Cited by 1,166Suicide and Self-Harm StudiesPsychometric Methodologies and TestingHomicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse

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Measurement of Deliberate Self-Harm: Preliminary Data on the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory

Gratz, Kim L.·2001·Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment

DOI 10.1023/a:1012779403943

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“That is, since all of the participants in this study were college students, the validity of the DSHI for a clinical population has yet to be determined (see Haynes et al., 1995 ).”
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Introduction to Psychological Measurement
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Beyond the tower of Babel: A nomenclature for suicidology
O'Carroll, P. W., Berman, A. L., Maris, R. W., Moscicki, E. K., Tanney, B. L., & Silverman, M. M. (1996) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.1996.tb00609.x · Cited by 982
The Coming of Age of Self-Mutilation
Favazza, A. R. (1998) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199805000-00001 · Cited by 712
Risk factors for deliberate self-harm among college students.
Gratz, K. L., Conrad, S. D., & Roemer, L. (2002) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/0002-9432.72.1.128 · Cited by 612
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Self-harm in schizophrenia is associated with dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior cingulate activity
Lee, K.-H., Pluck, G. C., Lekka, N. P., Horton, A., Wilkinson, I. D., & Woodruff, P. W. R. (2015) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.03.005 · Cited by 21
“During a clinical interview with a psychiatrist, the frequency of acts of self-harm was recorded using the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI), a schedule that records instances of a range of common selfharm behaviors (Gratz, 2001).”
Method
A cross-sectional study comparing predictors of non-suicidal self-injury among college students in the United States and Greece
Kokaliari, E. D., Roy, A. W., & Koutra, K. (2016) · International Journal of Culture and Mental Health · doi:10.1080/17542863.2016.1259339 · Cited by 26
“It is based on two widely disseminated instruments with established reliability and validity by Gratz (2001) and Whitlock and Purington (2007).”
BackgroundMethod
Factors Contributing to Non-suicidal Self Injury in Korean Adolescents
Kim, M. Y., & Yu, J. (2017) · Research in Community and Public Health Nursing · doi:10.12799/jkachn.2017.28.3.271 · Cited by 21
“1) Non-suicidal self-injury Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) was measured using the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory [DSHI], which is a self-report scale developed by Gratz [16] to assess self-injurious behaviors.”
Method
Implementation of brief dialectical behavior therapy skills training among borderline personality disorder patients in Malaysia: feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary outcomes
Keng, S.-L., Mohd Salleh Sahimi, H. B., Chan, L. F., Woon, L., Eu, C. L., Sim, S. H., & Wong, M. K. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03500-y · Cited by 20
Associations between humiliation, shame, self-harm and suicidality among adolescents and young adults: A systematic review
Sadath, A., Kavalidou, K., McMahon, E. M., Malone, K. M., & McLoughlin, A. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0292691 · Cited by 24
The Relation of Anxiety to Nonsuicidal Self Injury Is Indirect Through Mindfulness
Bock, R. C., Berghoff, C. R., Baker, L. D., Tull, M. T., & Gratz, K. L. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01660-2 · Cited by 24
“The DSHI has demonstrated adequate test–retest reliability and construct, convergent, and discriminant validity within a variety of samples (Fliege et al., 2006; Gratz, 2001; Gratz et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Cumulative Childhood Maltreatment and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury: the Mediating and Moderating Role of Perceived Social Support in a Sample of University Students
Manna, G., Falgares, G., Costanzo, G., Sala, M. C. L., Lamis, D. A., & Musso, P. (2021) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-021-00312-2 · Cited by 24
“The original DSHI was found to show high internal consistency, adequate test–retest reliability and adequate construct, discriminant and convergent validity (Fliege et al., 2006; Gratz, 2001).”
MethodInfluential
Your support is my healing: the impact of perceived social support on adolescent NSSI — a sequential mediation analysis
Yuan, Z., Li, W., Ding, W., Song, S., Qian, L., & Xie, R. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04286-w · Cited by 28
“Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), defined as the behavior that an individual intentionally and repeatedly changes or harms his or her own body without explicit suicidal intention, and such behavior is not accepted by the society and is either non-lethal or less lethal (Gratz, 2001).”
Sleep problems mediate the influence of childhood emotional maltreatment on adolescent non-suicidal self-injury: The moderating effect of rumination
Zheng, X., Chen, Y., & Zhu, J. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106161 · Cited by 20
Prospective Assessment of Patterns, Severity and Clinical Outcome of Indian Poisoning Incidents
Churi, S., Ramesh, M., Bhakta, K., & Chris, J. (2012) · Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.1248/cpb.c12-00171 · Cited by 20
Coping Behaviors, Abuse History, and Counseling: Differentiating College Students Who Self‐Injure
Wester, K. L., & Trepal, H. (2010) · Journal of College Counseling · doi:10.1002/j.2161-1882.2010.tb00055.x · Cited by 20
“, 2008), with up to 35% of students currently self-injuring or having a history of self-injury (Gratz, 2001).”
