Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Concentrations of Perfluorinated Compounds in Bald Eagle Nestlings in the Upper Midwestern United States
Open accessAbstract
Perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) are of concern due to their widespread use, persistence in the environment, tendency to accumulate in animal tissues, and growing evidence of toxicity. Between 2006 and 2011 we collected blood plasma from 261 bald eagle nestlings in six study areas from the upper Midwestern United States. Samples were assessed for levels of 16 different PFCs. We used regression analysis in a Bayesian framework to evaluate spatial and temporal trends for these analytes. We found levels as high as 7370 ng/mL for the sum of all 16 PFCs (∑PFCs). Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorodecanesulfonate (PFDS) were the most abundant analytes, making up 67% and 23% of the PFC burden, respectively. Levels of ∑PFC, PFOS, and PFDS were highest in more urban and industrial areas, moderate on Lake Superior, and low on the remote upper St. Croix River watershed. We found evidence of declines in ∑PFCs and seven analytes, including PFOS, PFDS, and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA); no trend in two analytes; and increases in two analytes. We argue that PFDS, a long-chained PFC with potential for high bioaccumulation and toxicity, should be considered for future animal and human studies.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Bald eagle from the Great Lakes area showed insignificant PFNA trends.
“Bald eagle from the Great Lakes area showed insignificant trends [127].”
Cites
Gelman, A., Carlin, J. B., Stern, H. S., Dunson, D. B., Vehtari, A., & Rubin, D. B. (2013) · doi:10.1201/b16018 · Cited by 27,276 · see citing works
WinBUGS - A Bayesian modelling framework: Concepts, structure, and extensibility
Lunn, D. J., Thomas, A., Best, N., & Spiegelhalter, D. J. (2000) · Statistics and Computing · doi:10.1023/a:1008929526011 · Cited by 5,372 · see citing works
Bayesian image restoration, with two applications in spatial statistics
Besag, J. E., York, J. C., & Molli�, A. (1991) · Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics · doi:10.1007/bf00116466 · Cited by 4,218 · see citing works
Conder, J. M., Hoke, R. A., Wolf, W. D., Russell, M. H., & Buck, R. C. (2008) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es070895g · Cited by 1,206 · see citing works
Monitoring of Perfluorinated Compounds in Aquatic Biota: An Updated Review: PFCs in Aquatic Biota
Houde, M., De Silva, A. O., Muir, D. C. G., & Letcher, R. J. (2011) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es104326w · Cited by 847 · see citing works
Trends in Exposure to Polyfluoroalkyl Chemicals in the U.S. Population: 1999−2008
Kato, K., Wong, L.-Y., Jia, L. T., Kuklenyik, Z., & Calafat, A. M. (2011) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es1043613 · Cited by 777 · see citing works
Epidemiologic Evidence on the Health Effects of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA)
Steenland, K., Fletcher, T., & Savitz, D. A. (2010) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.0901827 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
Post, G. B., Cohn, P. D., & Cooper, K. R. (2012) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2012.03.007 · Cited by 639 · see citing works
Quantitative Characterization of Trace Levels of PFOS and PFOA in the Tennessee River
Hansen, K. J., Johnson, H. O., Eldridge, J. S., Butenhoff, J. L., & Dick, L. A. (2002) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es010780r · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Emmett, E. A., Shofer, F. S., Zhang, H., Freeman, D. W., Desai, C. S., & Shaw, L. M. J. (2006) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.jom.0000232486.07658.74 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Hölzer, J., Midasch, O., Rauchfuss, K., Kraft, M., Reupert, R., Angerer, J., Kleeschulte, P., Marschall, N., & Wilhelm, M. (2008) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.11064 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Fish-Eating Water Birds Including Bald Eagles and Albatrosses
Kannan, K., Franson, J. C., Bowerman, W. W., Hansen, K. J., Jones, P. D., & Giesy, J. P. (2001) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es001935i · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Evidence that there are Two Forms of Fluoride in Human Serum
Taves, D. R. (1968) · Nature · doi:10.1038/2171050b0 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Falandysz, J., Taniyasu, S., Gulkowska, A., Yamashita, N., & Schulte‐Oehlmann, U. (2006) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es051799n · Cited by 219 · see citing works
