L. J., Yam, P. T., Jiang, X., Vandegraaff, N., Li, P., Poumbourios, P., Donoghue, N., & Hogg, P. J. (2002) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni815 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Expression of γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase Protects Ramos B Cells from Oxidation-induced Cell Death
Karp, D. R., Shimooku, K., & Lipsky, P. E. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m008484200 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Messina, J. P., & Lawrence, D. A. (1989) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.143.6.1974 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Extensive disulfide bonding at the mammalian cell surface.
Hynes, R. O., & Destree, A. T. (1977) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.74.7.2855 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Regulation of glutathione levels in mouse spleen lymphocytes by transport of cysteine
Ishii, T., Sugita, Y., & Bannai, S. (1987) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.1041330217 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Extracellular Disulfide Exchange and the Regulation of Cellular Function
Jordan, P. A., & Gibbins, J. M. (2006) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2006.8.312 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Extracellular redox modulation by regulatory T cells
Yan, Z., Garg, S. K., Kipnis, J., & Banerjee, R. V. (2009) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio.212 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationSelective redox regulation of cytokine receptor signaling by extracellular thioredoxin‐1
Schwertassek, U., Balmer, Y., Gutscher, M., Weingarten, L., Preuss, M., Engelhard, J., Winkler, M., & Dick, T. P. (2007) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7601746 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Modulation of lymphocyte functions and immune responses by cysteine and cysteine derivatives
Dröge, W., Eck, H., Gmünder, H., & Mihm, S. (1991) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(91)90297-b · Cited by 134 · see citing works
DAMPs and inflammatory processes: the role of redox in the different outcomes
Carta, S., Castellani, P., Delfino, L., Tassi, S., Venè, R., & Rubartelli, A. (2009) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.1008598 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Surface thiols of human lymphocytes and their changes after in vitro and in vivo activation
Lawrence, D. A., Song, R., & Webert, P. (1996) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1002/jlb.60.5.611 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Tse, H. M., Milton, M. J., Schreiner, S., Profozich, J., Trucco, M., & Piganelli, J. D. (2007) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.178.2.908 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Haddad, J. J., & Fahlman, C. S. (2002) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02094-6 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Gringhuis, S. I., der Voort, E. A. M. P.-V., Leow, A., Levarht, E. W. N., Breedveld, F. C., & Verweij, C. L. (2002) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.22.2.400-411.2002 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Extracellular thioredoxin and thioredoxin-binding protein 2 in control of cancer.
Nakamura, H., Masutani, H., & Yodoi, J. (2006) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2006.09.001 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Glutathione Regulates Telomerase Activity in 3T3 Fibroblasts
Borrás, C., Esteve, J. M., Vinã, J. R., Sastre, J., Viña, J., & Pallardó, F. V. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m402425200 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
T-cell activation: a multidimensional signaling network
Tseng, S.-Y., & Dustin, M. L. (2002) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/s0955-0674(02)00370-8 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Castellani, P., Angelini, G., Delfino, L., Matucci, A., & Rubartelli, A. (2008) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.200838439 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Antigen-presenting cells control T cell proliferation by regulating amino acid availability
Edinger, A. L., & Thompson, C. B. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.042707999 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Thiol-Mediated Redox Regulation of Intestinal Lamina Propria T Lymphocytes
Sido, B., Braunstein, J., Breitkreutz, R., Herfarth, C. H., & Meuer, S. C. (2000) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.192.6.907 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Redox modulation inhibits CD8 T cell effector function