Background
Educational interventions for general practitioners to identify and manage depression as a suicide risk factor in young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol
Tait, L., & Michail, M. (2014) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/2046-4053-3-145 · Cited by 20
“Secondary outcomes will include: – suicidal ideation, referring to thoughts about or an unusual preoccupation with death, as assessed using self-reported or interviewer-administered scales (e.g. Suicidal Intent Scale [36]; The Modified Scale for Suicidal Ideation [37]) – suicide attempts, where there is clear intentio…”
Method
The Relationship Among Shame, Nonsuicidal Self-Injury, and Suicidal Behaviors in Borderline Personality Disorder
Cameron, A., Erisman, S. M., & Reed, K. M. P. (2019) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294118818091 · Cited by 20
“The Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001) is a self-report measure that assesses history, severity, and type of NSSI.”
Quantitative findings from a mixed methods evaluation of once-weekly therapeutic community day services for people with personality disorder
Barr, W., Kirkcaldy, A., Horne, A., Hodge, S., Hellin, K., & Göpfert, M. (2010) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.3109/09638230903469145 · Cited by 20
“, 2005), the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI) (Gratz, 2001) and the Service Utilisation Structured Interview (SUSI) (Chiesa & Milton, 1992).”
MethodInfluential
The Roles of Emotion Regulation Self-Efficacy and Emotional Avoidance in Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors
Spitzen, T. L., Tull, M. T., & Gratz, K. L. (2020) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2020.1818654 · Cited by 21
“It has demonstrated adequate construct, convergent, and discriminant validity and test-retest reliability (Fliege et al., 2006; Gratz, 2001).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
The Screen for Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury: Development and initial validation among veterans with psychiatric disorders
Halverson, T. F., Patel, T. A., Mann, A. J., Evans, M. K., Gratz, K. L., Beckham, J. C., Calhoun, P. S., & Kimbrel, N. A. (2022) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12847 · Cited by 19
Self-citation
BDNF and stress/mood-related interactions on emotional disorder symptoms, executive functioning, and deliberate self-harm
Guillot, C. R., Kelly, M. E., Phillips, N. B., Su, M.-Y., Douglas, M. E., Poe, D. J., Berman, M. E., & Liang, T. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.05.060 · Cited by 19
Suicide and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury From Internet Addiction Among Korean Adolescents
Kim, H., Jhon, M., Kim, J., Kang, H., Ryu, S., Kim, S., Kim, S., Kim, J., Shin, I., & Lee, J. Y. (2023) · Journal of korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.5765/jkacap.230015 · Cited by 20
Investigating the Interaction Between Sleep Symptoms of Arousal and Acquired Capability in Predicting Suicidality
Hochard, K. D., Heym, N., & Townsend, E. (2016) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12285 · Cited by 20
“The Cronbach’s alpha of the mod-DSHI for this sample was a = .84.”
MethodInfluential
The prevalence of deliberate self-harm and its relationships to trauma and dissociation among Iranian young adults
Nobakht, H. N., & Dale, K. Y. (2016) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2016.1246397 · Cited by 23
“DSH DSH was measured using the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001), a 17-item inventory assessing DSH behaviors.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Effect of alcohol dose on deliberate self-harm in men and women.
Berman, M. E., Fanning, J. R., Guillot, C. R., Marsic, A., Bullock, J. S., Nadorff, M. R., & McCloskey, M. S. (2017) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000222 · Cited by 19
“The Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
High Betrayal Adolescent Sexual Abuse and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: The Role of Depersonalization in Emerging Adults
Gómez, J. M. (2018) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2018.1539425 · Cited by 13
“Preliminary findings from the original measure had excellent internal consistency, adequate construct, convergent, and discriminant validity, and adequate test retest reliability (Gratz, 2001).”
BackgroundInfluential
Self-Injury as an Addictive Disorder.
Worley, J. A. (2020) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20200513-03 · Cited by 16
Examining the Acceptability, Attractiveness, and Effects of a School-Based Validating Interview for Adolescents Who Self-Injure
Bjärehed, J., Pettersson, K., Wångby‐Lundh, M., & Lundh, L. (2012) · The Journal of School Nursing · doi:10.1177/1059840512458527 · Cited by 19
“A shortened and modified version of the DSHI validated by Gratz (2001) and further adapted to adolescents (Bjärehed & Lundh, 2008; Lundh, Karim, & Quilisch, 2007) was used in the survey.”
