Development of α-Helical Calpain Probes by Mimicking a Natural Protein–Protein Interaction
Open accessAbstract
We have designed a highly specific inhibitor of calpain by mimicking a natural protein-protein interaction between calpain and its endogenous inhibitor calpastatin. To enable this goal we established a new method of stabilizing an α-helix in a small peptide by screening 24 commercially available cross-linkers for successful cysteine alkylation in a model peptide sequence. The effects of cross-linking on the α-helicity of selected peptides were examined by CD and NMR spectroscopy, and revealed structurally rigid cross-linkers to be the best at stabilizing α-helices. We applied this strategy to the design of inhibitors of calpain that are based on calpastatin, an intrinsically unstable polypeptide that becomes structured upon binding to the enzyme. A two-turn α-helix that binds proximal to the active site cleft was stabilized, resulting in a potent and selective inhibitor for calpain. We further expanded the utility of this inhibitor by developing irreversible calpain family activity-based probes (ABPs), which retained the specificity of the stabilized helical inhibitor. We believe the inhibitor and ABPs will be useful for future investigation of calpains, while the cross-linking technique will enable exploration of other protein-protein interactions.
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- Authors
- Jo, H., Meinhardt, N., Wu, Y., Kulkarni, S., Hu, X., Low, K. E., Davies, P. L., DeGrado, W. F., & Greenbaum, D. C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Queen's University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- DeGrado, William F.
- Greenbaum, Doron C.
- Venue
- Journal of the American Chemical Society
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2012-10-11
- Volume
- 134
- Issue
- 42
- Pages
- 17704-17713
- ISSN
- 0002-7863 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5126
- PMC
- PMC3523126
- OpenAlex
- W1982782947
- Cited by
- 261
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 7
- FWCI
- 8.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Chemical Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R37GM054616, GM-54616, R01GM054616, T32GM071339)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI097273)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Calpain Protease Function and Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Chemical Synthesis and Analysis
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Structure and Dynamics
- Keywords
- calpain inhibitors, calpastatin, alpha-helix stabilization, crosslinking agents, cysteine alkylation, activity-based probes, peptide helicity
- MeSH terms
- Calcium-Binding Proteins, Calpain, Models, Molecular, Protein Binding, Structure-Activity Relationship, Molecular Structure, Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors, Protein Structure, Secondary
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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