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The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers: An Initial Study Investigating the Early Detection of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders

Robins, Diana L., Fein, Deborah, Barton, Marianne L., Green, James A.·2001·Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

DOI 10.1023/a:1010738829569

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Abstract

Autism, a severe disorder of development, is difficult to detect in very young children. However, children who receive early intervention have improved long-term prognoses. The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT), consisting of 23 yes/no items, was used to screen 1,293 children. Of the 58 children given a diagnostic/developmental evaluation, 39 were diagnosed with a disorder on the autism spectrum. Six items pertaining to social relatedness and communication were found to have the best discriminability between children diagnosed with and without autism/PDD. Cutoff scores were created for the best items and the total checklist. Results indicate that the M-CHAT is a promising instrument for the early detection of autism.

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Benítez‐Burraco, A., Barcos, M., Espejo-Portero, I., & Jiménez-Romero, M. S. (2017) · Molecular Syndromology · doi:10.1159/000468192 · Cited by 17
“Autistic features in MT1 and MT2 were assessed with the Spanish version of the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (MCHAT) [Robins et al., 2001].”
Method
Application of Telemedicine for Preliminary Screening of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Qiu, T., Zhang, H., Zhou, C., Tang, Q., Wang, L., & Ke, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2021.745597 · Cited by 17
Cross-cultural similarities and differences in reporting autistic symptoms in toddlers: A study synthesizing M-CHAT(-R) data from ten countries
Stevanović, D., Robins, D. L., Costanzo, F., Fucà, E., Valeri, G., Vicari, S., Erkuran, H. Ö., Yaylacı, F., Albores‐Gallo, L., Gatica‐Bahamonde, G., et al. (2022) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2022.101984 · Cited by 17
Self-citation
Gender differences in symptoms of comorbidity in toddlers with ASD using the BISCUIT-Part 2
Horovitz, M., Matson, J. L., & Sipes, M. (2011) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3109/17518423.2010.546825 · Cited by 18
“Diagnoses were based on scores from the Battelle Developmental Inventory, Second Edition (BDI-2) [29], the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) [30, 31], criteria from the DSM-IV-TR [32] and clinical judgement.”
Method
The relationship between autism spectrum disorders and symptoms of conduct problems: The moderating effect of communication
Sipes, M., Matson, J. L., Horovitz, M., & Shoemaker, M. E. (2011) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3109/17518423.2010.532850 · Cited by 17
“Diagnoses of Autistic Disorder and PDD-NOS were made by a licensed clinical psychologist (second author) based on scores from the Battelle Developmental Inventory, Second Edition (BDI-2) [27], the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) [28, 29], criteria from the DSM-IV-TR [30] and clinical judgement.”
Method
Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) screening at 18 months of age predicts concurrent understanding of desires, word learning and expressive vocabulary
Wright, K., & Poulin‐Dubois, D. (2011) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2011.04.004 · Cited by 18
Development and validation of PediaTrac™: A web-based tool to track developing infants
Lajiness-O'Neill, R. R., Brooks, J., Lukomski, A., Schilling, S. G., Huth‐Bocks, A. C., Warschausky, S. A., Flores, A., Swick, C., Nyman, T., Andersen, T., et al. (2018) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2018.01.008 · Cited by 17
Use of the Chinese version modified checklist for autism in toddlers in a high-risk sample in Taiwan
Wong, Y. S., Yang, C., Stewart, L., Chiang, C., Wu, C., & Iao, L. (2018) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2018.01.010 · Cited by 17
“Children who fail either 3 of the 23 items or 2 of six critical items are considered a “positive screen” and at high-risk for ASD or developmental delay (DD) (Chlebowski, Robins, Barton, & Fein, 2013; Kleinman et al., 2008; Robins et al., 2001).”
Background
Do early-life eating habits predict later autistic traits? Results from a population-based study
Hof, M. V. ’., Ester, W. A., van Berckelaer‐Onnes, I., Hillegers, M. H. J., Hoek, H. W., & Jansen, P. W. (2020) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2020.104976 · Cited by 21
Ethnic Disparities in the Diagnosis of Autism in Southern Israel
Kerub, O., Haas, E. J., Meiri, G., Bilenko, N., Flusser, H., Michaelovski, A., Dinstein, I., Davidovitch, N., & Menashe, I. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2421 · Cited by 18
“Nurses employed at the MCHCs were trained to administer the M-CHAT questionnaire with 23 yes/no items [Robins et al., 2001], since at the time of the study there were no Hebrew or Arabic translations of newer versions of this tool.”
Method
Detección temprana del autismo: profesionales implicados
Sevilla, M. D. S. F., Bermúdez, M. O. E., & Sánchez, J. J. C. (2013) · Revista Española de Salud Pública · doi:10.4321/s1135-57272013000200008 · Cited by 20
The use of the Battelle Developmental Inventory–Second Edition (BDI-2) as an early screener for autism spectrum disorders
Sipes, M., Matson, J. L., & Turygin, N. C. (2011) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3109/17518423.2011.598477 · Cited by 17
“In regards to validity, construct validity of the BISCUIT-Part 1 was demonstrated through comparisons to the M-CHAT and DSM-IV-TR criteria [36–38].”
Method
Adaptation of the Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ) to preschool children
Adachi, M., Takahashi, M., Takayanagi, N., Yoshida, S., Yasuda, S., Tanaka, M., Osato‐Kaneda, A., Saito, M., Kuribayashi, M., Kato, S., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199590 · Cited by 18
La detección precoz del autismo
Canal‐Bedia, R., Primo, P. G., Aguilera, E. T., Borgujo, J. S., Cilleros, M. V. M., Ferrari, M. J., Velarte, M. M., Fernández, Z. G., Muñoz, L. B., Francisco, R., et al. (2006) · Psychosocial Intervention · doi:10.4321/s1132-05592006000100003 · Cited by 17
7. Language disorders and autism
Wray, J. A., Knott, H., & Silove, N. (2005) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb06737.x · Cited by 17
Comorbidities Associated With Intellectual Disability among Pediatric Outpatients Seen at a Teaching Hospital in Northern India
Jauhari, P., Bhargava, R., Bhave, A., Kumar, C., & Kumar, R. K. (2012) · Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/j.1741-1130.2012.00327.x · Cited by 17
The Clinician’s Guide to Autism
Harrington, J. W., & Allen, K. (2014) · Pediatrics In Review · doi:10.1542/pir.35.2.62 · Cited by 16
Autism-risk screening in the first 3 years of life in Taiwan Birth Cohort Pilot Study
Lung, F., Chiang, T., Lin, S.-J., & Shu, B. (2011) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2011.01.024 · Cited by 16
Exploring Visual Perspective Taking and body awareness in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Russo, L., Craig, F., Ruggiero, M., Mancuso, C., Galluzzi, R., Lorenzo, A., Fanizza, I., & Trabacca, A. (2018) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2018.1486182 · Cited by 16
Distinct Neurodevelopmental Trajectories in Groups of Very Preterm Children Screening Positively for Autism Spectrum Conditions
Hadaya, L., Vanes, L. D., Karolis, V. R., Kanel, D., Leoni, M., Happe, F. G. E., Edwards, A. D., Counsell, S. J., Batallé, D., & Nosarti, C. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05789-4 · Cited by 15
“The parent-rated Modified Checklist for Autism in Tod-dlers (M-CHAT), assessing child skills and behaviours, was developed as a screening tool for autism spectrum conditions (ASC) (Robins et al., 2001).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Place-Based Child Opportunity at Birth and Child Development from Infancy to Age 4
Putnick, D. L., Bell, E. M., Tyris, J. N., McAdam, J., Ghassabian, A., Mendola, P., Sundaram, R., & Yeung, E. H. (2024) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2024.113909 · Cited by 16
True versus false positives and negatives on the Modified Checklist For Autism in Toddlers
Matson, J. L., Kozlowski, A. M., Fitzgerald, M. E., & Sipes, M. (2012) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2012.02.011 · Cited by 16
Supporting Families Dealing with Autism and Asperger's Disorders
Bradford, K. P. (2010) · International Journal of Systemic Therapy · doi:10.1080/08975353.2010.483660 · Cited by 16
Le dépistage précoce de l’autisme : Quelle faisabilité ?
Rogé, B., Chabrol, H., & Ünsaldi-Cordier, I. (2009) · Enfance · doi:10.4074/s0013754509001049 · Cited by 23
The relationship between parents’ first concerns and symptoms of autism spectrum disorders
Horovitz, M., Matson, J. L., & Sipes, M. (2011) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3109/17518423.2011.617322 · Cited by 19
“The M-CHAT was designed to be easily administered by paediatricians and professionals who specialize in assessing for ASD.”
Method
Mental health assessment of infants in foster care.
Silver, J., & Dicker, S. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 16
Communication using robots: a Perception-action scenario in moderate ASD
Giannopulu, I., Terada, K., & Watanabe, T. (2018) · Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1080/0952813x.2018.1430865 · Cited by 16
“In various communicative contexts, children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are considered to be less involved namely because of their frailty to treat correctly the elements that constitute these contexts (Robins, Fein, Barton, & Green, 2001).”
Background
The Design and Mechanics of an Accessible Human Milk Research Biorepository
Bandoli, G., Bertrand, K. A., Saoor, M., & Chambers, C. (2020) · Breastfeeding Medicine · doi:10.1089/bfm.2019.0277 · Cited by 16
Exploring Cultural Differences in Autistic Traits: A Factor Analytic Study of Children with Autism in China and the Netherlands
Liu, F., Scheeren, A. M., Grove, R., Hoekstra, R. A., Wang, K., Guo, D., Wang, C., & Begeer, S. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05342-9 · Cited by 16
Maternal antenatal depression's effects on child developmental delays: Gestational age, postnatal depressive symptoms, and breastfeeding as mediators
Putnick, D. L., Bell, E. M., Ghassabian, A., Mendola, P., Sundaram, R., & Yeung, E. H. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.059 · Cited by 19
Atributos psicométricos de la versión española de la escala de cribado A-TAC para trastornos del espectro autista
Cubo, E., Velasco, S. S., Benito, V. D., Villaverde, V. A., Soto, X. R. G., Trejo-Gabriel-Galan, J. M., Santidrián, A. M., Macarrón, J. V., Guevara, J. C., Benito‐León, J., et al. (2011) · Anales de Pediatría · doi:10.1016/j.anpedi.2011.01.008 · Cited by 16
Finding Effective Screening Instruments for Autism Using Bayes Theorem
Groen, W. B., Willemsen‐Swinkels, S. H. N., van der Gaag, R. J., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2007) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.161.4.415 · Cited by 16
Routine developmental and autism screening in an epilepsy care setting
Fisher, B., Dezort, C., Nordli, D. R., & Berg, A. T. (2012) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.06.006 · Cited by 16
Factors Influencing Time Lag Between Initial Parental Concern and First Visit to Child Psychiatric Services Among ADHD Children in Japan
Yamauchi, Y., Fujiwara, T., & Okuyama, M. (2014) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-014-9803-y · Cited by 17
Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Role of Genetics in Diagnosis and Treatment
Deutsch, S. I. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/976 · Cited by 16

Authors: Robins, D. L., Fein, D., Barton, M. L., & Green, J. A.
Affiliations: University of Connecticut (US)
ORCID: Robins, Diana L.
Fein, Deborah
Barton, Marianne L.
Venue: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2001-04
Volume: 31
Issue: 2
Pages: 131-144
ISSN: 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
1573-3432
DOI: 10.1023/a:1010738829569
OpenAlex: W2127693561
Cited by: 1,563
References: 48
Citations by year: 2026: 36 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 89 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 67 · 2016: 73 · 2015: 88 · 2014: 116 · 2013: 104 · 2012: 117
FWCI: 6.29
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Department of Education
University of Connecticut
National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Mental Health
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
Keywords: M-CHAT, autism spectrum disorder, pervasive developmental disorders, early detection, autism screening, toddlers, cut-off values, discriminability, social relatedness, communication
MeSH terms: Autistic Disorder, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Mass Screening, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results

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The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers: An Initial Study Investigating the Early Detection of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders

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