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Measurement of Deliberate Self-Harm: Preliminary Data on the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory
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“The inventory has been shown to have high internal consistency and adequate test-retest reliability in an undergraduate sample [38].”
In the citing paper
“The primary outcome measure was the total frequency of DSH measured by DSHI, a self-report measure with adequate test–retest reliability and construct, discriminant and convergent validity.1”
From Emotion regulation group therapy for deliberate self-harm: A multi-site evaluation in routine care using an uncontrolled open trial design (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
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“That is, since all of the participants in this study were college students, the validity of the DSHI for a clinical population has yet to be determined (see Haynes et al., 1995 ).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialIntroduction to Psychological Measurement
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Beyond the tower of Babel: A nomenclature for suicidology
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Items 401–500 of 1,000
Why Stop Self-Injuring? Development of the Reasons to Stop Self-Injury Questionnaire
Turner, B. J., Chapman, A. L., & Gratz, K. L. (2013) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445513508977 · Cited by 30
“History of NSSI was assessed using the Questionnaire for NonSuicidal Self-Injury (QNSSI; Kleindienst et al., 2008) and the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationOgle, R. L., & Clements, C. M. (2008) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/a0014325 · Cited by 30
“It did not allow us to capture the full range of DSH (only cutting and burning), nor did it allow for the assessment of recency or frequency; however, our method of assessment is consistent with a number of past studies assessing DSH ( Gratz, 2001 ).”
MethodResultWilliams, A. J., Nielsen, E., & Coulson, N. (2018) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105318788403 · Cited by 34
“…are markedly higher in younger populations, around 10 percent of young people (15–16 years) report engaging in self-harm behavior at some point in their adolescence (Hawton et al., 2012), with rates (of non-suicidal self-harm) as high as 35 percent within university student samples (Gratz, 2001).”
BackgroundSelf-injury, psychiatric symptoms, and defense mechanisms: Findings in an Italian nonclinical sample
Sarno, I., Madeddu, F., & Gratz, K. L. (2009) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.05.007 · Cited by 32
“001) and adequate construct, convergent, and discriminant validity [17].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationWeiss, N. H., Tull, M. T., Dixon–Gordon, K. L., & Gratz, K. L. (2016) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191116665906 · Cited by 30
“The Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001) is a 17-item self-report measure that assesses deliberate self-harm (e.”
BackgroundSelf-citationThomassin, K., Guérin‐Marion, C., Venasse, M., & Shaffer, A. (2017) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-017-0158-3 · Cited by 32
“Gratz KL. Risk factors for and functions of deliberate self-harm: an empirical and conceptual review.”
MethodInfluentialSampson, K. N., Upthegrove, R., Abu-Akel, A. M., Haque, S. M., Wood, S. J., & Reniers, R. L. E. P. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720000124 · Cited by 30
“82 when being validated in a non-clinical population (Gratz, 2001).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNorthcut, T. B., & Kienow, A. (2014) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-014-0479-0 · Cited by 29
Attachment Organization in Suicide Prevention Research
Venta, A. C., & Sharp, C. (2013) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000231 · Cited by 29
“Self-harm was assessed using the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001), a 17-item self-report measure defi ning self-harm as “deliberate, direct destruction or alteration of body tissue without conscious suicidal attempt” (Gratz, 2001, p.”
MethodPlener, P. L., Fegert, J. M., Kaess, M., Kapusta, N. D., Brunner, R. M., Groschwitz, R. C., In‐Albon, T., Resch, F., & Becker, K. (2016) · Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1422-4917/a000463 · Cited by 29
Somma, A., Sharp, C., Borroni, S., & Fossati, A. (2016) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1353 · Cited by 29
Wijana, M. B., Enebrink, P., Liljedahl, S. I., & Ghaderi, A. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1947-9 · Cited by 28
“The DSHI-9r has shown good test–retest reliability [59].”
