The DOI matches its Crossref record; 86 of the 86 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Epidemiological Surveys of Autism and Other Pervasive Developmental Disorders: An Update
Abstract
This paper was commissioned by the committee on the Effectiveness of Early Education in Autism of the National Research Council (NRC). It provides a review of epidemiological studies of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) which updates a previously published article (The epidemiology of autism: a review. Psychological Medicine 1999; 29: 769-786). The design, sample characteristics of 32 surveys published between 1966 and 2001 are described. Recent surveys suggest that the rate for all forms of PDDs are around 30/10,000 but more recent surveys suggest that the estimate might be as high as 60/10,000. The rate for Asperger disorder is not well established, and a conservative figure is 2.5/10,000. Childhood disintegrative disorder is extremely rare with a pooled estimate across studies of 0.2/10,000. A detailed discussion of the possible interpretations of trends over time in prevalence rates is provided. There is evidence that changes in case definition and improved awareness explain much of the upward trend of rates in recent decades. However, available epidemiological surveys do not provide an adequate test of the hypothesis of a changing incidence of PDDs.
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In the citing paper
“While prevalence of ASD likely does not differ across racial and ethnic groups (Fombonne 2003; Maenner et al. 2020), the average age of diagnosis continues to differentiate these groups.”
From The Diagnosis of Autism: From Kanner to DSM-III to DSM-5 and Beyond (2021) · cites this paper as Fombonne 2003
In the citing paper
“The estimated prevalence of ASD has increased over 30-fold over the last four decades,18 primarily due to diagnostic expansion.19,20”
From The female protective effect against autism spectrum disorder (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Members of previous generations, particularly those able to live independently as adults, were far less likely to receive an ASD diagnosis in childhood than children born as of writing.19,20”
From The female protective effect against autism spectrum disorder (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“The male-to-female ratio in ASD increases with increasing case IQ, and this brings with it additional average differences in behavioral, cognitive, and medical comorbidities.19”
From The female protective effect against autism spectrum disorder (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“These features include a general trend for decreasing severity of ASD features over time and an equal male:female ratio (compared to the 4:1 male:female ratio seen on average in other studies of ASD).8”
From Social communication difficulties and autism in previously institutionalized children (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
Citations
Cites
Wing, L., & Gould, J. (1979) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf01531288 · Cited by 2,587 · cited 1×
“Different labels (see Table III) have been used to characterize them such as the triad of impairments involving impairments in reciprocal social interaction, communication and imagination (Wing & Gould, 1979).”
BackgroundPervasive Developmental Disorders in preschool children
Chakrabarti, S. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.285.24.3093 · Cited by 1,132
Autism diagnostic interview: A standardized investigator-based instrument
Le Couteur, A., Rutter, M., Lord, C., Rios, P., Robertson, S., Holdgrafer, M., & McLennan, J. (1989) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02212936 · Cited by 1,036
The epidemiology of autism: a review
FOMBONNE, E. (1999) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291799008508 · Cited by 981
Self-citationA Screening Instrument for Autism at 18 Months of Age: A 6-Year Follow-up Study
BAIRD, G., CHARMAN, T., BARON-COHEN, S., COX, A., SWETTENHAM, J., WHEELWRIGHT, S., & DREW, A. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200006000-00007 · Cited by 804
Epidemiology of autistic conditions in young children: 1. Prevalence
Lotter, V. (1966) · Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/bf00584048 · Cited by 780
Autism and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine: no epidemiological evidence for a causal association
Taylor, B., Miller, E., Farrington, C., Petropoulos, M.-C., Favot-Mayaud, I., Li, J., & Waight, P. A. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(99)01239-8 · Cited by 753
The Epidemiology of Asperger Syndrome
Ehlers, S., & Gillberg, C. (1993) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb02094.x · Cited by 736
Parental recognition of developmental abnormalities in autism
GIACOMO, A. D., & Fombonne, E. J. (1998) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s007870050058 · Cited by 596
Self-citationPrevalence of Autism in a United States Population: The Brick Township, New Jersey, Investigation
Bertrand, J., Mars, A. E., Boyle, C. A., Bove, F., Yeargin‐Allsopp, M., & Decouflé, P. (2001) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.108.5.1155 · Cited by 577
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- Bohman, M., Bohman, I. L., Björck, P. O., & Sjöholm, E. (1983). Childhood psychosis in a northern Swedish county: some preliminary findings from an epidemiological survey in Epidemiological Approaches in Child Psychiatry, pp. 164–173, M. H. Schmidt & H. Remschmidt (Eds), Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart.
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- Ishii, T., & Takahashi, O. (1983). The epidemiology of autistic children in Toyota, Japan: Prevalence. Japanese Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 24 311–321.
- Kaye, J. A., Melero-Montes, M. M., & Jick, H. (2001). British Medical Journal 322: 0–2.
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Taxonomic Change as a Reflection of Progress in a Scientific Discipline
McCray, A. T., & Lee, K. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-34997-3_10 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Fombonne, E.
- Affiliations
- Montreal Children's Hospital (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Fombonne, Eric
- ORCID
- Fombonne, Eric
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2003-08
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 365-382
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- OpenAlex
- W1555175985
- Cited by
- 1,505
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 67 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 103 · 2013: 109 · 2012: 90
- FWCI
- 33.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, pervasive developmental disorders, prevalence, epidemiological survey, Asperger syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, incidence trends, case definition, diagnostic awareness
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Autistic Disorder, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Female, Health Services Needs and Demand, Health Surveys, Humans, Infant, Male, Early Intervention, Educational
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