Method
The Development of First‐Episode Direct Self‐Injurious Behavior and Association with Difficulties in Emotional Regulation in Adolescence
Palmer, C., Connor, C., Channa, S., Lavis, A., Leung, N., Parsons, N., & Birchwood, M. J. (2018) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12512 · Cited by 24
Patterns and predictors of self-harm in patients with substance-use disorder
Sarkar, S., Gupta, R. G., Narnoli, S., Das, N., & Balhara, Y. P. S. (2019) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_578_18 · Cited by 18
“Specific details about the nature of self-harm acts were assessed using the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory.”
Influential
Mental images, entrapment and affect in young adults meeting criteria of nonsuicidal self-injury disorder (NSSID) – a daily diary study
Cloos, M., Simplicio, M. C. D., Hammerle, F., & Steil, R. (2020) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-019-0117-0 · Cited by 23
“’) which was answered on a 5point-likert scale (1-not at all to 5-extremely); a threeitem question on NSSI presence (yes/no), method (using a list of methods of a measure for NSSI from the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory [63]) and frequency (‘How many times have you harmed yourself today?’) as well as a two-item questi…”
Method
The psychometric properties and clinical utility of the Norwegian versions of the deliberate self-harm inventory and the inventory of statements about self-injury
Vigfusdottir, J., Dale, K. Y., Gratz, K. L., Klonsky, E. D., Jonsbu, E., & Høidal, R. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01189-y · Cited by 18
“Consistent with prior research on DSH (Gratz, 2001; Pattison & Kahan, 1983), the rates of DSH among men and women (35.1% and 29%, respectively) did not differ significantly (F(4,392) = 0,751, p = .473).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Dissecting pain processing in adolescents with Non‐Suicidal Self Injury: Could suicide risk lurk among the electrodes?
Leone, C. M., Galosi, S., Mollica, C., Fortunato, M., Possidente, C., Milone, V., Misuraca, S., Berillo, L., Truini, A., Cruccu, G., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1793 · Cited by 18
“R- NSSI Q, the repetitive non- suicidal self- injury questionnaire; DSHI, deliberate self- harm inventory; BHS, beck hopelessness scale; CDI, child depression inventory.”
MethodInfluential
Adolescent Peer Victimization and Deliberate Self-Harm: A Three-Wave Moderated Mediation Model
Wei, Y., Ren, P., Qin, X., Zhang, Y., Luo, F., & Chen, C. (2022) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605221082740 · Cited by 22
“Deliberate self-harm was determined using the Deliberate Self-harm Inventory-9r (DSHI-9r) developed by (Gratz, 2001) and revised by Bjärehed and Lundh (2008), which contains 9 self-report items.”
Method
Self-esteem buffers the stress sensitizing effect of childhood maltreatment on adolescent nonsuicidal self-injury
Gao, Y., Liang, C., Liu, X., Bai, R., & Xing, S. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.117 · Cited by 18
Reciprocal effect between non-suicidal self-injury and depressive symptoms in adolescence
Hu, R., Peng, L.-M., Du, Y., Feng, Y.-W., Xie, L., Shi, W., Jia, P., Jiang, L.-H., & Zhao, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1243885 · Cited by 17
“The uncertainty and concerns surrounding contracting the virus have intensified the psychological health crisis (2, 3).”
Clinical effectiveness and safety of adding a self-harm prevention app (BlueIce) to specialist mental health care for adolescents who repeatedly self-harm: A single blind randomised controlled trial (the BASH study)
Stallard, P. N., Whittle, K., Moore, E., Medina‐Lara, A., Morrish, N., Cliffe, B., Rhodes, S. G., & Taylor, G. T. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116017 · Cited by 22
“The self-harm scale includes items from established self-harm scales, the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (Gratz, 2001; Lundh et al., 2007) and Self-Harm Inventory (Sansone and Sansone, 2002), with additional items being generated and tested during scale development.”
Method
Trauma and deliberate self-harm among inpatient adolescents: The moderating role of anxiety sensitivity.
Viana, A. G., Dixon, L. J., Berenz, E. C., & Espil, F. M. (2016) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000161 · Cited by 18
Self-Injurious Behavior in People with Intellectual Disabilities and Co-Occurring Psychopathology using the Self-Harm Scale: A Pilot Study
van den Bogaard, K. J. H. M., Nijman, H. L. I., Palmstierna, T., & Embregts, P. J. C. M. (2018) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-018-9614-0 · Cited by 18
“Based on the data of the SHS, an in-depth analysis of the SIB of specific clients can be executed, using for example a functional behavior assessment, in which variables like setting events, duration (e.g., Gratz 2001) and onset of the behavior (e.g., Walsh 2007) can also be taken into account.”