Sklavos, M. M., Tse, H. M., & Piganelli, J. D. (2008) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.08.023 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The control of T cell activation vs. tolerance
Abbas, A. K. (2003) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/s1568-9972(03)00028-4 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Thorén, F. B., Betten, Å., Romero, A. I., & Hellstrand, K. (2007) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.179.1.21 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Ali, I. U., & Hynes, R. O. (1978) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/0005-2736(78)90136-0 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Masciarelli, S., & Sitia, R. (2008) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.01.003 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
In vitro studies on the lymphoma growth-inhibitory activity of sulfasalazine
Gout, P. W., Simms, C. R., & Robertson, M. C. (2003) · Anti-Cancer Drugs · doi:10.1097/00001813-200301000-00004 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
A Prominent Role for Mucosal Cystine/Cysteine Metabolism in Intestinal Immunoregulation
Sido, B., Lasitschka, F., Giese, T., Gaßler, N., Funke, B., Schröder–Braunstein, J., Brunnemer, U., Meuer, S. C., & Autschbach, F. (2007) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.11.001 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Blakytny, R., Erkell, L. J., & Brunner, G. (2006) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2006.01.017 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Regulatory T cells: present facts and future hopes
Becker, C., Stoll, S., Bopp, T., Schmitt, E., & Jonuleit, H. (2006) · Medical Microbiology and Immunology · doi:10.1007/s00430-006-0017-y · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Redox Regulation of Lymphocyte Signaling
Pani, G., Colavitti, R., Borrello, S., & Galeotti, T. (2000) · IUBMB Life · doi:10.1080/152165400410227 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Hasan, A., Ghaemmaghami, A. M., Fairclough, L. C., Robins, A., Sewell, H. F., & Shakib, F. (2008) · Immunobiology · doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2008.04.006 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Peacekeepers of the Immune System
Fehervari, Z. T., & Sakaguchi, S. (2006) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1006-56 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [19]Meister A Anderson ME 1983 Glutathione Annu Rev Biochem 52 711 760 6137189
- [54]Sakaguchi S 2004 Naturally arising CD4+ regulatory t cells for immunologic self-tolerance and negative control of immune responses Annu Rev Immunol 22 531 562 15032588
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Redox regulation of immunometabolism
Muri, J., & Köpf, M. (2020) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-00478-8 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
da Silveira, W. A., Fazelinia, H., Rosenthal, S. B., Laiakis, E. C., Kim, M. S., Meydan, C., Kidane, Y., Rathi, K. S., Smith, S. M., Stear, B., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.002 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
“, 2015; Yan and Banerjee, 2010) and T cell activation/proliferation requires a reducing extracellular microenvironment (Yan and Banerjee, 2010).”
Aging and Immune Function: Molecular Mechanisms to Interventions
Ponnappan, S., & Ponnappan, U. (2011) · Antioxidants & Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2010.3228 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Intestinal redox biology and oxidative stress
Circu, M. L., & Aw, T. Y. (2012) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.03.014 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Ferroptosis in the tumor microenvironment: perspectives for immunotherapy
Xu, H., Ye, D., Ren, M., Zhang, H., & Bi, F. (2021) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2021.06.014 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Melnyk, S., Fuchs, G. J., Schulz, E., Lopez, M., Kahler, S. G., Fussell, J. J., Bellando, J., Pavliv, O., Rose, S., Seidel, L., et al. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1260-7 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Xie, M., Hong, C., Zhang, B., Lowdon, R. F., Xing, X., Li, D., Zhou, X., Lee, H. J., Maire, C. L., Ligon, K. L., et al. (2013) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2649 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Groitl, B., & Jakob, U. (2014) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.03.007 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Redox biology of the intestine