MethodInfluentialHsu, K.-S., Eads, R., Lee, M. Y., & Wen, Z. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105620 · Cited by 39
Burke, T. A., Allen, J. D., Carpenter, R. W., Siegel, D. M., Kautz, M. M., Liu, R. T., & Alloy, L. B. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103865 · Cited by 30
Johnson, S. L., Robison, M., Anvar, S., Swerdlow, B. A., & Timpano, K. R. (2022) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12849 · Cited by 28
Misiak, B., Samochowiec, J., Gawęda, Ł., & Frydecka, D. (2023) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.14 · Cited by 28
“In turn, a lifetime history of nonsuicidal ideation was assessed using one item from the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI) [51]: “Have you ever intentionally (i.e., on purpose) cut your wrist, arms, or other area(s) of your body (without intending to kill yourself)?””
MethodXiong, A., Liao, S., Luo, B., Luo, S., Tong, Y., & Zhao, L. (2023) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107808 · Cited by 28
Nonsuicidal Self‐injury in Asian Versus Caucasian University Students: Who, How, and Why?
Turner, B. J., Arya, S., & Chapman, A. L. (2014) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12113 · Cited by 28
Drabble, J., Bowles, D., & Barker, L. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00274 · Cited by 30
“Self-harm measure Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001).”
Substance use disorder and lifetime suicidal behaviour: A scoping review
Leza, L., Haro, B., López-Goñi, J. J., & Fernández‐Montalvo, J. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115830 · Cited by 31
“Three studies used specific questionnaires that assessed suicidal behaviour: one study [2] used the Lifetime Suicide Attempts Self-Injury Interview (Linehan et al., 2006); one study [3] used the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (Gratz, 2001) and the Lifetime Parasuicide Count (Linehan et al., 2006); and one study [26] u…”
MethodPsychosocial interventions for survivors of rape and sexual assault experienced during adulthood
Brown, S., Khasteganan, N., Brown, K., Hegarty, K. L., Carter, G. J., Tarzia, L., Feder, G. S., & O’Doherty, L. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013456 · Cited by 27
Chen, D., Ying, J., Zhou, X., Wu, H., Shen, Y., & You, J. (2022) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-022-00745-4 · Cited by 28
“The NSSI behavior in this study includes a total of 12 categories (i.e., self-cutting, burning, carving words or pictures on the skin, scratching the skin to bleeding, inserting objects into the nail or skin, hair pulling, biting to bleeding, erasing skin, dripping acid onto skin, scrubbing skin using bleach or cleane…”
MethodInfluentialHou, S., Twayigira, M., Luo, X., Song, L., Cui, X., Xie, Q., Shen, Y., Yang, F., & Yuan, X. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04735-7 · Cited by 30
“Abbreviations NSSI Non-suicidal self-injury EN Emotional neglect SA Social anxiety symptoms SAS-A Social anxiety scale for adolescent AIS Athens insomnia scale SEM Structural equation modelling CTQ-SF Chinese version of childhood trauma questionnaire FNE Fear of negative evaluations SAD-N Social avoidance and distress…”
BackgroundInfluentialArdanı, A. R., Naghibzadeh, B., Hosseini, F. F., Asadpour, Z., & Khabazianzadeh, F. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.06.035 · Cited by 27
“Although poisoning is not the most popular method of non-suicidal self-injury (Gratz, 2001; Rodham et al., 2004), self-harm and nonviolent suicide attempts could have overlapped in our studied group.”
MethodThe roles of behavioural activation and inhibition among young adults engaging in self‐injury
Jenkins, A. L., Seelbach, A. C., Conner, B. T., & Alloy, L. B. (2012) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1200 · Cited by 27
“These rates increase through mid-adolescence to late adolescence, peaking in young adulthood, with prevalence rates among college students ranging between 17% and 35% (Gratz, 2001; Whitlock, Eckenrode, & Silverman, 2006).”
