High-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of proanthocyanidins in foods and beverages

Lazarus, Sheryl A.; Adamson, Gary E.; Hammerstone, John F.; Schmitz, Harold H.

doi:10.1021/jf9813642

Cited by 263Phytochemicals and Antioxidant ActivitiesFermentation and Sensory AnalysisAnalytical Chemistry and Chromatography

High-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of proanthocyanidins in foods and beverages

Lazarus, Sheryl A., Adamson, Gary E., Hammerstone, John F., Schmitz, Harold H.·1999·Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

DOI 10.1021/jf9813642

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Monomeric and oligomeric proanthocyanidins present in a range of plant-derived foods and beverages were separated by degree of polymerization and identified using a modified normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method coupled with on-line mass spectrometry (MS) analysis using an atmospheric pressure ionization electrospray chamber. In addition, ultraviolet (UV) and fluorescence detection were used to monitor the separation of proanthocyanidins, with fluorescence detection demonstrating both increased sensitivity and the ability to reduce interfering signals from other components present in the food and beverage matrices as compared to UV detection. This qualitative study demonstrates the ability of this HPLC/MS technique to separate singly and doubly linked procyanidins, prodelphinidins, and copolymer oligomers, including their galloylated derivatives, present in a range of food and beverage samples.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1021/jf9813642

Cites

57 of 57 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Glycosylated proteins and their metabolites, AGE, bind to RAGE and induce a cascade of signals that initiate an inflammatory response.
“Glycosylated proteins, as well as their metabolites, AGE, which bind to the AGE receptor RAGE, induce a cascade of signals that initiate an inflammatory response (669) .”
From Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity (2011) · cites this paper as [669]

