Cited by 1,166Suicide and Self-Harm StudiesPsychometric Methodologies and TestingHomicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse

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Measurement of Deliberate Self-Harm: Preliminary Data on the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory

Gratz, Kim L.·2001·Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment

DOI 10.1023/a:1012779403943

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“That is, since all of the participants in this study were college students, the validity of the DSHI for a clinical population has yet to be determined (see Haynes et al., 1995 ).”
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Liao, X., Wang, H., Ni, X., & Yu, C. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14121234 · Cited by 8
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Tripković, M. (2017) · Acta Clinica Croatica · doi:10.20471/acc.2017.56.03.14 · Cited by 8
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Gratz, K. L., Tull, M. T., Dixon–Gordon, K. L., Turner, B. J., & Chapman, A. L. (2018) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.03.003 · Cited by 8
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Smith, A. A., Freeman, K. R., Montgomery, S., Vermeersch, D. A., & James, S. (2018) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10560-018-0578-9 · Cited by 12
Clarifying the Role of Multiple Self-Damaging Behaviors in the Association Between Emotion Dysregulation and Suicide Risk Among College Students
Haliczer, L. A., Harnedy, L. E., Oakley, M., & Dixon–Gordon, K. L. (2021) · The Journal of Primary Prevention · doi:10.1007/s10935-021-00639-y · Cited by 8
“The DSHI has demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = .82), adequate test-retest reliability, and adequate construct, discriminant, and convergent validity in undergraduate samples (Gratz, 2001).”
BackgroundMethod
Predicting nonsuicidal self‐injury using a variant of the implicit association test
Cathelyn, F., Dessel, P. V., & Houwer, J. D. (2021) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12808 · Cited by 8
Validation of a Subjective Outcome Evaluation Tool for Participants in a Positive Youth Development Program in Hong Kong
Shek, D. T. L., Ma, C. M. S., & Siu, A. M. H. (2014) · Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2014.02.009 · Cited by 8
Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Maladaptive Perfectionism, Negative Body Image, Anxiety, and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Chinese Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations
Ying, J., Liu, S., Chen, D., Xu, Z., Gao, Q., & You, J. (2022) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-022-00755-2 · Cited by 8
“…objects to the nail or skin, hair pulling, rubbing skin to bleeding, scrubbing skin using bleach or cleaner, dripping acid onto skin, and banging the head or other parts of the body against the wall, selected from the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001), were assessed in this study.”
Method
The Relationship between Ambivalence over Emotional Expression and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Among Chinese Adolescents: A Longitudinal Moderated Mediation Model
Zhou, X., Guo, J., Wu, H., Chen, D., Wang, C., & You, J. (2022) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2022.2134068 · Cited by 8
“These items were selected from the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001) and found to be relatively common among Chinese adolescents (You & Lin, 2015).”
Method
Psychopathology, Protective Factors, and COVID-19 among Adolescents: A Structural Equation Model
Scheiner, C., Seis, C., Kleindienst, N., & Buerger, A. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20032493 · Cited by 9
“Public Health 2023, 20, 2493 5 of 14 Emotion regulation difficulties (Emt): The DERS-SF [49], an 18-item short version of the original 36-item Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale [50,51], was used to assess difficulties in emotion regulation in general without a given timeframe.”
Method
Seeking help for non-suicidal self-injury: A social network analysis approach
Wester, K. L., Clemens, E. V., & McKibben, W. B. (2015) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2015.1074543 · Cited by 8
“NSSI behavior was assessed using the adapted version of the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (ADSHI; original DSHI was developed by Gratz, 2001; the ADSHI has been used in multiple other studies; Wester, Ivers, Villalba, & Trepal, in press; Murray et al., 2008; Wester & Trepal, 2010).”
