Measurement of Deliberate Self-Harm: Preliminary Data on the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory

“That is, since all of the participants in this study were college students, the validity of the DSHI for a clinical population has yet to be determined (see Haynes et al., 1995 ).”

“The Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation (FASM; Lloyd, Kelley, & Hope, 1997), the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001; Lundh et al., 2007) and the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (Osman et al., 2001) have been used in studies of both adults and adolescents.”

“—The DSHI (Gratz, 2001) assesses the frequency, duration, and forms of non-suicidal self-injurious behaviors (e.”

“Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury NSSI was measured using the use of an adapted version of the Deliberate Self‐Harm Inventory (A‐DSHI, original DSHI, developed by Gratz, 2001).”

“Approximately twentysix percent of the current sample endorsed lifetime non-suicidal self-injury, which is consistent with rates of NSSI found in previous research on college samples (between 17 and 35%; Gratz, 2001; Whitlock et al., 2006).”

“The Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI) [49] appears in 3 studies [20, 35, 44].”

“A modified version of the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI, Gratz, 2001) was used to evaluate incidents of non-suicidal selfinjury.”

“The Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001) is a frequently used, 17-item self-report inventory designed to assess NSSI.”

“NSSI behaviors were measured using a tailored form of the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001), a 17-item self-report questionnaire that assesses several forms of NSSI using a yes/no format (e.”

“These include the Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation (FASM; Lloyd, Kelly, & Hope, 1997), the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001), the Suicide Attempt Self-Injury Interview (SASII; Linehan, Comtois, Brown, Heard, & Wagner, 2006), and the SelfInjurious Thoughts and Behavior…”

“We included the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001), a 17-item self-report measure that assesses the frequency, severity, duration, and type of self-harm behavior.”

“Undergraduates (N = 151) completed the Deliberate Self Harm Inventory (Gratz, 2001), the NEO PI-R (Costa & McCrae, 1992), and the Shorter PROMIS Questionnaire (SPQ; Christo et al., 2003).”

“The Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001) is a 17-item self-report questionnaire assessing the lifetime frequency, duration, and severity of NSSI behaviors across a range of methods.”

“The Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI) is a 17-item, behavior-based, yes–no response, self-report questionnaire developed for assessing the risk of NSSI with follow-up questions for the yes responses (Gratz, 2001).”

“We screened 1612 college undergraduates using the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; see below; Gratz, 2001) for participation in this study.”

“Deliberate self-harm (DSH; also referred to as nonsuicidal selfinjury), defined as the deliberate, direct, self-inflicted destruction of body tissue without suicidal intent and for purposes not socially sanctioned (e.g., cutting, burning, severe scratching; Gratz, 2001; ISSS, 2007), is a clinically-important behavior…”

“Preexperiment self-report measures The Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI) [7] is a 17item self-report questionnaire that assesses lifetime history of various aspects of DSH (defined as the deliberate, direct destruction of body tissue without suicidal intent), including frequency, duration, and type of self-harming…”

“Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI) [32].”

“Across two semesters, college undergraduates (N = 1,612) were screened for participation in the study by completing the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001).”

“Several measures are available to assist in an assessment of NSSI, such as the Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview [69], the Ottawa Self-Injury Inventory [70], the Suicide Attempt Self-Injury Interview [71], the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory [72], the Inventory of Statements about Self-Injury [73,74], the…”

“This shortened version of the original DSHI, which was constructed and validated by Gratz (2001), asks for 17 different deliberately self-harming behaviours.”

“…the general adult population (Briere & Gil, 1998; Klonsky, Oltmanns, & Turkheimer, 2003), 16% to 38% in late adolescent college student populations (Gratz, 2001; Gratz, Dukes Conrad, & Roemer, 2002; Rulf-Fountain, 2001), and 15.9% to 46.5% among high school students (Lloyd-Richardson, Perrine,…”

“The Deliberate Self-harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001) was designed to measure non-suicidal deliberate self-harm behavior.”