BackgroundWorking With Clients Who Self-Injure: Providing Alternatives
Wester, K. L., & Trepal, H. (2005) · Journal of College Counseling · doi:10.1002/j.2161-1882.2005.tb00085.x · Cited by 27
Cyr, M., McDuff, P., Wright, J. C., Thériault, C., & Cinq-Mars, C. (2005) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1300/j070v14n02_03 · Cited by 27
“However, in samples of young adults, two studies (Gratz, 2001; Gratz, Conrad, & Roemer, 2002) found prevalence rates of deliberate self-harm of 35% and 38%, respectively, among undergraduate psychology students.”
BackgroundWeiss, N. H., Dixon–Gordon, K. L., Bonner, C. P., Jaquier, V., Johnson, C. D., & Sullivan, T. P. (2016) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000202 · Cited by 32
“The Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (Gratz, 2001) assesses frequency and type of DSH.”
Zielinski, M. J., Hill, M. A., & Veilleux, J. C. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.10.030 · Cited by 33
Living through distress: A skills training group for reducing deliberate self-harm
Booth, R., Keogh, K., Doyle, J., & Owens, T. (2014) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465812001002 · Cited by 26
Trepal, H., Wester, K. L., & Merchant, E. (2015) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-015-0070-7 · Cited by 31
“More specifically, young adults in college students selfinjure at a higher rate (up to 35%) [1] than the general population (1–6%) [2].”
BackgroundInfluentialKovács, L. N., Schmelowszky, Á., Galambos, A., & Kökönyei, G. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110339 · Cited by 30
Cipriano, A., Claes, L., Gandhi, A., Cella, S., & Cotrufo, P. (2020) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-020-01844-9 · Cited by 28
“The Deliberate Self-harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz 2001) was administered as a semi-structured interview.”
MethodMindless Suffering: the Relationship Between Mindfulness and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury
Caltabiano, G., & Martin, G. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0657-y · Cited by 26
Freeman, K. R., James, S., Klein, K. P., Mayo, D., & Montgomery, S. (2015) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10560-015-0412-6 · Cited by 26
“The SASII evaluates DSH with respect to topography, context, and intent of behaviors.”
InfluentialClinical utility of proposed non-suicidal self-injury diagnosis—A pilot study
Odelius, C. B., & Ramklint, M. (2013) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/08039488.2013.775340 · Cited by 26
The aggressor at the mirror: Psychiatric correlates of deliberate self-harm in male prison inmates
Verdolini, N., Murru, A., Attademo, L., Garinella, R., Pacchiarotti, I., Bonnín, C. D. M., Samalin, L., Pauselli, L., Piselli, M., Tamantini, A., et al. (2017) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.04.002 · Cited by 32
“Psychometric and languagespecific characteristics of DSHI are presented elsewhere [37– 39].”
InfluentialA Machine Learning Approach for Predicting Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Young Adults
Martí-Puig, P., Capra, C., Vega, D., Llunas, L., & Solé‐Casals, J. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22134790 · Cited by 26
“Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) can be defined as the deliberate self-inflicted destruction of body tissue without direct and conscious suicidal intent [1,2].”
BackgroundLiu, J., Wang, Y., Liu, X., Li, J., & Xing, S. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.074 · Cited by 25
Initial Psychometric Validation of the Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Scar Cognition Scale
Burke, T. A., Olino, T. M., & Alloy, L. B. (2017) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-017-9595-9 · Cited by 25
“Previous literature has demonstrated the DSHI’s reliability and validity in undergraduate samples (Fliege et al. 2006; Gratz 2001).”
Sensation seeking and nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior among adolescent psychiatric patients
Kentopp, S. D., Conner, B. T., Fetterling, T. J., Delgadillo, A. A., & Rebecca, R. (2021) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104521994627 · Cited by 29
“A common form of self-directed violence, nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), is the direct and deliberate destruction of one’s body tissue without suicidal intent (Gratz, 2001).”
BackgroundGyőri, D., Farkas, B. F., Horváth, L. O., Komáromy, D., Mészáros, G., Szentiványi, D., & Balázs, J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18041840 · Cited by 29
“The high quality of the Hungarian translation of the 17-item DSHI [55] was ensured with a multistep translation procedure, including initial translation from English to Hungarian and backtranslation from Hungarian to English, harmonisation, linguistically adaptation and pilot study.”