Method
The HIRE Model: A Tool for the Informal Assessment of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
Buser, T. J., & Buser, J. K. (2013) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · doi:10.17744/mehc.35.3.h27684682833phk1 · Cited by 8
“In empirical studies, researchers have identified a wide variety of NSSI methods, including cutting, burning, or severe scratching of skin; punching self or an object, hair pulling, needle insertion, head banging, obstructing the healing of wounds, dripping acid on skin, and rubbing away skin with an eraser (Buser et…”
BackgroundInfluential
Automutilação: características clínicas e comparação com pacientes com transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo
Giusti, J. S. (2013) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.5.2013.tde-03102013-113540 · Cited by 8
Effect of guided, structured, writing program on self-harm ideations and emotion regulation
Fukumori, T., Kuroda, H., Ito, M., & Kashimura, M. (2017) · The Journal of Medical Investigation · doi:10.2152/jmi.64.74 · Cited by 7
Sub-groups of emotion dysregulation in youth with nonsuicidal self-injury: latent profile analysis of a randomized controlled trial
Flygare, O., Ojala, O., Pontén, M., Klintwall, L., Karemyr, M., Sjöblom, K., Wallert, J., Hellner, C., Nilbrink, J., Bellander, M., et al. (2024) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2024.2407155 · Cited by 7
“To estimate the change in NSSI frequency over time, a zero-inflated negative binomial generalized linear mixed effects regression model was fitted on the weekly DSHI-Y ratings.”
Influential
Scars, screens, and stakes: Link between non-suicidal self-injury and problem gambling, problem gaming, and problematic internet use – A systematic review
Losaberidze, M., Mallorquí‐Bagué, N., Demetrovics, Z., Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., Potenza, M. N., Soborun, Y., Romero, P., Reinhardt, M., Kökönyei, G., Mestre‐Bach, G., et al. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2025.00079 · Cited by 9
“Almost half of the studies ( n 5 21) used commonly employed, validated inventories, such as the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI) (Gratz, 2001), Non-suicidal Self-injury Questionnaire (NSSIQ) (Wan, Hu, Hao, Sun, & Tao, 2011) and the Inventory of Statements About Self-injury (ISAS) (Klonsky & Glenn, 2009).”
Influential
Attachment‐Related Representations and Suicidal Ideations in Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury Adolescents with and without Suicide Attempts: A Pilot Study
Pallini, S., Terrinoni, A., Iannello, S., Cerutti, R., Ferrara, M., Fantini, F., & Laghi, F. (2020) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12633 · Cited by 7
Parental Attachment and Digital Self-Harm
Loes, C. N. (2022) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2022.2150102 · Cited by 7
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Suicidal behavior and deliberate self-harm: A major challenge for youth residential care in Spain
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“The DSHI showed adequate test-retest reliability over a period ranging from 2 to 4 weeks (50, 51).”
Method
The risk factors for the comorbidity of depression and self-injury in adolescents: a machine learning study
Huang, Y., Hou, Y., Li, C., & Ren, P. (2025) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-025-02672-2 · Cited by 8
“Adolescent self-injury was evaluated using the shorten Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory [41].”
Brief Severity Index for Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: Initial Validation of a Self-Report Measure
Buser, T. J., Peterson, C. H., & Hill, T. M. (2016) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · doi:10.17744/mehc.38.1.03 · Cited by 7
“For example, while several of these assessments restrict attention to nonsuicidal behaviors (Glenn & Klonsky, 2011; Gratz, 2001; Martin et al., 2013), others include both suicidal and nonsuicidal behaviors or fail to identify if behaviors were suicidal in nature (Iwata et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
Characteristics of non‐suicidal self‐injury in women accessing internet help sites
Black, E., & Mildred, H. (2016) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1111/cp.12094 · Cited by 7
“A demographics section and the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001) were employed.”
BackgroundMethod
Explicit Motives, Antecedents, and Consequences of Direct Self-Injurious Behaviors
Snir, A., Apter, A., Barzilay, S., Feldman, D., Rafaeli, E., Carli, V., Wasserman, C., Hadlaczky, G., Hoven, C. W., Sarchiapone, M., et al. (2017) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000493 · Cited by 8
Prediction of Self-Injury Behavior in Men with Borderline Personality Disorder Based on Their Symptoms of Borderline Personality and Alexithymia
Mojahed, A., Rajabi, M., Khanjani, S., & Basharpoor, S. (2018) · international journal high risk behaviors & addiction · doi:10.5812/ijhrba.67693 · Cited by 7
“This questionnaire was widely used in the past studies (56, 58).”
