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Cited by 3,432Culture, Economy, and Development StudiesEconomic Growth and ProductivityPolitical Conflict and Governance

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Fractionalization

Open access
Alesina, Alberto, Devleeschauwer, Arnaud, Easterly, William, Kurlat, Sergio, Wacziarg, Romain·2003·Journal of Economic Growth
DOI 10.1023/a:1024471506938
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Crossref · 10.1023/a:1024471506938

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  • The Alesina fractionalization index has widely been used in empirical analysis.

    “However, Alesina's fractionalization index has widely been used in empirical analysis.”

    From Diversity Matters in the World of Finance: Does Ethnic and Religious Diversity Hinder Financial Development in Developing Countries? (2025) · cites this paper as Alesina et al. 2003

    The Introduction says a measure of ethnic fractionalization had become a standard control in cross-country regressions, and Section 2.1 introduces the authors’ new measures. But Section 2.2 identifies the index usually used in earlier literature as one based on Soviet data. The copy does not establish that the new Alesina index itself had been widely used. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The correlation between the index of fractionalization obtained using alternative data sources is very high (over 0.8).

    “In general the correlation between the index of fractionalization obtained using these alternative data sources is very high (over 0.8).”

    From Ethnic Polarization, Potential Conflict, and Civil Wars (2005) · cites this paper as Alesina et al (2003)

    Section 2.2 reports a correlation of 0.88 between the paper’s linguistic index and the Soviet index, supporting one instance of the claim. But the corresponding ethnic-index correlation is 0.76, and the paper says the religious index has much lower correlations, so it does not support the generalization that correlations exceed 0.8. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Ethnic fractionalization has a negative effect on growth.

    “In recent years many authors have found empirical evidence that ethnic fractionalization has a negative e/ect on growth.”

    From Ethnic Polarization, Potential Conflict, and Civil Wars (2005) · cites this paper as Alesina et al. 2003

  • The correlation with the index of Alesina et al. (2003) is 0.83.

    “The correlation with the index of Alesina et al. (2003) is 0.83.”

    From Ethnic Polarization, Potential Conflict, and Civil Wars (2005) · cites this paper as Alesina et al. (2003)

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Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

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Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 36