MethodInfluentialCarbone, J. T., Jackson, D. B., Holzer, K. J., & Vaughn, M. G. (2021) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.04.015 · Cited by 25
Seong, E., Noh, G., Lee, K. H., Lee, J.-S., Kim, S., Seo, D. G., Yoo, J. H., Hwang, H., Choi, C.-H., Han, D. H., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.691438 · Cited by 24
“Adolescent self-harm (SH), the deliberate destruction or alteration of one’s body tissues without suicidal intent, is a growing public health problem, posing adverse emotional, physical, and economic effects on family members (Gratz, 2001; Ferrey et al., 2016).”
BackgroundLiu, T., Leung, D. K. Y., Lu, S., Kwok, W.-W., Sze, L., Tse, S. S.-K., Ng, S., Wong, P. W. C., LOU, V. W. Q., Tang, J. Y. ‐., et al. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06122-1 · Cited by 25
“The primary clinical outcome, depressive symptoms, and secondary outcomes, self-harm risk, anxiety symptoms, and loneliness, will be measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire9 (PHQ-9), Self-Harm Inventory, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7), and UCLA Loneliness 3-item scale (UCLA-3) respectively.”
MethodWilson, E., Crudgington, H., Morgan, C., Hirsch, C. R., Prina, M. A., & Gayer-Anderson, C. E. (2022) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12097 · Cited by 36
Yan, R., Ding, W., Wang, D., Lin, X., Lin, X., Li, W., & Xie, R. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23585 · Cited by 26
Kamen, D. G. (2009) · International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy · doi:10.1037/h0100874 · Cited by 25
Wachter, T., Murphy, S., Kennerley, H., & Wachter, S. (2009) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299730902956770 · Cited by 25
“Notes: DSHI = Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory; CTQ = Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; DES = Dissociative Experiences Scale.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCarpenter, R. W., & Trull, T. J. (2015) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000112 · Cited by 25
“The Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (Gratz, 2001) is a 17-item behaviorally based questionnaire that assesses deliberate damage of body tissue without conscious suicidal intent (i.e., NSSI).”
BackgroundHong, S., You, S., Kim, E. J., & No, U. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.10.018 · Cited by 25
Coping Style as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Depressive Symptoms and Deliberate Self-Harm
Christian, A. S., & McCabe, K. M. (2011) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000083 · Cited by 25
“001; Gratz, 2001); discriminant validity, correlating higher with measures of self-harm and borderline personality disorder than measures related to suicide attempts (t = 2.13, p < .05; Gratz, 2001); and adequate test-retest reliability over a period of 2 to 4 weeks (Gratz, 2001).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialTheory of mind in non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) adolescents
Laghi, F., Terrinoni, A., Cerutti, R., Fantini, F., Galosi, S., Ferrara, M., & Bosco, F. M. (2016) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2016.05.004 · Cited by 32
“The Repetitive Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Questionnaire (R-NSSI-Q; Manca, Presaghi, & Cerutti, 2014) is composed of 15 items, and in conjunction with the DSHI, is a valid and reliable measure that may also be helpful for identifying an area of NSSI risk.”
BackgroundInfluentialWadman, R., Nielsen, E., O’Raw, L., Brown, K., Williams, A. J., Sayal, K. S., & Townsend, E. (2019) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2019.1624669 · Cited by 25
“Methods used to self-harm were reported (checklist adapted from Gratz, 2001; Table 2).”
MethodMeasurement and stratification of nonsuicidal self-injury in adolescents
Aspeqvist, E., Andersson, H., Korhonen, L., Dahlström, Ö., & Zetterqvist, M. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05535-3 · Cited by 28
“Aiming to explore these discrepancies further, Lund and colleagues [37] compared a single-item question to two behavioral checklist measures: DSHI [33] and ISAS [34].”
BackgroundMethodZhou, Q., Liang, Y., Gao, Y., & Liu, X. (2024) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-024-02066-8 · Cited by 29
“The assessment of NSSI behaviors was conducted using a modi fi ed and condensed version of the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory, which was initially developed by Gratz (2001) and later modi fi ed by Lundh et al. (2007).”