BackgroundMethod
Perceived Negative Peer Relationships Moderate the Association between Childhood Emotional Abuse and Nonsuicidal Self-injury
Madden, A. R., Are, F. G., Rea, H. M., Thomassin, K., & Shaffer, A. E. (2018) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1230-1 · Cited by 7
Comparing the Triarchic and Five-Factor Trait Models: Relations With Psychopathy and Other Clinical Criteria in an Incarcerated Offender Sample
Brislin, S. J., Cernohorsky, P., Patrick, C. J., Drislane, L. E., Caruso, M., Giulini, P., & Sica, C. (2019) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2019_33_378 · Cited by 8
Testing the Influence of Brooding and Anger Rumination on the Association Between Suicidal Outcomes and BPD Features in Undergraduate Students
Cho, G. Y., Waite, E. E., Ammerman, B. A., & Dixon–Gordon, K. L. (2020) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2020.1755920 · Cited by 7
“To better describe our sample, we also included a measure of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), which commonly co-occurs with BPD (the Deliberate Self Harm Inventory; Gratz, 2001).”
Method
Examining posttraumatic stress disorder as a predictor of treatment response to dialectical behavior therapy
Gratz, K. L., Berghoff, C. R., Richmond, J. R., Vidaña, A. G., & Dixon–Gordon, K. L. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22961 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
Double hurt: The impact of interpersonal-level stigma on nonsuicidal self-injury among lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals
Guo, J., Ying, J., Zhou, X., Wang, C., Lin, N., & You, J. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03166-z · Cited by 7
Daily reciprocal relations between emotion dysregulation and non‐suicidal self‐injury among individuals with a history of sexual assault: The influence of posttraumatic stress symptoms
Raudales, A. M., Yang, M., Schatten, H. T., Armey, M. F., & Weiss, N. H. (2022) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12927 · Cited by 9
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Claréus, B., & Daukantaité, D. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23533 · Cited by 7
Self-Harm and Homeless Adults
Pluck, G. C., Lee, K.-H., & Parks, R. W. (2013) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000202 · Cited by 7
“This measure was found to have adequate reliability and construct, convergent and discriminant validity when measuring nonsuicidal self-injury by college students (Gratz, 2001).”
Background
Self-Injurious Behaviour: A Review of the Literature and Implications for Corrections
Power, J. (2010) · Cited by 7
Help-seeking for nonsuicidal self-injury in sexual minority adolescent and young adult females
Zaki, L. F., Gross, M., & Pachankis, J. E. (2016) · Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19359705.2016.1273156 · Cited by 7
“The Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001) is a 17-item self-report questionnaire that assesses aspects ofNSSI across the lifetime, including age of onset, methods, and frequency for various nonsuicidal self-injurious behaviors.”
Background
Evaluation of the “Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test” with Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) adolescents: A pilot study
Laghi, F., Cerutti, R., Terrinoni, A., Lonigro, A., Pongetti, A., Ferrara, M., & Fantini, F. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00505-5 · Cited by 7
“Recently, the Italian version of the DSHI has been carried out by Cerutti et al. (2011), confirming its adequate internal consistency and good convergent and discriminant validity.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The Risk Role of Defeat on the Mental Health of College Students: A Moderated Mediation Effect of Academic Stress and Interpersonal Relationships
Han, R., Xu, T., Shi, Y. T., & Liu, W. (2024) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.32604/ijmhp.2024.054884 · Cited by 10
“The Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory was used to measure self-injury behavior among college students, with well reliability and validity among Chinese college students [40,41].”