Method
Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Among Youth in an Underserved Area of the Southern United States: Exploring the Moderating Roles of Gender, Racial/Ethnic Background, and School-Level
Latzman, R. D., Gratz, K. L., Young, J. N., Heiden, L. J., Damon, J. D., & Hight, T. L. (2009) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9462-4 · Cited by 18
“As such, it is not possible to distinguish between SIB behaviors with suicidal intent (i.e., suicide attempts) and those without suicidal intent (i.e., non-suicidal self-injury or deliberate self-harm; Chapman et al. 2006; Gratz 2001 ).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Self-Injury Groups on Facebook
Niwa, K. D., & Mandrusiak, M. (2012) · Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy · Cited by 18
Non suicidal self-injury in referred adolescents with mood disorders and its association with cyclothymic-hypersensitive temperament
Masi, G., Milone, A., Montesanto, A. R., Valente, E., & Pisano, S. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.049 · Cited by 17
Self-harm and Aggression in Chinese Early Adolescents: Their Co-occurrence and the Role of Bullying Victimization
Xiong, Y., Wei, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, H., Yang, L., & Ren, P. (2022) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-022-01620-6 · Cited by 17
“Adolescents’ self-harm was measured by a shortened and modified version of the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory, which was constructed and validated by Gratz (2001) and adapted to adolescents by Lundh et al. (2007).”
Method
Examining bidirectional relations between sleep problems and non-suicidal self-injury/suicidal behavior in adolescents: emotion regulation difficulties and externalizing problems as mediators
Yang, J., & Zhao, Y. (2023) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-023-02334-1 · Cited by 19
“The current study assessed seven NSSI behaviors chosen from the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI) [37], including self-cutting, burning, biting, punching, scratching, inserting sharp objects into nail or skin, and banging the head or other parts of the body toward the wall.”
The role of reward sensitivity and childhood maltreatment in predicting nonsuicidal self‐injury
Kautz, M. M., Burke, T. A., Siegel, D. M., Case, J. A. C., & Alloy, L. B. (2020) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12718 · Cited by 17
Deliberate Self-harm Among Children in Tertiary Care Residential Treatment: Prevalence and Correlates
Stewart, S. L., Baiden, P., Theall, L., & den Dunnen, W. (2013) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-013-9225-y · Cited by 20
Assessment and Self-Injury: Implications for Counselors
Craigen, L. M., Guardia, A. C. L., Walley, C. T., Byrd, R., & Schuster, J. (2010) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1177/0748175610362237 · Cited by 17
“…levels and quality of social interactions with peers to the availability and assimilation of coping behaviors through access to the Internet (Briere & Gil, 1998; Favazza, 1996; Gratz, 2001; Gratz, Conrad, & Roemer, 2002; Muehlenkamp & Guiterrez, 2004; Nock & Prinstein, 2005; Ross & Heath, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Pharmacological interventions for people with borderline personality disorder
Stoffers‐Winterling, J., Storebø, O. J., Vӧllm, B., Mattivi, J. T., Nielsen, S. S., Kielsholm, M. L., Faltinsen, E. G., Simonsen, E. H., & Lieb, K. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012956 · Cited by 20
A cross-sectional examination of non-suicidal self-injury, disordered eating, impulsivity, and compulsivity in a sample of adult women
Black, E. B., & Mildred, H. (2014) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.08.011 · Cited by 16
“The questionnaire consisted of five sections: demographics; the Urgency, lack of Premeditation, lack of Perseverance, and Sensation seeking (UPPS) Impulsive Behavior Scale (Whiteside & Lynam, 2001); the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology— Basic Questionnaire (DAPP-BQ) Compulsivity Scale (Schroeder, Wormwo…”
Method
Longitudinal associations between justice sensitivity, nonsuicidal self-injury, substance use, and victimization by peers
Bilgin, A., Bondü, R., & Elsner, B. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421000250 · Cited by 16
The Prevalence of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Military Personnel: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Gromatsky, M. A., Halverson, T. F., Dillon, K. H., Wilson, L. C., LoSavio, S. T., Walsh, S., Mellows, C., Mann, A. J., Goodman, M. S., & Kimbrel, N. A. (2022) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380221119513 · Cited by 16
“The NSSI item from the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS, Posner et al., 2011; n = 6) and the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI, Gratz, 2001; n = 5) were also frequently used.”