Understanding the functions of repeated self-harm: A Q methodology approach
Bryant, L. D., O'Shea, R., Farley, K., Brennan, C. A., Crosby, H., Guthrie, E., & House, A. O. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113527 · Cited by 24
Wang, H., Wang, Q., Liu, X., Gao, Y., & Chen, Z. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17249454 · Cited by 29
“Adolescents’ non-suicidal self-injury was assessed using a shortened and modified version [28] of the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI) [29].”
MethodWang, Q., & Liu, X. (2022) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605221104537 · Cited by 26
“NSSI behaviors were assessed using a modified version of the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI) for children, which is developed by Gratz (2001) and adapted by Lundh et al. (2007).”
MethodFischer, G., Brunner, R. M., Parzer, P., Klug, K., Durkee, T., Carli, V., Wasserman, D., Vonderlin, E., Resch, F., & Kaess, M. (2012) · Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie · doi:10.13109/prkk.2012.61.1.16 · Cited by 24
Garke, M. Å., Sörman, K., Jayaram‐Lindström, N., Hellner, C., & Birgegård, A. (2019) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000425 · Cited by 24
Forbes, C. N., Tull, M. T., Richmond, J. R., Chapman, A. L., Dixon–Gordon, K. L., & Gratz, K. L. (2019) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-019-09739-w · Cited by 27
Self-citationXiong, Y., Wang, H., Wang, Q., & Liu, X. (2019) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s219249 · Cited by 24
Bilello, D., Townsend, E., Broome, M. R., Armstrong, G., & Heyes, S. B. (2024) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(24)00170-6 · Cited by 27
Calhoun, P. S., Voorhees, E. E. V., Elbogen, E. B., Dedert, E. A., Clancy, C. P., Hair, L. P., Hertzberg, M. A., Beckham, J. C., & Kimbrel, N. A. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.11.032 · Cited by 23
No regrets: Young adult patients in psychiatry report positive reactions to biobank participation
Cunningham, J. L., Zanzi, M., Willebrand, M., Ekselius, L., & Ramklint, M. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1199-0 · Cited by 24
“Self harm Deliberate Self Harm Inventory: 9-Item Version [31] 9 items”
MethodTalmon, A., & Ginzburg, K. (2018) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260518799450 · Cited by 25
“Self-harm was assessed using the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001), which consists of 17 items describing behaviors of self-harm and self-injury, for example, “Have you ever intentionally (i.e., on purpose) cut your wrists, arms, or other area(s) of your body (without intending to kill yourself)?” or…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHolden, R. R., Lambert, C. E., Rochelle, M. L., Billet, M. I., & Fekken, G. C. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23052 · Cited by 27
Liu, S., Lin, M., Lee, Y., Wu, J. Y., Hu, W., & You, J. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23264 · Cited by 23
Buerger, A., Emser, T. S., Seidel, A., Scheiner, C., von Schoenfeld, C., Ruecker, V., Heuschmann, P. U., & Romanos, M. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-021-05973-4 · Cited by 28
“The original version of the DSHI, by Gratz, contains 17 items [30], and the DSHI-9 is an adaptation for adolescents by Lundh [31].”
MethodRiley, E. N., Davis, H., Combs, J. L., Jordan, C. E., & Smith, G. T. (2015) · European eating disorders review · doi:10.1002/erv.2407 · Cited by 21
“Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001).”
Non-Suicidal Self Injury, Psychopathology and Attachment: A Study with University Students
Braga, C., & Gonçalves, S. F. (2014) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2014.66 · Cited by 23
A grounded theory exploration of deliberate self-harm in incarcerated women
Mangnall, J., & Yurkovich, E. E. (2010) · Journal of Forensic Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1939-3938.2010.01072.x · Cited by 23
“Likewise, Harris (2000), identified reference to “the bad” or “letting out the badness.”