The impact of childhood emotional abuse on the developmental trajectory of non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents: The mediating role of self-compassion and peer attachment
Wang, X., Xie, R., Wang, S., Zhang, R., Li, W., & Ding, W. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107098 · Cited by 9
Deviant Peer Affiliation, Depression, and Adolescent Non-Suicidal Self-Injury: The Moderating Effect of the OXTR Gene rs53576 Polymorphism
Li, J., & Yu, C. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11121445 · Cited by 6
Alexithymia and self-injury functions as mediators between childhood maltreatment and nonsuicidal self-injury in adolescents with major depressive disorder
Shi, Y., Zhang, Q., Xu, G., Wang, S., Chen, C., Liu, Z., Geng, F., Wang, J., Luo, X., Wen, X., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-08423-2 · Cited by 6
“DSHI is a 17-item self-report questionnaire that assesses the frequency of 16 specific types of non-suicidal self-injury behaviors, such as cutting and burning, along with one additional category for other unspecified NSSI behaviors 48 .”
Adolescents’ Emotion Regulation Strategies Questionnaire–Extended: Further Development and Associations With Mental Health Problems in Adolescence
Rådman, G., Claréus, B., & Daukantaité, D. (2023) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911231164619 · Cited by 12
“Non-suicidal self-injury was assessed with a modified version of the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001) that was shortened to a nine-item version (DSHI-9r) and adapted to Swedish adolescents in previous research where it showed good test–retest reliability and a values ranging from…”
Method
Sexual Activity as Self-Injury: A Scoping Review
Mellin, J. E., Young, C. C., Rew, L., Zuniga, J. A., & Monge, M. C. (2024) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2024.2320828 · Cited by 7
“…scales used to assess SIB do not explicitly include sexual activity as self-injury but do allow for write-in of “other” methods of self-injury (Gratz, 2001; Lloyd et al., 1997; Nock et al., 2007), so any article that referred to the assessment of self-injury at an abstract level was included…”
An exploratory study of stressors, mental health, insomnia, and pain in cisgender girls, cisgender boys, and transgender and gender diverse ( TGD ) youth
Wurm, M., Högström, J., Tillfors, M., Lindståhl, M., & Norell‐Clarke, A. (2024) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.13029 · Cited by 6
The effect of social capital on non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behaviors among college students in Greece during the current economic crisis
Koutra, K., Roy, A. W., & Kokaliari, E. D. (2018) · International Social Work · doi:10.1177/0020872818776726 · Cited by 6
“The Non-Suicidal Self-Injury–International Check List (NSSI-I Check List) was developed by the authors and is based on two widely disseminated instruments by Gratz (2001) and Whitlock and Purington (2007).”
Method
Validation of the Risk-Taking and Self-Harm Inventory for Adolescents in a Portuguese Community Sample
Xavier, A., Cunha, M. I. V. A., & Pinto‐Gouveia, J. (2018) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1080/07481756.2018.1435189 · Cited by 6
“However, other studies have found similar rates for both genders (Cerutti et al., 2011; Gratz, 2001; Muehlenkamp & Gutierrez, 2004), with significant differences in methods of self-injury (Klonsky & Muehlenkamp, 2007).”
MethodResult
Analysis of Personality, Suicide, and Self‐Injury in Emerging Adulthood
Guardia, A. C. L., Cramer, R. J., Bryson, C. N., & Emelianchik‐Key, K. (2020) · Journal of College Counseling · doi:10.1002/jocc.12149 · Cited by 6
“The original DSHI (Gratz, 2001) is a 17-item questionnaire that assesses deliberate, direct destruction or alteration of body tissue (without suicidal intent but severe enough to cause damage or scarring; Gratz, 2001).”
Development and Initial Validation of the Body-focused Self-damaging Behavior Expectancies Questionnaire
Forbes, C. N., Tull, M. T., Lavender, J. M., Dixon–Gordon, K. L., & Gratz, K. L. (2022) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-021-09906-y · Cited by 7
“That said, it is important to note that, although not a clinical population, college students have been found to exhibit clinicallyrelevant levels of many self-damaging behaviors, including those examined here (Claes et al., 2010; Gratz, 2001; Hansen et al., 1990; Hausenblas & Downs, 2002; Whitlock et al., 2011).”