Method
Who are we missing? Self‐selection bias in nonsuicidal self‐injury research
Robinson, K., Dayer, K., Mirichlis, S., Hasking, P. A., & Wilson, M. (2023) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12987 · Cited by 16
Understanding the subtypes of non-suicidal self-injury: A new conceptual framework based on a systematic review
Wang, Z., Li, D., Chen, Y., Tao, Z., Jiang, L., He, X., & Zhang, W. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115816 · Cited by 16
Non-suicidal self-harm behavior within the previous year among 10th-grade adolescents in Istanbul and related variables
Evren, C., Evren, B., Bozkurt, M., & Can, Y. (2014) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/08039488.2013.872699 · Cited by 16
The intersection of nonsuicidal self-injury and suicide-related behavior: Patterns of elevated risk and implications for college mental health
Cramer, R. J., Guardia, A. C. L., Bryson, C. N., & Morgan, K. (2017) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2017.1312416 · Cited by 17
Association of direct and indirect aggression and victimization with self-harm in young adolescents: A person-oriented approach
Daukantaité, D., Lundh, L., & Wångby‐Lundh, M. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418000433 · Cited by 17
“Deliberate self-harm was measured using a shortened and modified form of the Deliberate Self-harm Inventory (DSHI) validated by Gratz (2001) and adapted to adolescents by Bjärehed and Lundh (2008).”
Method
Development and Factorial Validation of the Inventory of Deliberate Self-Harm Behaviours for Portuguese Adolescents
Duarte, E., Gouveia‐Pereira, M., & Gomes, H. S. (2019) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-019-09660-1 · Cited by 16
Functions of nonsuicidal self-injury in a Hungarian community adolescent sample: a psychometric investigation
Reinhardt, M., Kökönyei, G., Rice, K. G., Drubina, B., & Urbán, R. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03613-4 · Cited by 16
“According to the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; [7]), a 17-item questionnaire that assesses type(s), frequency, severity, and duration of NSSI, 17.”
Method
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI): A Community-Based Study
Williams, S., Fido, D., & Sheffield, D. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10061118 · Cited by 17
“Following this, DERS, RRS, DSHI and SBQ-R were presented in a randomized order.”
Background
Composite Trauma and Mental Health Diagnosis as Predictors of Lifetime Nonsuicidal Self-Injury History in an Adult Online Sample
Thomas, K. B., Lund, E. M., & Bradley, A. R. (2015) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2015.1049766 · Cited by 16
“NSSI history was assessed through the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001).”
BackgroundMethod
Emotion Regulation with Mindful Arts Activities Using a Personalized Self-Soothing Kit
Sokmen, Y. C., & Watters, A. (2016) · Occupational Therapy in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/0164212x.2016.1165642 · Cited by 19
“The maladaptive coping behaviors that the participants in this study aimed to reduce included dissociation and selfharm (Gratz, 2001) by cutting, purging, and smoking.”
Background
Disordered eating in a Swedish community sample of adolescent girls: subgroups, stability, and associations with body esteem, deliberate self-harm and other difficulties
Viborg, N., Wångby‐Lundh, M., Lundh, L., Wallin, U., & Johnsson, P. (2018) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-018-0189-z · Cited by 16
“Gratz KL. Measurement of deliberate self-harm: Preliminary data on the deliberate self-harm inventory.”
MethodInfluential
Screening borderline personality disorder: The psychometric properties of the Persian version of the McLean screening instrument for borderline personality disorder
Dabaghi, P., Asl, E. M., & Taghva, A. (2020) · Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · doi:10.4103/jrms.jrms_949_19 · Cited by 16
“The Deliberate Self‐Harm Inventory (DSHI) is significantly correlated with other self‐harm scales, and it has good psychometric properties,[32] and is widely used in previous studies.”
Method
“It Was like a Partnership of the Two of Us Against the Cutting”: Investigating the Counseling Experiences of Young Adult Women Who Self-Injure
Craigen, L. M., & Foster, V. (2009) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · doi:10.17744/mehc.31.1.ut541157353q065n · Cited by 16
“An estimated 35% of college students report a history of self-injurious behavior (Gratz, 2001), and the prevalence of self-injury in adolescent community samples appears to range from 14% to 39% (Nock &Prinstein, 2005).”
Background
Exploring the longitudinal relationships between non-suicidal self-injury and depressive symptoms in adolescents: a cross-lagged panel network analysis
Jia, Q., Wu, Z., Liu, B., Feng, Y., Liang, W., Liu, D., Song, L., Li, C., & Yang, Q. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06806-3 · Cited by 15
“We used the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI) to assess the types and frequencies of self-harm behaviors among adolescents over the past six months [36].”
Investigating the relationship between bullying involvement and self-harmful thoughts and behaviour in young people: A systematic review
Moore, H., Sayal, K. S., Williams, A. J., & Townsend, E. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.07.056 · Cited by 20
Cyberbullying Victimization and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Early Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model of Social Anxiety and Emotion Reactivity
Wang, Y., Liu, Y., & Zhou, J. (2023) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2022.0346 · Cited by 18
“35 The DSHI consists of 11 behaviors (e.g., self-cutting, scratching skin).”