BackgroundInfluentialPrevalence and Incidence of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Among Federally Sentenced Women in Canada
Power, J., Brown, S. L., & Usher, A. M. (2013) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854812474427 · Cited by 23
“A wide variety of behaviors, with a range of potential seriousness, falls within the definition of NSSI used here, and most individuals who self-injure use more than one method of NSSI (Favazza & Conterio, 1989; Gratz, 2001; herpertz, 1995; Whitlock, eckenrode, & Silverman, 2006).”
MethodVenta, A. C., & Sharp, C. (2013) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-013-9402-1 · Cited by 27
“2009), this represents a limitation of the present study and evaluating these modules of the SITBI remains an important goal for future research that may benefit from employing established measures like the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (Gratz 2001).”
MethodWångby‐Lundh, M., Lundh, L., Claréus, B., Bjärehed, J., & Daukantaité, D. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-023-00660-5 · Cited by 22
“DSHI-9r is a shortened and modified version of Gratz’s Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; [47]), adapted to Swedish adolescents [48, 49] and then revised [29].”
BackgroundMoloney, F., Amini, J., Sinyor, M., Schaffer, A., Lanctôt, K. L., & Mitchell, R. H. B. (2025) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.14114 · Cited by 24
“Articles published prior to January 2000 were excluded, as the early 2000s marked a turning point in the field, in part due to the creation of the first validated measure for what was then called “deliberate self-harm” (including NSSI; Gratz, 2001).”
The Mediatory Role of Maladaptive Schema Modes Between Parental Care and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury
Saldias, A., Power, K., Gillanders, D., Campbell, C., & Blake, R. (2013) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2013.781671 · Cited by 21
“DSHI (duration) 20.78* 0.56* – 4.”
BackgroundInfluentialHolden, R. R., Patterson, A. A., & Fekken, G. C. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111414 · Cited by 22
Development and validation of the Self-Harm Screening Inventory (SHSI) for adolescents
Kim, S., Seo, D., Park, J.-C., Son, Y., Lee, J. H., Yoon, D., Kim, J.-W., Yoo, J., & Lee, J.-S. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0262723 · Cited by 20
“The existing measures of self-harm, such as the SHI, DSHI, and FASM, are based on years of clinical observations, the testimonies of individuals who engaged in self-harming behavior, and the behaviors reported in literature [23, 24].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAssessing the risk of self-harm in an adult offender population: an incidence cohort study
Horton, M., Wright, N. M. J., Dyer, W., Wright-Hughes, A. M., Farrin, A. J., Bi-Mohammad, Z., Smith, J. B., Heyes, T., Gilbody, S. M., & Tennant, A. (2014) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta18640 · Cited by 22
“This may improve how research is interpreted and prevent confounding results and obscuring relevant findings.(5,7) In contrast to the above perspective, Lohner and Konrad(12) reported that some consider both of these phenomena to be on a continuum of lethality, and they consider any differentiation to be irrelevant, c…”
BackgroundResultAttachment-Based Family Therapy for Adolescent Self-Injury
Kissil, K. (2011) · International Journal of Systemic Therapy · doi:10.1080/08975353.2011.627801 · Cited by 22
“Many individuals who self-injure use more than one method (Gratz, 2001; Herpertz, 1995).”
MethodCerutti, R., Calabrese, M., & Valastro, C. (2014) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.714 · Cited by 22
“The Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001; Italian version by Cerutti et al., 2012) is a 17-item self-report measure that assesses lifetime history of various aspects of NSSI (defined as the deliberate, direct destruction of body tissue without suicidal intent), including frequency,…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMaremmani, A. G. I., Rugani, F., Bacciardi, S., Rovai, L., Pacini, M., Dell’Osso, L., & Maremmani, I. (2014) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000019 · Cited by 22
“Some authors estimate that 4% of the general population has been through a self-harm experience (White Kress, 2003), whereas the prevalence among students ranges from 12% to 35% (Favazza, 1996; Gratz, 2001).”