“…2003; Linehan, 1993) and is often operationalized to include moderately to severely injurious behaviors such as skin cutting and burning (e.g., Gratz, 2001; Herpertz, 1995; Zlotnick et al., 1996); however, there are a number of other behaviors, including skin picking and scratching, hair…”

“The children’s NSSI was measured by a shortened and modified version of the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI), constructed and validated by Gratz (74) and adapted to adolescents by Lundh et al. (75), which has been proven to have good reliability and validity (76).”

“…are at particularly high-risk for DSH (Fliege et al., 2009), this rate is also comparable to rates reported among nonclinical samples of young adults (e.g., Gratz, 2001), highlighting the importance of continuing to examine the factors associated with DSH among nonclinical populations in general.”

“…to have adequate convergent validity, as indicated by significant correlations with other measures of self-harm and scores on a measure of borderline personality organization (Gratz, 2001), and adequate test-retest reliability over a period from two to four weeks (Fliege et al., 2006; Gratz, 2001).”

“…Charleston, SC, USA deliberate, direct, self-inflicted destruction of body tissue without suicidal intent and for purposes not socially sanctioned (Gratz 2001); disordered eating refers to symptoms of eating disorders (e.g., binge eating, purging, excessive exercise) that may not meet the…”

“Self-injury Shortened Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI) …pupil reported a life-time history of 2 or more incidents of intentional self-injury Substance abuse Tobacco Tobacco use (lifetime measure) …pupil reported using tobacco with a frequency between 2 and 10 cigarettes or more per dayaTobacco consumption frequen…”

“The Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001) is a 17-item selfreport questionnaire that assesses the age of onset, frequency, severity, duration, and type of NSSI.”

“The average frequency of NSSI in the last three months is 2.9 (Table 1) (classified as “often” according to DSHI) The average number of selfinjuries types was 5.”

“…of NSSI is challenging due to the varying definitions researchers have used; however, among college-age individuals (18–22), estimates of lifetime NSSI prevalence range from 12% to 38% (Favazza & Conterio, 1989; Gratz, 2001; Gratz et al., 2002; Swannell, Martin, Page, Hasking, & St John, 2014).”

“On a patient-topatient basis, the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (Gratz, 2001) can be used, as well as the Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation for those under 18 years (Nock & Prinstein, 2004).”

“, 2000; Suyemoto, 1998), whereas studies in community samples have yielded more mixed findings (Gratz, 2001; Heath, Toste, Nedecheva, et al., 2006; Laye-Gindhu & Schonert-Reichl, 2005; Martin, Rozanes, Pearce, & Allison, 1995; Ross & Heath, 2002).”

“More specifically, in a sample of 133 undergraduate students, Gratz et al. (2002) found that an insecure attachment to a parental figure in childhood, as measured by the Parental Attachment Questionnaire (PAQ; Kenny 1985), was significantly related to lifetime NSSI, as measured by the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (D…”

“DSHI (Gratz, 2001) BDI-II (Beck, Steer and Brown, 1996) Signi fi cant difference in threshold and tolerance between groups, but only on fi rst trial.”

“The DSHI-9 is a modified version of the DSHI [35], an empirically-supported measure of various aspects of NSSI originally developed for use with adults.”

“, 2010) based their measure on the Deliberate Self-harm Inventory (Gratz, 2001).”

“In the United States, lifetime prevalence of DSH generally ranged from 12% to 37.2% in secondary school students [5–7] and 12% to 20% in late adolescent and young adult populations [8, 9].”

“The current nine-item inventory is a revised version of the original DSHI (Gratz, 2001), which has been adapted for use with adolescents and translated into Swedish (Lundh, Karim, & Quilisch, 2007).”

“As to the type of psychological problems involved, there is evidence that self-harm often develops in the context of high emotional distress, as a way of expressing or regulating this distress (e.g., Chapman, Gratz & Brown, 2006; Klonsky, 2009; Nock & Prinstein, 2004).”

“The Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001) was used to assess non-suicidal self-injury behavior (NSSI).”

“The Deliberative Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001) consists of 17 dichotomous items assessing frequency, duration, severity, and type of self-injurious behavior.”

“The current nine-item inventory is a revised version of the original DSHI ( Gratz, 2001”

“NSSI was measured with the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI) developed by Gratz (2001) and adapted by Lundh et al. (2007) for adolescents.”