Self-citation
Coping with Transitions: A Promising Intensive Outpatient DBT Program for Emerging Adults and Their Families
Taliercio, J. R., Wigod, T., Shen, J., Yang, L., Davino, S., Servidio, E., McGinn, L. K., & Miller, A. L. (2023) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-023-09583-w · Cited by 7
Professional Counselors’ Conceptualizations of the Relationship between Suicide and Self-Injury
Whisenhunt, J. L., Chang, C. Y., Brack, G., Orr, J., Adams, L. G., Paige, M. R., McDonald, C. P. L., & O’Hara, C. L. (2014) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · doi:10.17744/mehc.36.3.gu7443803l0581u5 · Cited by 6
Self‐image in adolescents with deliberate self‐harm behavior
Andersson, M. J. E., Tannå, H., & Nordin, S. (2013) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.38 · Cited by 6
Instrumente zur standardisierten Diagnostik von nicht-suizidalem selbstverletzendem Verhalten (NSSV) im deutschen Sprachraum
Groschwitz, R. C., Bonenberger, M., Plener, P. L., Böge, I., & Petermann, F. (2013) · Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1661-4747/a000179 · Cited by 6
The Relationship Between Problem‐Solving Ability and Self‐Harm Amongst People with Mild Intellectual Disabilities
Rees, J., & Langdon, P. E. (2015) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jar.12187 · Cited by 6
Stopping Self-Harm Once and for All
Brown, M. Z., & Chapman, A. L. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012369429-4/50039-2 · Cited by 6
“…with borderline personality disorder), emerging research demonstrates a high prevalence of DSH in a variety of populations (in particular, female prisoners, college undergraduates, and high school students; see Chapman, Specht & Cellucci, 2005; Gratz, 2001; Zoroglu et al., 2003, respectively).”
Background
Ruminating about the past or ruminating about the future—which has the bigger impact on health? An exploratory study
Stemmet, L., Roger, D., Kuntz, J., & Borrill, J. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9781-2 · Cited by 6
Matching ICD‐11 personality status to clinical management in a community team—The Boston (UK) Personality Project: Study protocol
Jha, M., Barrett, B. M., Brewin, C. R., Bowker, G., Harwood, N., Jalil, I., Crawford, M., Phull, J. S., Allen, K. C., Duggan, C. F., et al. (2022) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1544 · Cited by 6
Validity and reliability: The psychometric properties of the Persian version of Short Form of the Impulsiveness Questionnaire UPPS-P in Iran
Behrouzian, F., Tazik, K., & Asl, E. M. (2022) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_297_21 · Cited by 8
“82[27,28] and this questionnaire has been widely used in research.[27] Statistical analysis Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.”
Method
The effect of emotion regulation training in decreasing emotion failures and self-injurious behaviors among students suffering from specific learning disorder (SLD).
Habibzadeh, A., Pourabdol, S., & Saravani, S. (2015) · PubMed Central · Cited by 6
Latent Classes of Dysregulated Behaviors Relate to Negative Mental Images
Cloos, M., Weßlau, C., Steil, R., & Höfling, V. (2016) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-016-9578-2 · Cited by 6
Methods of Assessment of Emotion Regulation
Георгиевна, К. С., & Trusova, A. V. (2017) · Вестник Южно-Уральского государственного университета. Серия: Психология · doi:10.14529/psy170104 · Cited by 6
Predictors of self-harm in male inmates
Barton, J., Meade, T., Cumming, S., & Samuels, A. (2014) · Journal of Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1108/jcp-12-2013-0032 · Cited by 6
Self‐harm through cutting: evidence from a sample of schools in the north of England
Hall, B. P., Elliott, J., & Place, M. (2010) · Pastoral Care in Education · doi:10.1080/02643940903535942 · Cited by 6
“This rate of self‐harm through cutting is higher than the national rate postulated by the Mental Health Foundation enquiry (Mental Health Foundation, 2006 ), but rates as high as 35% have been reported elsewhere (Gratz, 2001 ), and such a rate was evident within School A.”