BackgroundSelf injurious behavior among homeless young adults: A social stress analysis
Tyler, K. A., Melander, L. A., & Almazan, E. P. (2009) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.10.008 · Cited by 22
“The dependent variable, non-suicidal self injurious behavior, was measured using the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (Gratz, 2001).”
MethodMoran, P., Borschmann, R., Flach, C., Barrett, B. M., Byford, S., Hogg, J., Leese, M., Sutherby, K., Henderson, C., Rose, D. S., et al. (2010) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-11-18 · Cited by 22
“Regarding our choice of primary outcome, currently, there is no gold standard for reliably measuring episodes of self-harm [31].”
BackgroundPollert, G. A., Kauffman, A. A., & Veilleux, J. C. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22283 · Cited by 22
Skinner, K. D., Rojas, S. M., & Veilleux, J. C. (2016) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12249 · Cited by 22
Self-Reported Experience of Self-Injurious Behavior in College Students
Kakhnovets, R., Young, H. L., Purnell, A. L., Huebner, E., & Bishop, C. M. (2010) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · doi:10.17744/mehc.32.4.a7370773244lq808 · Cited by 22
Impact of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Scale: Initial Psychometric Validation
Burke, T. A., Ammerman, B. A., Hamilton, J. L., & Alloy, L. B. (2016) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9806-9 · Cited by 23
“Participants completed the deliberate self harm inventory (DSHI; Gratz 2001) to assess the frequency, type, and number of methods of NSSI behaviors (e.g., cutting, carving, burning, biting, head-banging).”
MethodHamdan, S., & Hallaq, E. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.10.028 · Cited by 22
Yiu, A., Turner, B. J., Layden, B. K., Chapman, A. L., & Zaitsoff, S. L. (2014) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-014-9470-x · Cited by 22
Psychopathy and suicide: The mediating effects of emotional and behavioral dysregulation
Fadoir, N. A., Lutz-Zois, C. J., & Goodnight, J. A. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.01.021 · Cited by 21
“The DSHI (Gratz, 2001) is a 17-item self-report measure assessing an individual’s lifetime history of 16 different methods (and one “other” category) of NSSI.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAkbari, M., Seydavi, M., Firoozabadi, M. A., & Babaeifard, M. (2024) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2957 · Cited by 21
Wang, Q., Xiong, Y., & Liu, X. (2020) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12650 · Cited by 20
Lu, S., Liu, T., Wong, G. H. Y., Leung, D. K. Y., Sze, L., Kwok, W.-W., Knapp, M. R. J., LOU, V. W. Q., Tse, S. S.-K., Ng, S., et al. (2021) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796020001122 · Cited by 21
“Those with significant suicidal risk, assessed by trained social workers using the self-harm inventory (Gratz, 2001), were excluded and referred to professional care.”
Early maladaptive schemas in young people who self‐injure
Nicol, A., Mak, A. S., Murray, K., & Kavanagh, P. S. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23172 · Cited by 21
Storebø, O. J., Ribeiro, J. P., Kongerslev, M., Stoffers‐Winterling, J., Jørgensen, M. S., Lieb, K., BATEMAN, A. W., Kirubakaran, R., Dérian, N., Karyotaki, E., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047416 · Cited by 23
Jantzer, V., Groß, J., Stute, F., Parzer, P., Brunner, R. M., Willig, K., Schuller‐Roma, B., Keller, M., Herzog, W., Romer, G., et al. (2013) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.3327 · Cited by 21
Self-injurious behavior in Portuguese adolescents.
Gonçalves, S. F., Martins, C., Rosendo, A. P., Machado, B. C., & Silva, E. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 21
Metadata
- Authors
- Gratz, K. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Boston (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gratz, Kim L.
- ORCID
- Gratz, Kim L.
- Venue
- Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment
- Published
- 2001-12
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 253-263
- ISSN
- 0164-0305 (ISSN-L)
- 0882-2689
- 1573-3505
- OpenAlex
- W2167019091
- Cited by
- 1,166
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 64 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 79 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 76
- FWCI
- 2.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Keywords
- self-harm, psychometric validation, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, construct validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity
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