Co‐developmental trajectories of suicidal ideation and non‐suicidal self‐injury among Chinese adolescents: Transdiagnostic predictors and association with suicide attempts
Shen, Y., Chen, D., Guo, J., Zheng, Y., Zhang, J., Zhan, S., & You, J. (2024) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.13074 · Cited by 17
Dimensions of family stress and repetitive nonsuicidal self-injury in adolescence: Examining the interactive effects of impulsivity and emotion dysregulation
Gao, Y., Liu, J., Liu, X., Wang, Y., & Qiu, S. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106804 · Cited by 15
Functions of nonsuicidal self-injury and repeated nonsuicidal self-injury among adolescents: A moderating role of addictive features
Luo, D., Tan, L., Huang, X., Lai, M., Shi, H., Li, J., Chen, X., Xu, J., & Guo, W. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.04.049 · Cited by 15
Bullying victimization and self-harm in adolescents: The roles of emotion regulation and bullying peer norms.
Chen, J.-H., Xiong, Y., Yang, L., Liang, Y., & Ren, P. (2024) · International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107199 · Cited by 13
Risk‐ R elated and P rotective C orrelates of N onsuicidal S elf‐ I njury and C o‐ O ccurring S uicide A ttempts among I ncarcerated W omen
Chapman, A. L., Gratz, K. L., & Turner, B. J. (2013) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12058 · Cited by 15
Self-citation
The relation of protective factors to deliberate self-harm among African-American adults: moderating roles of gender and sexual orientation identity
Davis, L. T., Weiss, N. H., Tull, M. T., & Gratz, K. L. (2017) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2017.1340610 · Cited by 18
Self-citation
Depression symptoms as a mediator between social support, non-suicidal self-injury, and suicidal ideation among Arab adolescents in Israel
Madjar, N., Daka, D., Zalsman, G., & Shoval, G. (2021) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/0143034321998741 · Cited by 24
“Based on a scale developed by Gratz (2001) participants were asked to report whether they engaged in deliberate self-harm within the last 12months (0¼ none, 1¼ less than 5 times, 2¼more than 5 times) without intention to die, focusing on the three most common methods that were previously found…”
Method
Testing for Sex Differences in the Nomological Network of the Triarchic Model of Psychopathy in Incarcerated Individuals
Sica, C., Perkins, E. R., Joyner, K. J., Caudek, C., Bottesi, G., Caruso, M., Giulini, P., Ghisi, M., & Patrick, C. J. (2021) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-021-09897-w · Cited by 15
“The original version and Italian translation of this measure have been shown to be a reliable and valid index of self-harm behavior (Cerutti et al., 2011; Fliege et al., 2006; Gratz, 2001).”
Method
An Exploratory Analysis of Situational Affect, Early Life Stress, and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in College Students
Armey, M. F., Nugent, N. R., & Crowther, J. H. (2012) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1080/19361521.2012.719594 · Cited by 15
Self-Administered Acupuncture as an Alternative to Deliberate Self-Harm: A Feasibility Study
Davies, S., Bell, D., Irvine, F. E., & Tranter, R. (2011) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2011.25.6.741 · Cited by 15
“The nature, severity, and frequency of DSH was assessed using the Deliberate Self Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001).”
Method
Depression und Risikoverhalten bei Jugendlichen
Heger, J., Brunner, R. M., Parzer, P., Fischer, G., Resch, F., & Kaess, M. (2014) · Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie · doi:10.13109/prkk.2014.63.3.177 · Cited by 15
ADHD and nonsuicidal self-injury in male veterans with and without PTSD
Kimbrel, N. A., Wilson, L. C., Mitchell, J. T., Meyer, E. C., DeBeer, B. B., Silvia, P. J., Gratz, K. L., Calhoun, P. S., Beckham, J. C., & Morissette, S. B. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.015 · Cited by 15
“The Deliberate SelfHarm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001) was used to assess NSSI, whereas the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for DSM-IV (MINI; Sheehan et al., 1998) was used to assess depression and alcohol dependence.”
MethodSelf-citation
Non-Suicidal Self-Injury and Suicidal Behavior in a Diverse Sample: The Moderating Role of Social Problem-Solving Ability
Walker, K. L., Hirsch, J. K., Chang, E. C., & Jeglic, E. L. (2017) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-017-9755-x · Cited by 19
“…self-injury can be defined as behaviors that an individual engages in with the purpose of causing themselves bodily injury (Chapman et al. 2006; Gratz 2001), but without intent to die, and may include cutting, burning, poisoning, and other reckless behaviors, such as substance abuse and…”
BackgroundInfluential
Study Protocol: Transitions in Adolescent Girls (TAG)
Barendse, M. E. A., Vijayakumar, N., Byrne, M. L., Flannery, J., Cheng, T. W., Flournoy, J. C., Nelson, B. W., Cosme, D., Mobasser, A., Chavez, S., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.01018 · Cited by 18
“In addition, self-harm will be examined in detail using an interview-format of the Deliberate Self Harm Inventory [DSHI; (31)] with adolescents.”
