Rumination and “hot” executive function of middle school students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A moderated mediation model of depression and mindfulness
Open accessAbstract
Background: The outbreak of COVID-19 had a widely negative effect on adolescents’ academics, stress, and mental health. At a critical period of cortical development, adolescents’ cognition levels are highly developed, while the ability of emotion control is not developed at the same pace. Faced with negative emotions such as stress and social loneliness caused by COVID-19, adolescents’ “hot” executive function encounters severer emotional regulation challenges than ever before. Objective: The present study established a moderated mediation model to investigate the impact of rumination on “hot” execution function among Chinese middle school students during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the specific role of depression and mindfulness in the association. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 650 students recruited from a province in central China. The participants completed questionnaires and experiment between July 2021 and August 2021. Rumination Responses Scales, Self-rating Depression Scale, and Mindful Attention Awareness Scale were used to measure the level of rumination, depression, and mindfulness. The reaction time and accuracy of the emotional conflict experiment were recorded to reflect the “hot” executive function. Results: The results of the moderated mediation model indicated that rumination of middle school students significantly and positively predicted depression in adolescents (β = 0.26, p < 0.001). Meanwhile, the indirect effect of depression on the relationship between rumination and “hot” executive function was significant; depression partially mediated this relationship (word-face congruent condition: β = −0.09, p < 0.01; word-face incongruent condition: β = −0.07, p < 0.05). Furthermore, mindfulness buffered the association between rumination and depression, according to moderated mediation analysis (β = −0.11, p < 0.001). For adolescents with low levels of mindfulness, the relationship was substantially stronger. Conclusion: In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, middle school students’ rumination would lead to depression, which can negatively impact their “hot” executive function. Besides, mindfulness could resist the adverse effect of rumination on depression. The educators should pay more attention to students’ mental health, provide targeted strategies that boost mindfulness to promote their cognitive flexibility, and thus protect the normal development of their executive function during crisis events.
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Emotion regulation training programs can systematically enhance adolescents' understanding of their emotional responses and coping strategies.
“These structured programs can systematically enhance adolescents’ understanding of their emotional responses and coping strategies (71).”
From Recent developments in bibliotherapy for adolescent depression (2025) · cites this paper as [71]
In Discussion > Strength and limitations (page not available), the paper recommends counseling and guidance to help adolescents learn ways to manage negative emotions and respond adaptively to unpleasant events. It does not report that structured emotion-regulation training programs systematically enhance adolescents’ understanding of their emotional responses. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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Meta-Analysis of the Correlation Between Rumination and Depression Among Adolescents
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- Authors
- Li, Y., Qu, G., Kong, H., Ma, X., Cao, L., Li, T., & Wang, Y.
- Affiliations
- Zhengzhou University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Yue
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2022-11-14
- Volume
- 13
- Pages
- 989904-989904
- ISSN
- 1664-0640 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9702809
- OpenAlex
- W4309039799
- Cited by
- 14
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 6
- FWCI
- 2.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Keywords
- rumination, hot executive function, depression, mindfulness, junior high school students, adolescents, COVID-19 pandemic, emotion regulation, emotional conflict, cognitive flexibility, moderated mediation, adolescent mental health
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