The Flavonoids Advances in Research Since 1986
(2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780203736692 · Cited by 1,573 · see citing works
Principal Phenolic Phytochemicals in Selected California Wines and Their Antioxidant Activity in Inhibiting Oxidation of Human Low-Density Lipoproteins
Frankel, E. N., Waterhouse, A. L., & Teissèdre, P. (1995) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf00052a008 · Cited by 873 · see citing works
Influence of processing and storage on the phenolic composition of Thompson Seedless grape juice
Spanos, G. A., & Wrolstad, R. E. (1990) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf00097a030 · Cited by 705 · see citing works
Flavonoids in Health and Disease
Rice-Evans, C. A., & Packer, L. (2003) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780367803681 · Cited by 691 · see citing works
Antioxidant activity and biologic properties of a procyanidin-rich extract from pine (pinus maritima) bark, pycnogenol
Packer, L., Rimbach, G., & Virgili, F. (1999) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(99)00090-8 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
Methods in Plant Biochemistry
(1989) · Methods in plant biochemistry · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-461011-8.50001-9 · Cited by 571 · see citing works
Oligomeric and polymeric procyanidins from grape seeds
Prieur, C., Rigaud, J., Cheynier, V., & Moutounet, M. (1994) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(00)89817-9 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
Flavonoids in Health and Disease
Rucker, R. B. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/79.5.891a · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Plant proanthocyanidins. Part I. Introduction; the isolation, structure, and distribution in nature of plant procyanidins
Thompson, R., Jacques, D., Haslam, E., et al. (1972) · Journal of the Chemical Society Perkin Transactions 1 · doi:10.1039/p19720001387 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Identification of Procyanidins in Cocoa (<i>Theobroma </i><i>cacao</i>) and Chocolate Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Hammerstone, J. F., Lazarus, S. A., Mitchell, A. E., Rucker, R., & Schmitz, H. H. (1999) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf980760h · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Self-citation
HPLC method for the quantification of procyanidins in cocoa and chocolate samples and correlation to total antioxidant capacity
Adamson, G. E., Lazarus, S. A., Mitchell, A. E., Prior, R. L., Cao, G., Jacobs, P. H., Kremers, B. G., Hammerstone, J. F., Rucker, R. B., Ritter, K. A., et al. (1999) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf990317m · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Self-citation
Practical Polyphenolics: From Structure to Molecular Recognition and Physiological Action
Haslam, E. (1998) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health II
Huang1, M.-T., Ho, C., & Lee, C. Y. (1992) · ACS symposium series · doi:10.1021/bk-1992-0507 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Antiulcer Activity of Grape Seed Extract and Procyanidins
Saito, M., Hosoyama, H., Ariga, T., Kataoka, S., & Yamaji, N. (1998) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf9709156 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Separation of Grape and Wine Proanthocyanidins According to Their Degree of Polymerization
Sun, B., Leandro, C., Ricardo-Da-Silva, J. M., et al. (1998) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf970753d · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Tannins and related compounds. XV. A new class of dimeric flavan-3-ol gallates, theasinensins A and B, and proanthocyanidin gallates from green tea leaf. (1).
Nonaka, G., KAWAHARA, O., & Nishioka, I. (1983) · Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.1248/cpb.31.3906 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Flavans and proanthocyanidins
Porter, L. J. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2913-6_2 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Chemical reaction detection of catechins and proanthocyanidins with 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde
Treutter, D. (1989) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(01)93963-9 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Characterization of highly polymerized procyanidins in cider apple (Malus sylvestris var. kermerrien) skin and pulp
Guyot, S., Doco, T., Souquet, J., Moutounet, M., & Drilleau, J. (1997) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(96)00480-3 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Characterization of procyanidins of Vitis vinifera variety Tinta del Pais grape seeds
Escribano-Bailón, M. T., Fernández, Y. G., Rivas-Gonzalo, J. C., & Santos‐Buelga, C. (1992) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf00022a013 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of procyanidins from cacao beans and grape seeds
Rigaud, J., Escribano-Bailón, M. T., Prieur, C., Souquet, J., & Cheynier, V. (1993) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/0021-9673(93)83368-3 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Identification of Catechin Oligomers from Apple (Malus pumila cv. Fuji) in Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry and Fast-atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry
Ohnishi‐Kameyama, M., Yanagida, A., Kanda, T., et al. (1997) · Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0231(19970115)11:1 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Fractionation and HPLC determination of grape phenolics
Jaworski, A. W., & Lee, C. Y. (1987) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf00074a022 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Fractionation of Phenolic Compounds in Red Wine
Oszmiański, J., Ramos, T., & Bourzeix, M. (1988) · American Journal of Enology and Viticulture · doi:10.5344/ajev.1988.39.3.259 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Molluscicides from the cashew Anacardium occidentale and their large-scale isolation
Kubo, I., Komatsu, S., & Ochi, M. (1986) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf00072a010 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Identification and determination of phenolic constituents in natural beverages and plant extracts by means of a coulometric electrode array system
Achilli, G., Cellerino, G. P., Gamache, P. H., et al. (1993) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/0021-9673(93)80033-5 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Characterization of (+)-Catechin−Acetaldehyde Polymers: A Model for Colloidal State of Wine Polyphenols
Saucier, C., Bourgeois, G., Vitry, C., et al. (1997) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf960597v · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Levels of Flavan-3-ols in French Wines
Carando, S., Teissèdre, P., Pascual-Martinez, L., et al. (1999) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf9810564 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
[15] Size separation of condensed tannins by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography
Cheynier, V., Souquet, J., Roux, E. L., Guyot, S., & Rigaud, J. (1999) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(99)99018-3 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Wine phenolics—analysis of low molecular weight components by high performance liquid chromatography
Salagoïty‐Auguste, M., & Bertrand, A. (1984) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740351116 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
The phenolics of ciders: Oligomeric and polymeric procyanidins
Lea, A. G. H. (1978) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740290511 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Detoxification of deoxynivalenol with sodium bisulfite and evaluation of the effects when pure mycotoxin or contaminated corn was treated and given to pigs
Young, J. C., Trenholm, H. L., Friend, D. W., et al. (1987) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf00074a023 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Tannins and related compounds. Part 13. Isolation and structures of trimeric, tetrameric, and pentameric proanthicyanidins from cinnamon
Nonaka, G.-I., Morimoto, S., & Nishioka, I. (1983) · Journal of the Chemical Society Perkin Transactions 1 · doi:10.1039/p19830002139 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Condensed tannins: (4.beta..fwdarw.8;2.beta..fwdarw.O.fwdarw.7)-linked procyanidins in Arachis hypogea L