PFOS and PFC releases and associated pollution from a PFC production plant in Minnesota (USA)
Oliaei, F., Kriens, D., Weber, R., & Watson, A. (2013) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-012-1275-4 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Perfluorinated Compounds in the Cape Fear Drainage Basin in North Carolina
Nakayama, S., Strynar, M. J., Helfant, L., Egeghy, P., Ye, X., & Lindstrom, A. B. (2007) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es070792y · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citationSpatial Distribution of Perfluoroalkyl Contaminants in Lake Trout from the Great Lakes
Furdui, V. I., Stock, N. L., Ellis, D. A., Butt, C. M., Whittle, D. M., Crozier, P. W., Reiner, E. J., Muir, D. C. G., & Mabury, S. A. (2007) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es0620484 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Avian Toxicity Reference Values for Perfluorooctane Sulfonate
Newsted, J. L., Jones, P. D., Coady, K. K., & Giesy, J. P. (2005) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es050989v · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Concentrations in Surface Water in Japan
Saito, N., Sasaki, K., Nakatome, K., Harada, K. H., Yoshinaga, T., & Koizumi, A. (2003) · Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00244-003-0163-9 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Perfluorochemical (PFC) Exposure in Children: Associations with Impaired Response Inhibition
Gump, B. B., Wu, Q., Dumas, A. K., & Kannan, K. (2011) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es103712g · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Determination of Perfluorinated Compounds in the Upper Mississippi River Basin
Nakayama, S. F., Strynar, M. J., Reiner, J. L., Delinsky, A. D., & Lindstrom, A. B. (2010) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es100382z · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationRotander, A., Kärrman, A., van Bavel, B., Polder, A., Rigét, F. F., Auðunsson, G. A., Víkingsson, G. A., Gabrielsen, G. W., Bloch, D., & Dam, M. (2011) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.054 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Ye, X., Strynar, M. J., Nakayama, S. F., Varns, J. L., Helfant, L., Lazorchak, J. M., & Lindstrom, A. B. (2008) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2008.03.014 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationPFOS levels in the blood and liver of a small insectivorous songbird near a fluorochemical plant
Dauwe, T., de Vijver, K. V., Coen, W. D., & Eens, M. (2006) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2006.11.014 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Kozie, K. D., & Anderson, R. K. (1991) · Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/bf01065326 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Holmström, K. E., Johansson, A.-K., Bignert, A., Lindberg, P., & Berger, U. (2010) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es100028f · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Zushi, Y., Ye, F., Motegi, M., Nojiri, K., Hosono, S., Suzuki, T., Kosugi, Y., Yaguchi, K., & Masunaga, S. (2011) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es103917r · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Geographical Distribution of Perfluorinated Compounds in Fish from Minnesota Lakes and Rivers
Delinsky, A. D., Strynar, M. J., McCann, P. J., Varns, J. L., McMillan, L., Nakayama, S. F., & Lindstrom, A. B. (2010) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es903777s · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationGebbink, W. A., Letcher, R. J., Hebert, C. E., & Weseloh, D. V. C. (2011) · Journal of Environmental Monitoring · doi:10.1039/c1em10663e · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Perfluorinated Compounds in the Great Lakes
Giesy, J. P., Mabury, S. A., Martin, J. W., Kannan, K., Jones, P. D., Newsted, J. L., & Coady, K. K. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/698_5_046 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Perfluorinated compounds in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fillets from the Upper Mississippi River
Ye, X., Schoenfuss, H. L., Jahns, N. D., Delinsky, A. D., Strynar, M. J., Varns, J. L., Nakayama, S. F., Helfant, L., & Lindstrom, A. B. (2008) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2008.02.003 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationBald Eagle Home Range and Habitat Use in the Columbia River Estuary