Background
The prevalence of deliberate self-harm behavior and its association with sociodemographic features in patients referred to secondary care psychiatric clinic for adolescents and young adults / İkinci basamak ergen ve genç erişkin psikiyatri polikliniğine başvuran hastalarda kasıtlı kendine zarar verme davranışının yaygınlığı ve sosyodemografik özelliklerle ilişkisi
Saçarçelik, G., Türkcan, A., Güveli, H., & Yeşilbaş, D. (2011) · Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences · doi:10.5350/dajpn2011240401 · Cited by 6
“Behaviors reported most frequently were self-cutting and taking high dosages of medication (2,5,25).”
Background
Youth Deliberate Self-Harm: Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Vulnerability Factors, and Constructions and Attitudes Within the Social Environment.
Garisch, J. A. (2010) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.16984585 · Cited by 4
The relationship between non-suicidal self-injury and suicidality
Chin, J. (2016) · QSpace (Queen's University Library) · Cited by 6
Trauma-focused dialectical behavior therapy: study protocol for a randomized controlled multi-center trial in online and face-to-face formats
Vonderlin, R., Boritz, T. Z., Claus, C., Senyüz, B., Mahalingam, S., Schmelz, J., Knolle-Ventjeer, S., Santangelo, P., Ebner‐Priemer, U., Schmahl, C. G., et al. (2025) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-025-00294-3 · Cited by 9
The role of impulsivity and emotion regulation difficulties in nonsuicidal self‐injury and borderline personality disorder symptoms among young adults
Turner, C. J., & Chapman, A. L. (2025) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1640 · Cited by 8
“’ (Gratz, 2001) participants then report the frequency and severity of the behaviour.”
Influential
Prevalence and correlates of adolescent self-injurious thoughts and behaviors: A population-based study in Burkina Faso
Ebalu, T. I., Kearns, J. C., Ouèrmi, L., Bountogo, M., Sié, A., Bärnighausen, T., & Harling, G. (2023) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640231175778 · Cited by 5
“The NSSI questions were modeled after the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory, which asks about intentional self-harm without the intent to die and frequency if ever done (Gratz, 2001).”
Method
Longitudinal Associations Between Negative Body Image, Self-Disgust, and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Among Chinese Adolescents: Disentangling Between- and Within-Person Effects
Ying, J., Zhang, J., Chen, D., Shen, Y., Zhan, S., Wu, N., & You, J. (2024) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-024-02070-y · Cited by 5
“In support of validity, DSHI scores were positively associated with other measures of general self-harm in a sample of US university students (Gratz, 2001).”
A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Mentalization‐Based Therapy With the Unified Protocol in the Treatment of Psychopathy and Comorbid Borderline + Antisocial Personality Disorders
Mohajerin, B., Shamsi, A., & Howard, R. (2024) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.3047 · Cited by 7
Mechanism of adolescent depression and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury: Interaction between interpersonal relationship and the OXTR gene
Zeng, Z., Ding, S., Liu, S., Wang, H., Wang, H., Hu, Y., & Liu, Y. H. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.12.031 · Cited by 5
The influence of family resilience on non-suicidal self-injury among Chinese adolescents: The mediating roles of mindfulness and individual resilience
Yuan, G. F., Zhong, S., Liu, C., Liu, J., & Yu, J. (2025) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2025.01.003 · Cited by 5
The association of family functioning and suicide in children and adolescents: positive behavior recognition and non-suicidal self-injury as sequential mediators
Li, X., Liu, J., Hu, Y., Huang, X., Li, Y., Li, Y., Shi, Z., Yang, R., Peng, H., Ma, S., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1505960 · Cited by 5
“We used the Chinese version of the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI) to assess non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors, which was developed and validated by Gratz (21), and later simplified and shortened by Lundh et al. (22).”
The association between dormitory interpersonal relationships and non-suicidal self-injury in Chinese university students: a moderated mediation model
Fan, Y., Li, J., Zhao, X., & Lei, X. (2025) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2025.2507116 · Cited by 5
“Previous research has consistently supported the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, construct validity, discriminant validity and convergent validity of the DSHI in samples of university students (Burke et al., 2019; Fliege et al., 2006; Gratz, 2001).”
Roles of mindfulness and depressive symptoms on the association between adverse childhood experiences and non-suicidal self-injury
Yuan, G. F., Lu, Y., Tao, Y., & Shi, W. X. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2521917 · Cited by 8
“The assessment of NSSI was conducted using a modified version of the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI) (Gratz, 2001).”
Comparing Self-Harm (SH) Thoughts and Behaviours Among a Community Sample of Younger and Older Adolescents in Northern Ireland
Gillen, A. M. C., Kirby, K., McBride, O., McGlinchey, E., & Rushe, T. (2017) · Child Care in Practice · doi:10.1080/13575279.2017.1358152 · Cited by 7
“…(Hawton et al., 2002) may have resulted in adolescents not considering the different methodologies of SH behaviours, and that suggesting different methodologies of SH behaviours through the use of the DSHI (Gratz, 2001) may lead to adolescents more accurately reporting their SH behaviours.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Étude exploratoire sur le rôle des antécédents de tentatives de suicide et de l’agressivité pro et réactive dans le risque de récidive violente auprès d’une population d’hommes incarcérés
Rouchy, E., Garcia, M., Soulet, E., & Michel, G. (2019) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2019.08.010 · Cited by 5
Nonsuicidal self-injury and suicide attempts are uniquely associated with eating disorder pathology and behaviors over and above negative urgency
Izquierdo, A. M., & Fischer, S. F. (2021) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2021.101483 · Cited by 5
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and nonsuicidal self-injury among veterans with complex psychiatric presentations
Evans, M. K., Grove, J. L., Patel, T. A., Gromatsky, M. A., Calhoun, P. S., Beckham, J. C., & Kimbrel, N. A. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114618 · Cited by 5
Hurting the Grandiose Self: Examining Presence, Frequency, and Functions of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Pathological Narcissism
Finch, E. F., Boccagno, C. E., & Hooley, J. M. (2023) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2023.37.4.424 · Cited by 6
Impacts of Self-Harm Scars on Psychosocial Functioning, Quality of Life, and Recovery in People With Histories of Self-Harm: A Scoping Review
Linington, C. (2024) · Psychotherapy and Counselling Journal of Australia · doi:10.59158/001c.125796 · Cited by 6
The Impact of Age and Sex on the Expression and Severity of Borderline Symptoms in Individuals With Borderline Personality Disorder: An Iranian Study
Mohajerin, B., & Howard, R. (2025) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.70004 · Cited by 7
“Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz 2001) consists of 17 items for assessing different aspects of deliberate self-harm including its frequency, type, and duration in clinical and non-clinical populations.”
A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach to Case Formulations for Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
Andover, M. S. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.26.4.318 · Cited by 5
“Therapists may choose to use formal assessment measures commonly used in research, such as the Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation (FASM; Lloyd, Kelley, & Hope, 1997); the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001); or the Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Inventory (SITBI; Nock, Holmberg, Photos, & M…”
Method
A Multisite Study of the Association Between Emotion Dysregulation and Deliberate Self-harm Among Substance Use Disorder Inpatients
Martin, A., White, H. E., Flanagan, T. J., Yensel, N. H., & Bloomberg, T. V. (2011) · Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment · doi:10.1097/adt.0b013e318223fc9e · Cited by 5
“The DSHI has demonstrated high internal consistency, adequate test-retest reliability, and adequate construct, discriminant, and convergent validity among undergraduate student and patient samples.(18,31) Consistent with previous reports using the DSHI, a dichotomous DSH variable was created by assigning a score of ‘‘…”
Result
The pattern of self-harm in Fars Province in South Iran: A population-based study
Gholamzadeh, S., Zahmatkeshan, M., Zarenezhad, M., Ghaffari, E., & Hoseni, S. (2017) · Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2017.07.003 · Cited by 5
Conquering APA Style: Advice From APA Style Experts
Hughes, J. L., Brannan, D., Cannon, B., Camden, A. A., & Anthenien, A. M. (2017) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2325-7342.jn22.3.154 · Cited by 5
Relations of anxiety sensitivity dimensions to nonsuicidal self‐injury frequency and versatility among patients with substance use disorders
Dixon, L. J., Cohen, R. T., Baer, M. M., Gratz, K. L., & Tull, M. T. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22784 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
A Functional Approach to the Assessment and Treatment of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Veterans: A Dialectical Behavior Therapy–Informed Perspective
Foynes, M. M., Singh, R. S., & Landes, S. J. (2021) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2021.10.005 · Cited by 5
Denial of disordered eating behaviors, suicide, and non-suicidal self-injury in young women
Howard, L. M., Heron, K. E., & Cramer, R. J. (2019) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2018.1561556 · Cited by 5
“The DSHI-s is a 16-item simplified self-report questionnaire derived from the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Grantz, 2001).”