Karchesy, J. J., & Hemingway, R. W. (1986) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf00072a009 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Tannins and Related Compounds. CXIV. Structures of Novel Fermentation Products, Theogallinin, Theaflavonin and Desgalloyl Theaflavonin from Black Tea, and Changes of Tea Leaf Polyphenols during Fermentation.
Hashimoto, F., Nonaka, G., & Nishioka, I. (1992) · Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.1248/cpb.40.1383 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Plant proanthocyanidins. Part II. Proanthocyanidin-A2 and its derivatives
Jacques, D., Haslam, E., Bedford, G. R., et al. (1974) · Journal of the Chemical Society Perkin Transactions 1 · doi:10.1039/p19740002663 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
A-type proanthocyanidins from pericarp of Litchi chinensis
Roux, E. L., Doco, T., Sarni‐Manchado, P., et al. (1998) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(97)01070-4 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Isolation and HPLC Determination of Phenolic Compounds in Red Grapes
Oszmiański, J., & Lee, C. Y. (1990) · American Journal of Enology and Viticulture · doi:10.5344/ajev.1990.41.3.204 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Taxonomic Classification Helps Identify Flavonoid-Containing Foods on a Semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire
Peterson, J. J., & Dwyer, J. T. (1998) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(98)00153-9 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Caffeinated Beverages
Parliment, T. H., Ho, C.-T., & Schieberle3, P. (2000) · ACS symposium series · doi:10.1021/bk-2000-0754 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
IDENTIFICATION OF PROANTHOCYANIDINS IN BEER AND THEIR DIRECT MEASUREMENT WITH A DUAL ELECTRODE ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTOR
McMurrough, I., & Baert, T. (1994) · Journal of the Institute of Brewing · doi:10.1002/j.2050-0416.1994.tb00839.x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
High‐pressure liquid chromatography of apple juice phenolic compounds
Wilson, E. L. (1981) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740320309 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Reversed-phase gradient high-performance liquid chromatography of procyanidins and their oxidation products in ciders and wines, optimised by Snyder's procedures
Lea, A. G. H. (1980) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(00)81050-x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Characterization of monomeric and oligomeric flavan-3-ols from unripe almond fruits
de Pascual‐Teresa, S., Gutierrez-Fernandez, Y., Rivas-Gonzalo, J. C., et al. (1998) · Phytochemical Analysis · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1565(199801/02)9:1 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Catechins of green tea: antioxidant activity
Lunder, T. L. (1992) · ACS Symposium series. American Chemical Society · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Tannins and related compounds. XXXV. Proanthocyanidins with a doubly linked unit from the root bark of Cinnamomum sieboldii Meisner.
Morimoto, S., Nonaka, G.-I., & Nishioka, I. (1985) · Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.1248/cpb.33.4338 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Isolation and Chemical Structures of Two New Catechins from Fresh Tea Leaf
Saijō, R. (1982) · Agricultural and Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1080/00021369.1982.10865368 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Analysis of proanthocyanidins in tea samples
Kiehne, A., Lakenbrink, C., & Engelhardt, U. H. (1997) · Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung. B, Referate und Lebensmittelrecht · doi:10.1007/s002170050144 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Analysis of polyphenols in apple products
Picinelli, A., ́rez, B. S., & Mangas, J. J. (1997) · Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung. B, Referate und Lebensmittelrecht · doi:10.1007/s002170050035 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Use of the fluorescence quantum yield for the determination of the number-average molecular weight of polymers of epicatechin with 4β→8 interflavan bonds
Cho, D., Mattice, W. L., Porter, L. J., et al. (1989) · Polymer · doi:10.1016/0032-3861(89)90277-2 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Electrochemical detection in the high-performance liquid chromatography of polyphenols (vegetable tannins)
Chiàvari, G., Vitali, P., & Galletti, G. C. (1987) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(01)94287-6 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Polymere Procyanidine, die pr�genden Bestandteile der Mandel-Samenschale
Brieskorn, C. H., & Betz, R. (1988) · European Food Research and Technology · doi:10.1007/bf01454426 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Differential Effects of Small and Large Molecular Weight Wine Phytochemicals on Endothelial Cell Eicosanoid Release
Schramm, D. D., Donovan, J. L., Kelly, P. A., et al. (1998) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf9709055 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
A comparison of the hplc, mass spectra, and acid degradation of theafulvins from black tea and proanthocyanidin polymers from wine and cider
Bailey, R. G., Nürsten, H. E., & McDowell, I. J. (1994) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740640213 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
COMPARATIVE IN VITRO AND IN VIVO FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ABILITIES OF A NOVEL GRAPE SEED PROANTHOCYANIDIN EXTRACT AND SELECTED ANTIOXIDANTS
Bagchi, D., Krohn, R. L., Balmoori, J., et al. (1999) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1533/9781845698409.3.178 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Inhibition of Nitrosamine-Induced Tumorigenesis by Green Tea and Black Tea
Wang, Z. Y., Hong, J., Huang, M., et al. (1992) · ACS symposium series · doi:10.1021/bk-1992-0507.ch022 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Amelioration of cytotoxic effects of idarubicin and 4HC on Chang liver cells by a novel grape seed proanthocyanidin extract
Joshi, S. K., Benner, E. J., Balmoori, J., et al. (1998) · The FASEB Journal · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Phenolics and polyphenolics in foods, beverages and spices: Antioxidant activity and health effects –A review
Shahidi, F., & Ambigaipalan, P. (2015) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2015.06.018 · Cited by 3,081 · see citing works
Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity
Calder, P. C., Ahluwalia, N., Brouns, F., Buetler, T., Clement, K., Cunningham, K., Esposito, K., Jönsson, L. S., Kolb, H., Lansink, M., et al. (2011) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114511005460 · Cited by 1,098 · see citing works
Tannins: Current knowledge of food sources, intake, bioavailability and biological effects
Serrano, J., Puupponen‐Pimiä, R., Dauer, A., Aura, A., & Saura‐Calixto, F. (2009) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.200900039 · Cited by 810 · see citing works
Anthocyanin‐ and hydrolyzable tannin‐rich pomegranate fruit extract modulates MAPK and NF‐κB pathways and inhibits skin tumorigenesis in CD‐1 mice
Afaq, F., Saleem, M., Krueger, C. G., Reed, J. D., & Mukhtar, H. (2005) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.20587 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
HPLC method for the quantification of procyanidins in cocoa and chocolate samples and correlation to total antioxidant capacity
Adamson, G. E., Lazarus, S. A., Mitchell, A. E., Prior, R. L., Cao, G., Jacobs, P. H., Kremers, B. G., Hammerstone, J. F., Rucker, R. B., Ritter, K. A., et al. (1999) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf990317m · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Self-citation
Procyanidin content and variation in some commonly consumed foods
Hammerstone, J. F., Lazarus, S. A., & Schmitz, H. H. (2000) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/130.8.2086s · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cocoa Products Decrease Low Density Lipoprotein Oxidative Susceptibility but Do Not Affect Biomarkers of Inflammation in Humans
Mathur, S., Grundy, S. M., Devaraj, S., & Jialal, I. (2002) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/132.12.3663 · Cited by 178 · see citing works

Preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography separation of grape seed proanthocyanidins according to degree of polymerization
Zhang, S., Li, L., Cui, Y., et al. (2016) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.170 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Suppression of Protein Structural Perturbations in Native Electrospray Ionization during the Final Evaporation Stages Revealed by Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Luan, M., Hou, Z., & Huang, G. (2021) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c09130 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Quantitative Fractionation of Grape Proanthocyanidins According to Their Degree of Polymerization
Labarbe, B., Cheynier, V., Brossaud, F., Souquet, J., & Moutounet, M. (1999) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf990029q · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Separation of grape seeds proanthocyanidins according to their degree of polymerization
Zhao, W. (2004) · He'nan kexue
Methods for Determining the Degree of Polymerization of Condensed Tannins: A New 1H-NMR Procedure Applied to Cider Apple Procyanidins
Guyot, S., Guernevé, C. L., Marnet, N., et al. (1999) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4139-4_11 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Authors: Lazarus, S. A., Adamson, G. E., Hammerstone, J. F., & Schmitz, H. H.
Affiliations: Analytical and Applied Sciences Group, Mars, Incorporated, 800 High Street, Hackettstown, New Jersey 07840
Corresponding author: Lazarus, Sheryl A.
ORCID: Schmitz, Harold H.
Venue: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published: 1999-08-24
Volume: 47
Issue: 9
Pages: 3693-3701
ISSN: 0021-8561 (ISSN-L)
1520-5118
DOI: 10.1021/jf9813642
OpenAlex: W2085019968
Cited by: 263
References: 57
Citations by year: 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 9.95
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Fermentation and Sensory Analysis
Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Analytical Chemistry and Chromatography
Keywords: proanthocyanidins, procyanidins, prodelphinidins, degree of polymerization, food and beverage analysis, fluorescence detection, UV detection, plant-based foods
MeSH terms: Anthocyanins, Antioxidants, Beverages, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Food Analysis, Seeds, Mass Spectrometry, Tea, Rosales, Proanthocyanidins

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

High-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of proanthocyanidins in foods and beverages

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks