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The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers: An Initial Study Investigating the Early Detection of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders

Robins, Diana L., Fein, Deborah, Barton, Marianne L., Green, James A.·2001·Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

DOI 10.1023/a:1010738829569

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Abstract

Autism, a severe disorder of development, is difficult to detect in very young children. However, children who receive early intervention have improved long-term prognoses. The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT), consisting of 23 yes/no items, was used to screen 1,293 children. Of the 58 children given a diagnostic/developmental evaluation, 39 were diagnosed with a disorder on the autism spectrum. Six items pertaining to social relatedness and communication were found to have the best discriminability between children diagnosed with and without autism/PDD. Cutoff scores were created for the best items and the total checklist. Results indicate that the M-CHAT is a promising instrument for the early detection of autism.

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The prodrome of autism: early behavioral and biological signs, regression, peri‐ and post‐natal development and genetics
Yirmiya, N., & Charman, T. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02214.x · Cited by 234
Screening Accuracy of Level 2 Autism Spectrum Disorder Rating Scales
Norris, M., & Lecavalier, L. (2010) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361309348071 · Cited by 237
Diagnostic tests for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in preschool children
Randall, M., Egberts, K. J., Samtani, A., Scholten, R. J. P. M., Hooft, L., Livingstone, N., Sterling-Levis, K., Woolfenden, S. R., & Williams, K. J. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009044.pub2 · Cited by 244
A Parent-Report Instrument for Identifying One-Year-Olds at Risk for an Eventual Diagnosis of Autism: The First Year Inventory
Reznick, J. S., Baranek, G. T., Reavis, S., Watson, L. R., & Crais, E. R. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0303-y · Cited by 221
Can Parents’ Concerns Predict Autism Spectrum Disorder? A Prospective Study of High-Risk Siblings From 6 to 36 Months of Age
Sacrey, L.-A. R., Zwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S. E., Brian, J. A., Smith, I. M., Roberts, W., Szatmári, P., Roncadin, C., Garon, N., Novak, C., et al. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.03.014 · Cited by 216
“Historically, parents’ descriptions helped inform the development of early detection and screening strategies (e.g., Robins et al.32), but have received less attention with the shift to direct observation in prospective studies of high-risk infants.”
BackgroundResult
Vocal Patterns in Infants with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Canonical Babbling Status and Vocalization Frequency
Patten, E., Belardi, K., Baranek, G. T., Watson, L. R., Labban, J. D., & Oller, D. K. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2047-4 · Cited by 217
“Still, the most widely used autism screening tool for young children, the Modified Checklist for Autism Toddlers (MCHAT: Robins et al. 2001) is recommended for ages 16–30 months.”
Autism Spectrum Disorders and Symptoms in Children with Molecularly Confirmed 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome
Fine, S. E., Weissman, A., Gerdes, M., Pinto‐Martin, J. A., Zackai, E. H., McDonald‐McGinn, D. M., & Emanuel, B. S. (2005) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-005-5036-9 · Cited by 222
Factors associated with parental stress and satisfaction during the process of diagnosis of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Moh, T. A., & Magiati, I. (2011) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2011.05.011 · Cited by 244
How early do parent concerns predict later autism diagnosis?
Ozonoff, S., Young, G. S., Steinfeld, M. B., Hill, M. M., Cook, I., Hutman, T., Macari, S., Rogers, S. J., & Sigman, M. (2009) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e3181ba0fcf · Cited by 210
Family Nurture Intervention in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit improves social‐relatedness, attention, and neurodevelopment of preterm infants at 18 months in a randomized controlled trial
Welch, M. G., Firestein, M. R., Austin, J., Hane, A. A., Stark, R. I., Hofer, M. A., Garland, M., Glickstein, S. B., Brunelli, S. A., Ludwig, R. J., et al. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12405 · Cited by 217
“symptom development (Robins et al., 2001).”
BackgroundResult
The CAST (Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test)
Williams, J. G., Gullon-Scott, F., Stott, C., Allison, C. L., Bolton, P., Baron‐Cohen, S., & Brayne, C. (2004) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361305049029 · Cited by 215
Injury to the Premature Cerebellum: Outcome is Related to Remote Cortical Development
Limperopoulos, C., Chilingaryan, G., Sullivan, N. R., Guizard, N., Robertson, R. L., & du Plessis, A. J. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs354 · Cited by 201
“The “Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers” (M-CHAT) was used to screen all children’s behaviors for early signs of autism by parental report (Robins et al. 2001).”
Method
Validity of the Social Communication Questionnaire in Assessing Risk of Autism in Preschool Children with Developmental Problems
Allen, C. W., Silove, N., Williams, K., & Hutchins, P. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0279-7 · Cited by 200
Enhancing Low-Intensity Coaching in Parent Implemented Early Start Denver Model Intervention for Early Autism: A Randomized Comparison Treatment Trial
Rogers, S. J., Estes, A. M., Vismara, L. A., MUNSON, J. A., Zierhut, C., Greenson, J., Dawson, G., Rocha, M., Sugar, C. A., Şentürk, D., et al. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3740-5 · Cited by 207
Goal Attainment Scaling as an Outcome Measure in Randomized Controlled Trials of Psychosocial Interventions in Autism
Ruble, L. A., McGrew, J. H., & Toland, M. D. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1446-7 · Cited by 205
“Child participants received one of two screeners—the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT; Robins et al. 2001) for children under 4 years old, and the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ; Rutter et al. 2004) for those 4 or older.”
Method
Agreement Among Four Diagnostic Instruments for Autism Spectrum Disorders in Toddlers
Ventola, P. E., Kleinman, J. M., Pandey, J., Barton, M. L., Allen, S. T., Green, J., Robins, D. L., & FEIN, D. A. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0128-8 · Cited by 204
Self-citation
Screening and surveillance for autism and pervasive developmental disorders
Baird, G., Charman, T., Cox, A., Baron‐Cohen, S., Swettenham, J., Wheelwright, S. J., & Drew, A. (2001) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.84.6.468 · Cited by 195
Early identification and diagnosis in autism spectrum disorders in young children and infants: How early is too early?
Matson, J. L., Wilkins, J. W., & González, M. L. (2007) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2007.03.002 · Cited by 204
Autistic Spectrum Disorders in Velo-cardio Facial Syndrome (22q11.2 Deletion)
Antshel, K. M., Aneja, A., Strunge, L., Peebles, J., Fremont, W. P., Stallone, K., AbdulSabur, N., Higgins, A. M., Shprintzen, R. J., & Kates, W. R. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0308-6 · Cited by 183
Reliability and item content of the Baby and Infant Screen for Children with aUtIsm Traits (BISCUIT): Parts 1–3
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Conversational gestures in autism spectrum disorders: Asynchrony but not decreased frequency
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Effects of Joint Attention Mediated Learning for toddlers with autism spectrum disorders: An initial randomized controlled study
Schertz, H. H., Odom, S. L., Baggett, K. M., & Sideris, J. H. (2012) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2012.06.006 · Cited by 201
The First Year Inventory: Retrospective Parent Responses to a Questionnaire Designed to Identify One-Year-Olds at Risk for Autism
Watson, L. R., Baranek, G. T., Crais, E. R., Reznick, J. S., Dykstra, J. R., & Perryman, T. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0334-4 · Cited by 181
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Charman, T., & Gotham, K. (2013) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2012.00664.x · Cited by 185
“In their initial report, Robins et al. (2001) had tested 1122 unselected children (initially at 18 months, but subsequently at 24 months of age) and 171 children referred for early intervention services (considered to be at high risk of having an ASD or other developmental disability).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Positive Screening on the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) in Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborns
Kuban, K., O’Shea, T. M., Allred, E. N., Tager-Flusberg, H. B., Goldstein, D. J., & Leviton, A. (2009) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.10.011 · Cited by 184
The importance of physician knowledge of autism spectrum disorder: results of a parent survey
Rhoades, R. A., Scarpa, A., & Salley, B. J. (2007) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2431-7-37 · Cited by 202
Sensitivity and specificity of the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers and the Social Communication Questionnaire in preschoolers suspected of having pervasive developmental disorders
Snow, A. V., & Lecavalier, L. (2008) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361308097116 · Cited by 182
Language Disorders: Autism and Other Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Tager-Flusberg, H., & Caronna, E. (2007) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2007.02.011 · Cited by 181

Authors: Robins, D. L., Fein, D., Barton, M. L., & Green, J. A.
Affiliations: University of Connecticut (US)
ORCID: Robins, Diana L.
Fein, Deborah
Barton, Marianne L.
Venue: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2001-04
Volume: 31
Issue: 2
Pages: 131-144
ISSN: 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
1573-3432
DOI: 10.1023/a:1010738829569
OpenAlex: W2127693561
Cited by: 1,563
References: 48
Citations by year: 2026: 36 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 89 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 67 · 2016: 73 · 2015: 88 · 2014: 116 · 2013: 104 · 2012: 117
FWCI: 6.29
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Department of Education
University of Connecticut
National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Mental Health
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
Keywords: M-CHAT, autism spectrum disorder, pervasive developmental disorders, early detection, autism screening, toddlers, cut-off values, discriminability, social relatedness, communication
MeSH terms: Autistic Disorder, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Mass Screening, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results

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The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers: An Initial Study Investigating the Early Detection of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders

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