“Within the context of Joiner's ( 2005 ) IPTS, deliberate self-harm (the deliberate destruction of body tissue without suicidal intent; Gratz, 2001 ) is considered to be a painful and provocative event associated with the acquired capability for suicide (Van Orden, Witte, Cukrowiczte et al, 2010 ).”

“50 The Deliberate Self-Harm Questionnaire (DSHQ) is a self-report measure of NSSI (Gratz, 2001).”

“Motives for NSSI Most recent research on motives for NSSI relies on explicit methods and points to the involvement of aversive self-directed affect (Armey & Crowther, 2008) emotional reactivity (Najmi, Wegner, & Nock, 2007), or emotion regulation processes (Gratz, 2001). Despite the prevalence of NSSI in personality d…”

“Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (Study 1; DSHI; Gratz, 2001).”

“Adolescents (Grades 6–12) additionally completed an adaptation of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009) and the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (Gratz, 2001), whereas younger children (Grades 2–5) completed the Children’s Self-Experience Questionnaire (Crick & Grotpeter, 1996…”

“among diverse samples (Fliege et al., 2006; Gratz, 2001), including patients with SUD (Gratz & Tull, 2010).”

“Self-injury and suicidal thoughts or attempts among 11 – 19 year olds were assessed using selected questions from the Deliberate Self Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001) and the Suicide Behaviours Questionnaire-Revised (SBQR; Osman et al., 2001).”

“The DSHI has been used to examine both frequency of self-harm (continuous variable) and the presence versus absence of self-harm (dichotomous variable).(34)”

“The Deliberate Self‐Harm Inventory—Short Form (DSHI; Gratz, 2001) The DSHI was incorporated to measure behavior that the participants rated as both intentional and harmful to bodily tissue, excluding suicide attempts.”

“Previous studies have supported the psychometric characteristics of the DSHI in a university-student sample (Fliege et al., 2006; Gratz, 2001).”

“Although NSSI has been observed across the lifespan, the highest prevalence rates have been observed in young adulthood, with between 17 and 35% of college-aged students engaging in at least one act of NSSI in their lifetime (Gratz, 2001; Nock, Teper, & Hollander, 2007; Whitlock, Eckenrode, & Silverman, 2006).”

“The Deliberate Self-harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001) is a 17-item self-report measure that assesses the frequency, severity, duration, and type of self-harm behavior.”

“To determine eligibility to complete Wave 2 based on NSSI history, participants completed selected items from the Deliberate Self Harm Inventory [41].”

“It was also noted that in one study that used latent class analysis to classify NSSI participants, although participants in the largest profile did report lower parental support than comparison non-self-injurers, a relatively smaller profile (termed “positive-idealistic”) Case-control Heath et al. (2009) Canada Univer…”

“RCT randomized controlled trial; ERGT emotion regulation group therapy; TAU treatment as usual; standard deviation; DSHI Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory; DERS Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. presents the group means and standard deviations for DSH and emotion dysregulation across all three time points (i.e.,…”

“Single question definitions have been shown to underestimate the prevalence of self-harm (Swannell et al., 2014), and therefore may not be comparable with validated measures of self-harm such as the DSHI (Gratz, 2001).”

“However, our research (see Study 1 Measures section) as well as past research has shown that single-item measures of DSH are comparable to the DSHI (the measure we used in Study 2) and yield comparable convergent and discriminant validly (Gratz, 2001).”

“Six DSH tests (see Table 1) were therefore selected for the study, namely: Self-Injury Questionnaire Treatment Related (SIQTR) [34], Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview (SITBI) [26], Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI) [16], Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury (ISAS) [6], Self-Harm Information Form…”

“Self-report was utilized here because of the covert nature of peer victimization and because self-reported measures are cited as the optimal means of assessing this construct (Gratz 2001; Hawker and Boulton 2000).”

“The Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; [30]) is a 17-item self-report measure that assesses an individual's lifetime history of NSSI.”

“Lundh L, Karim J, Quilisch E: Deliberate self-harm in 15-year old adolescents: A pilot study with a modified version of the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory.”

“In addition to the R-NSSI-Q and the DSHI (Gratz, 2001), all participants”