Controlled Degradation and Mechanical Behavior of Photopolymerized Hyaluronic Acid Networks
Open accessAbstract
Hyaluronic acid is a natural polysaccharide found abundantly throughout the body with many desirable properties for application as a biomaterial, including scaffolding for tissue engineering. In this work, hyaluronic acid with molecular weights ranging from 50 to 1100 kDa was modified with methacrylic anhydride and photopolymerized into networks with a wide range of physical properties. With macromer concentrations from 2 to 20 wt %, networks exhibited volumetric swelling ratios ranging from approximately 42 to 8, compressive moduli ranging from approximately 2 to over 100 kPa, and degradation times ranging from less than 1 day up to almost 38 days in the presence of 100 U/mL of hyaluronidase. When 3T3-fibroblasts were photoencapsulated in the hydrogels, cells remained viable with low macromer concentrations but decreased sequentially as the macromer concentration increased. Finally, auricular swine chondrocytes produced neocartilage when photoencapsulated in the hyaluronic acid networks. This work presents a next step toward the development of advanced in vivo curable biomaterials.
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Among most commonly used natural polymers are hyaluronic acid, gelatin, collagen, and chondroitin sulfate.
“Among the most commonly used natural polymers are hyaluronic acid, gelatin, collagen, and chondroitin sulfate (14, 108).”
From Modeling physiological events in 2D vs. 3D cell culture (2017) · cites this paper as [14]
The Introduction (page unavailable) identifies hyaluronic acid and collagen as materials investigated for cartilage scaffolds, supporting their use as natural biomaterials. It does not identify gelatin as a commonly used material, and mentions chondroitin sulfate as a cartilage component rather than as a commonly used polymer. It also does not establish that the four named materials are among the most commonly used. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured3D scaffolds and associated cell-encapsulation techniques provide valuable tools for deciphering how ECM affects fate of cells.
“These 3D scaffolds and associated cell-encapsulation techniques provide the valuable tools for helping us decipher how the ECM affects the fate of cells (5, 13, 14, 25-27, 68, 77, 80, 87, 88, 92, 108).”
From Modeling physiological events in 2D vs. 3D cell culture (2017) · cites this paper as [14]
The Materials and Methods describe cell encapsulation in 3D hydrogel networks, and the Results and Discussion report how network properties relate to cell viability and neocartilage formation. This supports the scaffolds-and-encapsulation part of the claim, but the paper does not directly examine how the extracellular matrix affects cell fate; it chiefly examines how the networks affect cells and matrix distribution. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHyaluronic acid gels (e.g., auto-crosslinked HA in Hyalobarrier) form a viscous coating that gradually breaks down by enzymatic action over days to weeks depending on concentration.
“Hyaluronic acid gels (e.g., auto-crosslinked HA in Hyalobarrier®)—these form a viscous coating that gradually breaks down by enzymatic action over days to weeks depending on the concentration [267].”
From Biomaterials in Postoperative Adhesion Barriers and Uterine Tissue Engineering (2025) · cites this paper as [267]
The Results and Discussion (page unavailable) report that hyaluronidase degrades the studied HA networks and that higher macromer concentration extends degradation time; the Abstract reports times from less than one day to almost 38 days under laboratory conditions. Materials and Methods (page unavailable) identify these as methacrylated, photopolymerized HA gels, not auto-crosslinked Hyalobarrier®. The paper does not establish that Hyalobarrier forms a viscous coating or that the measured degradation times apply to it in use. (LLM, conf=0.89)
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- Authors
- Burdick, J. A., Chung, C., Jia, X., Randolph, M. A., & Langer, R.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Venue
- Biomacromolecules
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2004-11-24
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 386-391
- ISSN
- 1525-7797 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-4602
- PMC
- PMC2678566
- OpenAlex
- W2022836746
- Cited by
- 777
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 6.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biomacromolecules (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (5R01 DE-13023-05, K22DE015761, K22 DE-015761-01, R01DE013023)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Silk-based biomaterials and applications
- Keywords
- hyaluronic acid, photopolymerization, hydrogels, controlled degradation, hyaluronidase, swelling behavior, compressive modulus, 3T3 fibroblasts, auricular chondrocytes, neocartilage formation, tissue engineering scaffolds
- MeSH terms
- Anhydrides, Animals, Carbohydrate Sequence, Cell Survival, Fibroblasts, Hyaluronic Acid, Molecular Sequence Data, Molecular Weight, Photochemistry, Polymers, Time Factors, 3T3 Cells, Hydrogels, Cell Proliferation, Mice
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