Method
The Lifetime Prevalence of Non‐Suicidal Self‐Injury in Children and Adolescents With Eating Disorders—A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Meier, M., Jansen, K., Vertgewall, H., & Claes, L. (2024) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.3158 · Cited by 16
“…such as the SIQ‐TR (Self‐Injury Questionnaire— Treatment Related; Claes and Vandereycken 2007b) and the DSHI (Deliberate Self‐Harm Inventory; Gratz 2001; Lundh, Karim, and Quilisch 2007), four studies used a single question in form of a questionnaire (‘Have you ever tried to physically…”
Influential
Hiding in the open: Consideration of nonsuicidal self‐injury by proxy as a clinically meaningful construct
Mann, A. J., Tull, M. T., & Gratz, K. L. (2022) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12899 · Cited by 14
“…defined as the deliberate destruction of one's body tissue without suicidal intent and for purposes not socially sanctioned (Chapman et al., 2006; Gratz, 2001; ISSS, 2018; Nock, 2009), there remain multiple inconsistencies and disagreements in the precise operational definitions of NSSI used…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Association between positive youth development and non-suicidal self-injury: A longitudinal survey of children and adolescents in southwest China, 2019–21
Chen, Y., Luo, J., Jiang, L., Shi, W., Jia, P., Zhang, J., & Zhao, L. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.072 · Cited by 16
Prevalence and correlates of nonsuicidal self-injury among youths in Singapore: findings from the National Youth Mental Health Study
Chang, S. S. H., Vaingankar, J. A., Tan, B. C. W., Tan, Y. W. B., Samari, E., Archana, S., Chua, Y. C., Lee, Y. P., Tang, C. Y. Z., Verma, S. K., et al. (2025) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-025-00885-6 · Cited by 21
Non-suicidal self-injury among psychiatric outpatient adolescent offspring of Croatian posttraumatic stress disorder male war veterans: Prevalence and psychosocial correlates
Maršanić, V. B., Margetić, B. A., Bulić, S. O., Đuretić, I., Kniewald, H., Jukić, T., & Paradžik, L. (2014) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764014541248 · Cited by 16
“The DSHI has been found to have high internal consistency (α = .82), adequate construct, convergent and discriminant validity, and adequate test–retest reliability (Gratz, 2001).”
BackgroundInfluential
Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Among Male Adjudicated Adolescents: Psychosocial Concerns, Coping Responses, Diagnoses, and Functions
Silverman, J. R., Ross, E. H., & Kearney, C. A. (2018) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1172-7 · Cited by 14
“convergent, criterion, and discriminant validity (Gratz 2001).”
BackgroundInfluential
The Assessment of Alexithymia Across Positive and Negative Emotions: The Psychometric Properties of the Iranian Version of the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire
Asl, E. M., Mahaki, B., Khanjani, S., & Mohammadian, Y. (2020) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.5812/ijpbs.102317 · Cited by 14
“Retest and construct validity, and convergent and divergent validity of the inventory have been reported properly in the samples of patients and undergraduate students (28).”
BackgroundMethod
Problem gambling during Covid-19
Frisone, F., Alibrandi, A., & Settineri, S. (2020) · Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.6092/2282-1619/mjcp-2457 · Cited by 30
“What I couldn’t do before, I can do now”: Narrations of agentic shifts and psychological growth by young adults reporting discontinuation of self-injury since adolescence
Claréus, B., Lundberg, T., & Daukantaitė, D. (2021) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health & Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2021.1986277 · Cited by 14
“This definition includes behaviours such as cutting, burning, hitting, or biting oneself (Gratz, 2001), but excludes instances where bodily harm is indirect (e.g., injuring oneself by sex or substance use; Nock, 2010).”
BackgroundMethod
Co‐occurrence of nonsuicidal self‐injury and eating disorder pathology in adolescents
Reas, D. L., Wisting, L., & Dahlgren, C. L. (2022) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23826 · Cited by 15
Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: Characteristics, Functions, and Strategies
Lewis, S. P., & Arbuthnott, A. E. (2012) · Journal of College Student Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/87568225.2012.685853 · Cited by 17
“One of the first studies to examine NSSI in university students found a prevalence rate of 12% ( Favazza, 1989 ); some rates have been as high as 35% in other studies ( Gratz, 2001 ).”