BackgroundMethod
Self‐harm, depressive mood, and belonging to a subculture in adolescence
Martínez–Ferrer, B., & Stattin, H. (2019) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.08.003 · Cited by 13
Functions and Prevalence of Self-Directed Violence in Adolescence
Morris, C. A. W., & Wester, K. L. (2020) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Counseling · doi:10.1080/23727810.2020.1719352 · Cited by 7
“Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory Adapted (Gratz, 2001; Wester & Trepal, 2010) was used to assess nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Self-Injurious Behaviors in Adolescents with Borderline Personality Disorder
Gratz, K. L., Dixon–Gordon, K. L., & Tull, M. T. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0591-1_14 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
The Relationship Between Intentional Self‐Injurious Behavior and the Loudness Dependence of Auditory Evoked Potential in Research Volunteers
Marsic, A., Berman, M. E., Barry, T. D., & McCloskey, M. S. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22136 · Cited by 5
The Self‐Injury Experiences of Young Adult Women: Implications for Counseling
Craigen, L. M., & Milliken, T. (2010) · The Journal of Humanistic Counseling Education and Development · doi:10.1002/j.2161-1939.2010.tb00091.x · Cited by 5
Characteristics of Self-harm Behaviour among Identified Self-harming Youth in Care
Grenville, J., Goodman, D., & Macpherson, A. (2011) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-011-9361-2 · Cited by 5
“Similar to other published studies (Cheung and Goodman 2007; Gratz 2001; Nixon et al. 2008; Skegg 2005), we found that most Y-INC-SH use similar behaviours: cutting, scratching, and stabbing (28.5”
ResultInfluential
Cutting and other forms of derma-abuse in adolescents
Maharajh, H. D., & Seepersad, R. (2010) · Health · doi:10.4236/health.2010.24055 · Cited by 5
“where demonstrable injury is self inflicted [4-9].”
Background
Self-Injury Fact Sheet
Purington, A., & Whitlock, J. L. (2004) · Cited by 5
The Voodoo Doll Self-Injury Task: A New Measure of Sub-Clinical Self-Harm Tendencies
Chester, D. S., Whitt, Z. T., Davis, T. S., & DeWall, C. N. (2017) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2017.36.7.554 · Cited by 5
“Females had lower VDSIT scores than males in three of the studies, and did not differ from males on more extreme self-injury incurred by males (Andover et al., 2010), though null gender effects are often observed in other self-harm measure validation projects (e.g., Gratz, 2001).”
MethodResultInfluential

Authors: Gratz, K. L.
Affiliations: University of Massachusetts Boston (US)
Corresponding author: Gratz, Kim L.
ORCID: Gratz, Kim L.
Venue: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2001-12
Volume: 23
Issue: 4
Pages: 253-263
ISSN: 0164-0305 (ISSN-L)
0882-2689
1573-3505
DOI: 10.1023/a:1012779403943
OpenAlex: W2167019091
Cited by: 1,166
References: 45
Citations by year: 2026: 64 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 79 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 76
FWCI: 2.68
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
Keywords: self-harm, psychometric validation, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, construct validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity

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Measurement of Deliberate Self-Harm: Preliminary Data on the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory

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