Garrett, M. G., Watson, J., & Anthony, R. G. (1993) · Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.2307/3808995 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Lee, K. E., Barber, L. B., Furlong, E. T., Cahill, J. D., Kolpin, D. W., Meyer, M. T., & Zaugg, S. D. (2004) · Scientific investigations report · doi:10.3133/sir20045138 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Organic Fluorine in Human Serum: Natural Versus Industrial Sources
Belisle, J. (1981) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7233235 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Perfluoroalkyl acids in Lake Superior water: Trends and sources
Scott, B. F., Silva, A. O. D., Spencer, C., Lopez, E., Backus, S. M., & Muir, D. C. G. (2010) · Journal of Great Lakes Research · doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2010.03.003 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
An interlaboratory study of perfluorinated alkyl compound levels in human plasma
Longnecker, M. P., Smith, C. S., Kissling, G. E., et al. (2008) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2008.01.005 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Bowerman, W. W., Best, D. A., Giesy, J. P., et al. (2003) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.5620220218 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Large Emissions of Perfluorocarbons in East Asia Deduced from Continuous Atmospheric Measurements
Saito, T., Yokouchi, Y., Stohl, A., et al. (2010) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es1001488 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Contaminant Concentrations and Reproductive Rate of Lake Superior Bald Eagles, 1989–2001
Dykstra, C. R., Meyer, M. W., Rasmussen, P. W., et al. (2005) · Journal of Great Lakes Research · doi:10.1016/s0380-1330(05)70253-7 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Dykstra, C. R., Route, W. T., Meyer, M. W., et al. (2010) · Journal of Great Lakes Research · doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2010.06.006 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationBoutette, J. B., Ramsay, E. C., Potgieter, L. N. D., et al. (2002) · Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1647/1082-6742(2002)016[0198:aipcrr]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food
Panel), E. P. O. C. I. T. F. C. (. C., Schrenk, D., Bignami, M., Bodin, L., Chipman, J. K., del Mazo, J., Grasl‐Kraupp, B., Hogstrand, C., Hoogenboom, L. (., Leblanc, J., et al. (2020) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6223 · Cited by 989 · see citing works
Gaballah, S., Swank, A., Sobus, J. R., Howey, X. M., Schmid, J., Catron, T., McCord, J., Hines, E., Strynar, M., & Tal, T. (2020) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp5843 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Self-citationJian, J.-M., Chen, D., Han, F.-J., Guo, Y., Zeng, L., Lu, X., & Wang, F. (2018) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.380 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Land, M., de Wit, C. A., Bignert, A., Cousins, I. T., Herzke, D., Johansson, J. H., & Martin, J. W. (2018) · Environmental Evidence · doi:10.1186/s13750-017-0114-y · Cited by 219 · see citing works
“Bald eagle from the Great Lakes area showed a decreasing PFDS trend [127], and lake trout from Lake Ontario showed an insignificant trend with low power [86].”
Meng, P., Deng, S., Lu, X., Du, Z., Wang, B., Huang, J., Wang, Y., Yu, G., & Xing, B. (2014) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es504108u · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Fu, J., Ye, T., Li, X., Gao, K., Xue, Q., Lv, J., Zhang, A., & Fu, J. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jes.2021.03.036 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Gao, K., Fu, J., Xue, Q., Li, Y., Liang, Y., Pan, Y., Zhang, A., & Jiang, G. (2018) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2017.10.038 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
- Authors
- Route, W. T., Russell, R. E., Lindstrom, A. B., Strynar, M. J., & Key, R. L.
- Affiliations
- United States Geological Survey (US)
- Corresponding author
- Route, William T.
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2014-06-05
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 6653-6660
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2085787803
- Cited by
- 81
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 6.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Keywords
- perfluorinated compounds, PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid, spatiotemporal trends, Lake Superior, bioaccumulation, wildlife contaminants, Upper Midwest
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Caprylates, Environmental Monitoring, Fluorocarbons, Geography, Humans, Nesting Behavior, Time Factors, Midwestern United States, Alkanesulfonic Acids, Eagles
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