Result
Empirical typology of adolescent personality organization
Biberdzic, M., Ensink, K., Normandin, L., & Clarkin, J. F. (2018) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.04.004 · Cited by 16
Longitudinal Relationship between Aggressive Behavior and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury among Adolescent Boys and Girls: The Mediating Role of Peer Victimization
Zheng, M., Gao, Y., Li, J., & Liu, X. (2025) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-025-02149-0 · Cited by 16
“Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (T1 – T3) The assessment of NSSI was conducted utilizing DSHI-9 (Lundh et al., 2007), a shortened and modi ﬁ ed version of the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI; Gratz, 2001).”
What is the pattern of self-harm and prison rule-breaking behaviour in personality disordered offenders in a high secure prison?
de Motte, C., Bailey, D., Hunter, M., & Bennett, A. (2017) · Journal of Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1108/jcp-01-2017-0004 · Cited by 13
Beliefs About One’s Non-Suicidal Self-Injury: The Experiences of Self-Injury Questionnaire (ESIQ)
Sandel, D. B., Jomar, K., Johnson, S. L., Dickson, J. M., Dandy, S., Forrester, R. L., & Taylor, P. J. (2020) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2020.1712285 · Cited by 13
Targeting self‐criticism in the treatment of nonsuicidal self‐injury in dialectical behavior therapy for adolescents: a randomized clinical trial
Ramsey, W. A., Berlin, K. S., Conte, G. S. D., Lightsey, O. R., Schimmel‐Bristow, A., Marks, L. R., & Strohmer, D. C. (2021) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12452 · Cited by 15
Non‐suicidal self‐injury in US military veterans: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study
Kachadourian, L. K., Nichter, B., Herzog, S., Norman, S. B., Sullivan, T. P., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2673 · Cited by 13
The Brief Emotion Dysregulation Scale: Development, Preliminary Validation, and Recommendations for Use
Wycoff, A. M., Griffin, S. A., Helle, A. C., Haney, A. M., Watts, A. L., & Trull, T. J. (2023) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911231161800 · Cited by 12
“…Test (Saunders et al., 1993); DUDIT = Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (Berman et al., 2005); DSHI = Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (Gratz, 2001); RRS = Ruminative Response Scale (Treynor et al., 2003); PID-5-BF = Personality Inventory for DSM-5 Brief Form (Anderson et al., 2018);…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Measurement properties of tools used to assess self-harm in autistic and general population adults
Newell, V., Townsend, E., Richards, C., & Cassidy, S. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102412 · Cited by 17
Cyberbullying and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) in Adolescence: Exploring Moderators and Mediators through a Systematic Review
Predescu, E., Calugar, I., & Șipoș, R. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11040410 · Cited by 20
Gender-Specific Trajectories of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury among Adolescents: Predictive Roles of Distal and Proximal Risk Factors
Liang, Y., Wang, Y., Bai, R., & Liu, X. (2024) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-024-02040-4 · Cited by 13
“Adolescents ’ NSSI was measured by a shortened and modi ﬁ ed version of the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory, which was constructed and validated by Gratz (2001) and adapted to adolescents by Lundh et al. (2007).”
Participants' Experiences of Non-suicidal Self-Injury: Supporting Existing Theory and Emerging Conceptual Pathways
Wester, K. L., & McKibben, W. B. (2016) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · doi:10.17744/mehc.38.1.02 · Cited by 19
“Reliability and validity information have reported the DSHI and ADSHI to be an adequate measure of NSSI behavior (Gratz, 2001; Wester et al., in press; Wester & Trepal, 2010, 2015).”
Background
Profiles of Emotion Deficits and Adolescent Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury in an Inpatient Sample
Thomassin, K., Quint, E., Sezlik, S., & Shaffer, A. (2017) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12312 · Cited by 13
“The Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI) is a measure which asks participants whether or not they have ever intentionally hurt themselves in any of 17 ways (e.g., cutting, burning, interfering with wound healing; Gratz, 2001).”
BackgroundMethod

Authors: Gratz, K. L.
Affiliations: University of Massachusetts Boston (US)
Corresponding author: Gratz, Kim L.
ORCID: Gratz, Kim L.
Venue: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2001-12
Volume: 23
Issue: 4
Pages: 253-263
ISSN: 0164-0305 (ISSN-L)
0882-2689
1573-3505
DOI: 10.1023/a:1012779403943
OpenAlex: W2167019091
Cited by: 1,166
References: 45
Citations by year: 2026: 64 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 79 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 76
FWCI: 2.68
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
Keywords: self-harm, psychometric validation, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, construct validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity

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Measurement of Deliberate Self-Harm: Preliminary Data on the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory

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