  1. Acemoglu, D., S. Johnson, and J. Robinson. (2003). “An African Success Story: Botswana.” In D. Rodrik (ed.), In Search of Prosperity: Analytical Country Narratives of Economic Growth. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  2. Aghion P., A. Alesina, and F. Trebbi. (2002). “Endogenous Political Institutions.” Unpublished, Harvard University. · DOI
  3. Alesina A., R. Baqir, and W. Easterly. (1999). “Public Goods and Ethnic Divisions,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 114(4), 1243-1284. · DOI
  4. Alesina A., E. Glaeser, and B. Sacerdote. (2001). “Why Doesn't the US Have a European Style Welfare State?” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity Fall. · DOI
  5. Alesina, A., and E. La Ferrara. (2000). “Participation in Heterogeneous Communities,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 115(3), 847-904. · DOI · Paper page
  6. Alesina, A., and E. La Ferrara. (2002). “Who Trusts Others?” Journal of Public Economics 85, 207-234. · DOI · Paper page
  7. Alesina, A., and E. Spolaore. (2003). The Size of Nations. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. · DOI
  8. Alesina, A., and R. Wacziarg. (1998). “Openness, Country Size and Government,” Journal of Public Economics 69(3), p. 305-321. · DOI
  9. Annett, A. (2001). “Social Fractionalization, Political Instability, and the Size of Government,” IMF Staff Papers 48(3), 561-592. · DOI
  10. Barrett, D. B. (1982). World Christian Encyclopedia. New York: Oxford University Press.
  11. Brock, S., and S. Durlauf. (2001). “Growth Empirics and Reality,” World Bank Economic Review 15(2), 229-272. · DOI
  12. Central Intelligence Agency. (2000). CIA World Factbook. Washington, DC: CIA Office of Public Affairs.
  13. Costa, D., and M. Kahn. (2002). “Understanding the Decline in Social Capital, 1952–1998,” Kyklos 56(1), 17-46. · DOI
  14. Doppelhofer, G., R. Miller, and X. Sala-i-Martin. (2000). “Determinants of Long-Term Growth: A Bayesian Averaging of Classical Estimates (BACE) Approach,” NBER Working Paper No. 7750, June. · DOI
  15. Duclos, J.-Y., J. Esteban, and D. Ray. (2002). “Polarization: Concepts, Measurement, Estimation,” unpublished, New York University, May. · DOI
  16. Easterly, W., and R. Levine. (1997). “Africa's Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 111(4), 1203-1250. · DOI · Paper page
  17. Esteban, J., and D. Ray. (1994). “On the Measurement of Polarization,” Econometrica 62(4), 819-851. · DOI · Paper page
  18. Fearon, J. (2003). “Ethnic Structure and Cultural Diversity by Country,” Journal of Economic Growth, 8(2) 195-222. · DOI · Paper page
  19. Garcia-Montalvo, J., and M. Reynal-Querol. (2002). “Why Ethnic Fractionalization? Polarization, Ethnic Conflict and Growth,” unpublished, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, September. · DOI
  20. Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. New York: Basic Books.
  21. Glaeser, E. (2002). “The Political Economy of Hatred,” unpublished, Harvard University, June. · DOI
  22. Glaeser, E. L., D. I. Laibson, J. A. Sheinkman, C. L. Soutter. (2000). “Measuring Trust,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 65, 811-846. · DOI
  23. Goldin, C., and L. F. Katz. (1999). “Human Capital and Social Capital: The Rise of Secondary Schooling in America, 1910–1940,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29(4), 683-723. · DOI
  24. Hamilton J., J. Madison, and J. Jay. (1911). The Federalist. London: Everyman. (first published in 1788).
  25. Hammersley, M., and P. Atkinson (1995). Ethnography: Principles in Practice, 2nd edn., Routledge.
  26. Herbst, J. (2000). States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  27. Klein, H. (1992). Bolivia: The Evolution of a Multi-Ethnic Society, 2nd edn., Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  28. La Porta R., et al. (1999). “The Quality of Government,” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 15(1), 222-279. · DOI · Paper page
  29. Levinson, D. (1998). Ethnic Groups Worldwide, A Ready Reference Handbook. Phoenix: Oryx Press.
  30. Luttmer, Erzo F. P. (2001). “Group Loyalty and the Taste for Redistribution,” Journal of Political Economy 109(3). · DOI
  31. Maier, K. (2000). This House Has Fallen: Midnight in Nigeria. New York: Public Affairs.
  32. Marcus, H. (1994). A History of Ethiopia. Berkeley: University of California Press. · DOI · Paper page
  33. Mauro P. (1995). “Corruption and Growth,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 110(3), 681-712. · DOI · Paper page
  34. Minority Rights Group International. (1997). World Directory of Minorities. London: Minority Rights Group International.
  35. Mozaffar, S., and J. Scarrit. (1999). “The Specification of Ethnic Cleavages and Ethnopolitical Groups for the Analysis of Democratic Competition in Contemporary Africa,” Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 5(1), 82-117. · DOI
  36. Tocqueville, A. de. (1990). Democracy in America, Vol. 2, New York: Vintage Books.

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Metadata

Authors
Alesina, A., Devleeschauwer, A., Easterly, W., Kurlat, S., & Wacziarg, R.
Affiliations
  • Harvard University (US)
  • New York University (US)
  • World Bank (US)
  • Stanford University (US)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Economic Growth
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2003-06
Volume
8
Issue
2
Pages
155-194
ISSN
  • 1381-4338 (ISSN-L)
  • 1573-7020
DOI
10.1023/a:1024471506938
OpenAlex
W4232508652
Cited by
3,432
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 122 · 2025: 209 · 2024: 176 · 2023: 183 · 2022: 185 · 2021: 208 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 206 · 2018: 198 · 2017: 197 · 2016: 216 · 2015: 204 · 2014: 177 · 2013: 150 · 2012: 139
FWCI
111.06
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Economic Growth (publishedVersion)
  • Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Development › Culture, Economy, and Development Studies
  • Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic Growth and Productivity
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Political Conflict and Governance
Keywords
ethnic fractionalization, religious fractionalization, ethnic diversity, linguistic heterogeneity, religious diversity, polarization, institutional quality, economic growth, cross-country data, endogeneity

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