Circu, M. L., & Aw, T. Y. (2011) · Free Radical Research · doi:10.3109/10715762.2011.611509 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Redox outside the Box: Linking Extracellular Redox Remodeling with Intracellular Redox Metabolism
Banerjee, R. V. (2011) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.r111.287995 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Glutathione System: A New Drug Target in Neuroimmune Disorders
Morris, G., Anderson, G., Dean, O. M., Berk, M., Gałecki, P., Martín-Subero, M., & Maes, M. H. J. (2014) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-014-8705-x · Cited by 187 · see citing works
The Glutathione System in Parkinson’s Disease and Its Progression
Bjørklund, G., Peana, M., Maes, M., Dadar, M., & Severin, B. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.004 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Aging is associated with increased regulatory T ‐cell function
Garg, S. K., Delaney, C. E., Toubai, T., Ghosh, A. K., Reddy, P. R., Banerjee, R. V., & Yung, R. L. (2013) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.12191 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Self-citationMorris, D., Khurasany, M., Nguyen, T., Kim, J., Guilford, F. T., Mehta, R. J., Gray, D., Saviola, B., & Venketaraman, V. (2012) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.10.012 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Sikalidis, A. K. (2014) · Pathology & Oncology Research · doi:10.1007/s12253-014-9860-0 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Multiple Sclerosis: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities
Miljkovic, D., & Spasojević, I. (2013) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2012.5068 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Sulfur as a Signaling Nutrient Through Hydrogen Sulfide
Kabil, Ö., Vitvitsky, V., & Banerjee, R. V. (2014) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071813-105654 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citationActivated human CD4+ T cells express transporters for both cysteine and cystine
Levring, T., Hansen, A. K., Nielsen, B., Kongsbak, M., von Essen, M. V., Woetmann, A., Ødum, N., Bonefeld, C., & Geisler, C. (2012) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep00266 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Regulatory T Cells Interfere with Glutathione Metabolism in Dendritic Cells and T Cells
Yan, Z., Garg, S. K., & Banerjee, R. V. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.189944 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationRostami, R., Aghasi, M. R., Mohammadi, A., & Nourooz‐Zadeh, J. (2012) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.11.021 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Mapping the cysteine proteome: analysis of redox-sensing thiols
Jones, D. P., & Go, Y. (2011) · Current Opinion in Chemical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.12.014 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Noncoding RNAs link metabolic reprogramming to immune microenvironment in cancers
Zhang, Y., Mao, Q., Xia, Q., Cheng, J., Huang, Z., Li, Y., Chen, P., Yang, J., Fan, X., Liang, Y., et al. (2021) · Journal of Hematology & Oncology · doi:10.1186/s13045-021-01179-y · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Fueling T-cell Antitumor Immunity: Amino Acid Metabolism Revisited
Han, C., Ge, M., Ho, P., & Zhang, L. (2021) · Cancer Immunology Research · doi:10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0459 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Differential Dependence on Cysteine from Transsulfuration versus Transport During T Cell Activation
Garg, S. K., Yan, Z., Vitvitsky, V., & Banerjee, R. V. (2010) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2010.3496 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationThe impact of glutathione metabolism in autism spectrum disorder
Bjørklund, G., Doşa, M. D., Maes, M. H. J., Dadar, M., Frye, R. E., Peana, M., & Chirumbolo, S. (2021) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105437 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Pharmacology of Olive Biophenols
Obied, H. K., Prenzler, P. D., Omar, S. H., Ismael, R., Servili, M., Esposto, S., Taticchi, A., Selvaggini, R., & Urbani, S. (2012) · Advances in molecular toxicology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-59389-4.00006-9 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Siska, P. J., Kim, B., Ji, X., Hoeksema, M. D., Massion, P. P., Beckermann, K. E., Wu, J., Chi, J., Hong, J., & Rathmell, J. C. (2016) · Journal of Immunological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jim.2016.08.013 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Hydrogen Peroxide As an Immunological Transmitter Regulating Autoreactive T Cells
Holmdahl, R., Sareila, O., Pizzolla, A., Winter, S., Hagert, C., Jaakkola, N., Kelkka, T., Olsson, L. M., Wing, K., & Bäckdahl, L. (2012) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2012.4734 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Human CD4+ T cells require exogenous cystine for glutathione and DNA synthesis
Levring, T., Kongsbak, M., Rode, A. K. O., Woetmann, A., Ødum, N., Bonefeld, C., & Geisler, C. (2015) · OncoTarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.5213 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Szabó-Taylor, K. É., Eggleton, P., Turner, C. A. L., Faro, M. L. L., Tarr, J. M., Tóth, S., Whiteman, M., Haigh, R. C., Littlechild, J. A., & Winyard, P. G. (2012) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2012.04.016 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Miljković, D. M., Blaževski, J., Petković, F., Djedović, N., Momčilović, M. B., Stanisavljević, S., Jevtić, B., Stojković, M. M., & Spasojević, I. (2015) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1402302 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Tumour, Oxidative Stress and Host T Cell Response: Cementing the Dominance
Bhattacharyya, S., & Saha, J. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1111/sji.12350 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Cicco, P. D., Ercolano, G., Rubino, V., Terrazzano, G., Ruggiero, G., Cirino, G., & Ianaro, A. (2019) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.14824 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
House dust allergy and immunotherapy
Thomas, W. R. (2012) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.4161/hv.20812 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Kaur, N., Naga, O. S., Norell, H., Al-Khami, A. A., Scheffel, M. J., Chakraborty, N. G., Voelkel‐Johnson, C., Mukherji, B., & Mehrotra, S. (2011) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2011.04.014 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Banerji, S., Lawrance, W., Metcalfe, C. L., Briggs, D. C., 山内, 明., Dushek, O., van der Merwe, P. A., Day, A. J., & Jackson, D. G. (2016) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m116.736926 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Celestino, I., Checconi, P., Amatore, D., Angelis, M. D., Coluccio, P., Dattilo, R., Fegatelli, D. A., Clemente, A. M., Matarrese, P., Torcia, M. G., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01747 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Thiol/Disulfide Redox Switches in the Regulation of Heme Binding to Proteins
Ragsdale, S. W., & Li, Y. (2010) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2010.3436 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Ghosh, T., Barik, S., Bhuniya, A., Dhar, J., Dasgupta, S., Ghosh, S., Sarkar, M., Guha, I., Sarkar, K., Chakrabarti, P., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.30265 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Interleukin-2 signalling is modulated by a labile disulfide bond in the CD132 chain of its receptor
Metcalfe, C. L., Cresswell, P., & Barclay, A. N. (2012) · Open Biology · doi:10.1098/rsob.110036 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Peri/Epicellular Thiol Oxidoreductases as Mediators of Extracellular Redox Signaling
Tanaka, L. Y., Oliveira, P., & Laurindo, F. R. M. (2020) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2019.8012 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Zhang, H.-S., Sang, W.-W., Ruan, Z., & Wang, Y.-O. (2011) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/j.abb.2010.10.018 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Methionine cycle-dependent regulation of T cells in cancer immunity
Zhao, T., & Lum, J. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.969563 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Chandra, R., Federici, S., Németh, Z. H., Horváth, B., Pacher, P., Haskó, G., Deitch, E. A., & Spolarics, Z. (2011) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1100205 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Redox Therapy in Neonatal Sepsis
Bajčetić, M., Spasić, S. D., & Spasojević, I. (2014) · Shock · doi:10.1097/shk.0000000000000198 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Role of Dendritic Cells in TB and HIV Infection
Abrahem, R., Chiang, E., Haquang, J., Nham, A., Ting, Y.-S., & Venketaraman, V. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9082661 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Jin, R., Gao, Y., Zhang, S., Teng, F., Xu, X., Aili, A., Wang, Y., Sun, X., Pang, X., Ge, Q., et al. (2015) · Immunology and Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/icb.2015.36 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Zhang, G., Nitteranon, V., Guo, S., Qiu, P., Wu, X., Feng, L., Xiao, H., Hu, Q., & Parkin, K. L. (2013) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/tx300515j · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Oxidative stress, metabolic and mitochondrial abnormalities associated with autism spectrum disorder
Thorsen, M. (2020) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.04.018 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Thomas, W. R. (2012) · Clinical & Experimental Allergy · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.04059.x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Alborghetti, M. R., Corrêa, M. E. P., Whangbo, J., Shi, X. D., Aricetti, J. A., da Silva, A. A., MIRANDA, E. C. M., Sforça, M. L., Caldana, C., Gerszten, R. E., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2019.00141 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Redox regulation of regulatory T-cell differentiation and functions
Patwardhan, R. S., Singh, B., Pal, D., Checker, R., Bandekar, M., Sharma, D., & Sandur, S. K. (2020) · Free Radical Research · doi:10.1080/10715762.2020.1745202 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Lycopene inhibits lymphocyte proliferation through mechanisms dependent on early cell activation
Mills, L. M., Wilson, H. M., & Thiès, F. (2012) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201200047 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Allopurinol reduces antigen-specific and polyclonal activation of human T cells
Pérez‐Mazliah, D., Albareda, M. C., Alvarez, M., Lococo, B., Bertocchi, G. L., Petti, M. A., Viotti, R. J., & Laucella, S. A. (2012) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00295 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Regulation of T-Cell Functions by Oxidative Stress
Bennett, S. J., & Griffiths, H. R. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6166-1_2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Endocannabinoids in neuroendopsychology: multiphasic control of mitochondrial function
Nunn, A. V. W., Guy, G. W., & Bell, J. D. (2012) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0393 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The relationship of redox signaling with the risk for atherosclerosis
Lei, S., Liu, C., Zheng, T., Fu, W., & Huang, M.-Z. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1430293 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Park, M. N., Choi, M., Syahputra, R. A., Delfino, D. V., Ko, S., & Kim, B. (2026) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox15020203 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
GPI-80 Augments NF-κB Activation in Tumor Cells
Takeda, Y., Kurota, Y., Kato, T., Ito, H., Araki, A., Nara, H., Saitoh, S., Tanaka, N., Tsuchiya, N., & Asao, H. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222112027 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
PKC‐θ exists in an oxidized inactive form in naive human T cells
von Essen, M. V., Kongsbak, M., Levring, T. B., Hansen, A. K., Boding, L., Lauritsen, J. H., Woetmann, A., Baier, G., Ødum, N., Bonefeld, C., et al. (2013) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.201243140 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Redox Remodeling by Nutraceuticals for Prevention and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Inflammation
Petrarca, C., & Viola, D. (2023) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12010132 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Feng, Y., Li, T., Li, Y., Lin, Z., Han, X., Pei, X., Zhang, Y., Li, F., Yang, J., Shao, D., et al. (2023) · Clinical and Translational Medicine · doi:10.1002/ctm2.1333 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Redox homeostasis, T cells and kidney diseases: three faces in the dark
Simeoni, L., Thurm, C., Kritikos, A., & Linkermann, A. (2015) · Clinical Kidney Journal · doi:10.1093/ckj/sfv135 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Metabolic Regulation of T Cell Immunity
Vignali, P., Barbi, J. J., & Pan, F. (2017) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1170-6_2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ye, X., Ma, C., Guo, W., Guo, Y. H., Li, D.-D., Zhou, S., Hu, Q., Hong, Y., Xie, Z., & Wang, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1476774 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-Assembled Lanthanide Antenna Glutathione Sensor for the Study of Immune Cells
Fueyo‐González, F., Espinar‐Barranco, L., Herranz, R., Alkorta, I., Crovetto, L., Fribourg, M., Paredes, J. M., Orte, Á., & Gonzalez‐Vera, J. A. (2022) · ACS Sensors · doi:10.1021/acssensors.1c02439 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Shen, M., Siu, S., Byrd, S., Edelmann, K. H., Patel, N. P., Ketchem, R. R., Mehlin, C., Arnett, H. A., & Hasegawa, H. (2010) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.12.012 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Extracellular Redox Balance as a Determinant of Immune Regulation and Tissue Inflammation
Seitz, R., Müller, M. A., & Gülow, K. (2026) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox15030280 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Bianchi, M. E., Rubartelli, A., & Sitia, R. (2024) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2024.0554 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Leshansky, L., Aberdam, D., Itskovitz‐Eldor, J., & Berrih‐Aknin, S. (2014) · Stem Cells · doi:10.1002/stem.1833 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ahmadi-Ashtiani, H.-R., Allameh, A., Rastegar, H., Mortaz, E., & صراف, ز. ح. (2012) · PubMed · doi:10.22034/iji.2012.16870 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Emerging roles for methionine metabolism in immune cell fate and function
Liu, S., Tang, X., Huang, M., Tang, J., & Yang, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1701505 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Adenosine A2A receptor activation limits chronic granulomatous disease-induced hyperinflammation
Chehata, V. J., Domeier, P. P., Weilnau, J. N., & Lappas, C. M. (2010) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.11.002 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Metabolomics Analysis of the Effect of GAT-2 Deficiency on Th1 Cells in Mice
Ding, X., Yan, D., Zhang, X., Liu, B., & Zhu, G. (2021) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00601 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Arai, H., Sugiura, Y., Yamamoto, S., Yoshikawa, T., Matsuoka, Y., Maeda, R., Neyama, H., Kamimatsuse, R., Goto, S., Taniguchi, K., et al. (2025) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.0000000825 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Redox-responsive nanoparticles for enhanced mRNA delivery: a comprehensive review
Wang, Z., Chen, B., (24124354), Y. G., Wu, C., Shuai, Q., & Yan, Y. (2026) · Journal of Materials Chemistry B · doi:10.1039/d6tb00186f · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Interaction between Th9 cells, Interleukin-9 and Oxidative Stress in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Sabry, S. A., El‐Senduny, F. F., Abousamra, N. K., El-Din, M. S., Esmael, M., & Youssef, M. M. (2019) · Trends in Applied Sciences Research · doi:10.3923/tasr.2019.56.69 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Thiol-Mediated Redox Modulation of the Adaptive Immune Response.
Yan, Z. (2010) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan)
Self-citationRemtulla, A. H. (2019) · Aston Publications Explorer (Aston University) · doi:10.48780/publications.aston.ac.uk.00041270
Respirasome-mediated Activation of T-Lymphocytes
Meston, D. (2020) · Digitale Bibliothek Braunschweig (Verbundzentrale Göttingen (VZG)) · doi:10.24355/dbbs.084-202008120926-0
Zhang, Y., Mao, Q., Xia, Q., Cheng, J., Huang, Z., Li, Y., Chen, P., Yang, J., Fan, X., Liang, Y., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16821779
Zhang, Y., Mao, Q., Xia, Q., Cheng, J., Huang, Z., Li, Y., Chen, P., Yang, J., Fan, X., Liang, Y., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16821782
Metabolically Activated Proteostasis Regulators Reduce Differentiation of CD4 + T H 17 CellsPreprint
Chatterjee, P., Ortiz, K. S., Dikiy, S., Bollong, M. J., Thaxton, J. E., Mendoza, A., & Wiseman, R. L. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.09.02.747634
- Authors
- Yan, Z., & Banerjee, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Banerjee, Ruma
- Venue
- Biochemistry
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2010-01-20
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1059-1066
- ISSN
- 0006-2960 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-4995
- PMC
- PMC2820725
- OpenAlex
- W2068894470
- Cited by
- 82
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 0.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biochemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK64959, R01DK064959)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Sulfur Compounds in Biology
- Keywords
- immune regulation, regulatory T cells, dendritic cells, T cell activation, immunological synapse, glutathione, cystine uptake, system xc-, NF-κB, antioxidant response, T cell proliferation, peripheral tolerance, autoimmune disease
- MeSH terms
- Dendritic Cells, Lymphocyte Activation, Oxidation-Reduction, Signal Transduction, Resting Phase, Cell Cycle, Reactive Oxygen Species, Antigen Presentation, Extracellular Fluid, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
