The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 52 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Equivalence of the Mediation, Confounding and Suppression Effect
Open accessAbstract
This paper describes the statistical similarities among mediation, confounding, and suppression. Each is quantified by measuring the change in the relationship between an independent and a dependent variable after adding a third variable to the analysis. Mediation and confounding are identical statistically and can be distinguished only on conceptual grounds. Methods to determine the confidence intervals for confounding and suppression effects are proposed based on methods developed for mediated effects. Although the statistical estimation of effects and standard errors is the same, there are important conceptual differences among the three types of effects.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“As has been recommended (see MacKinnon, Krull, & Lockwood, 2000; Preacher & Hayes, 2008), the multiple mediation analysis was accompanied by simple mediation analyses to bypass the issues that suppression effects can obscure possible indirect effects of individual mediators.”
From Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as MacKinnon, Krull, & Lockwood, 2000
In the citing paper
“The change from minus to plus on the effect of time on pain interference when psychological inflexibility was entered into the model makes the interpretation more unclear, but according to both Kenny et al. and MacKinnon et al. (59,60) this change in direction of effect can also be a sign of inconsistent mediation or a negative suppressor variable.”
From Internet-delivered acceptance and commitment therapy (iACT) for chronic pain—feasibility and preliminary effects in clinical and self-referred patients (2020) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“In statistical terms, the pattern of relations depicted in Figure 1 amounts to inconsistent mediation (MacKinnon et al., 2000). This occurs when the direct effect of a predictor (here, an adverse event) is directionally opposite to its indirect effect via a mediator (nostalgia).”
From Water From the Lake of Memory: The Regulatory Model of Nostalgia (2023) · cites this paper as MacKinnon et al., 2000
In the citing paper
“However, the most theoretically noteworthy result was the positive direct association between FoMO and psychological well-being, shown through a suppressor effect (i.e. when a variable masks the true association between two constructs due to statistical suppression; MacKinnon et al., 2000).”
From Fear of missing out and psychological well-being: Examining the dual pathways of problematic social media use and digital burnout (2026) · cites this paper as MacKinnon et al., 2000
In the citing paper
“However, the most theoretically noteworthy result was the positive direct association between FoMO and psychological well-being, shown through a suppressor effect (i.e. when a variable masks the true association between two constructs due to statistical suppression; MacKinnon et al., 2000).”
From Fear of missing out and psychological well-being: Examining the dual pathways of problematic social media use and digital burnout (2026) · cites this paper as MacKinnon et al., 2000
In the citing paper
“The indirect effects of trust on reliance behaviours are small and opposite to the direct effects, indicating a suppression model (MacKinnon et al., 2000).”
From The role of critical thinking on undergraduates' reliance behaviours on generative AI in problem‐solving (2025) · cites this paper as MacKinnon et al., 2000
In the citing paper
“We will assess the significance of the direct effect (coefficient c2 in eq. 3): statistical significance of this term will signify that mediation by M is partial [206, 207].”
From A Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial (SMART) study of medication and CBT sequencing in the treatment of pediatric anxiety disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [206]
In the citing paper
“Associations between an outcome and a set of inputs could have occurred by chance, owing to a confounding factor or a biased data set.”
From Applications of machine learning in animal behaviour studies (2017) · cites this paper as MacKinnon, Krull, & Lockwood, 2000
In the citing paper
“Further analysis revealed that the low bivariate correlations combined with greater weights in the SEM likely reflected a suppressor effect [34], [35].”
From The Role of Conspiracist Ideation and Worldviews in Predicting Rejection of Science (2013) · cites this paper as [34]
In the citing paper
“Considering the null correlation between PSE and positive affect, PSE acted as a suppressor variable in the relationship between RSE and positive affect [47].”
From Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem (2017) · cites this paper as [47]
In the citing paper
“One solution is to simply use the mediated fraction [224], which is statistically identical to the confounded fraction above but simply assumes that the third variable is a mediator, rather than confounder [225].”
From Personality and Longevity: Knowns, Unknowns, and Implications for Public Health and Personalized Medicine (2011) · cites this paper as [225]
Citations
Cites
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
Statistical principles in experimental design.
Winer, B. J. (1962) · McGraw-Hill Book Company · doi:10.1037/11774-000 · Cited by 27,137
(1980) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 25,810
Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Cohen, P., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410606266 · Cited by 20,870
Asymptotic Confidence Intervals for Indirect Effects in Structural Equation Models
Sobel, M. E. (1982) · Sociological Methodology · doi:10.2307/270723 · Cited by 12,810
Estimating causal effects of treatments in randomized and nonrandomized studies
Rubin, D. B. (1974) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0037350 · Cited by 9,436
Experimental Design: Procedures for the Behavioral Sciences
Kirk, R. (2013) · doi:10.4135/9781483384733 · Cited by 8,539
Rozeboom, W. W., Lord, F. M., Novick, M. R., & Birnbaum, A. (1969) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1162101 · Cited by 8,012
Statistical Methods in Cancer Research
Breslow, N. E. (1980) · Cited by 7,332
Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences.
Tufte, E. R., Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1979) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2286442 · Cited by 5,214
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 52 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Hamilton, D. (1987). Sometimes R2 > r2y1 + r2y2. American Statistician, 41, 129–132.
- Horst, P. (1941). The role of predictor variables which are independent of the criterion. Social Science Research Council Bulletin, 48, 431–436.
- Last, J. M. (1988).Adictionary of epidemiology. NewYork: Oxford Unversity Press.
- Lazarsfeld, P. F. (1955). Interpretation of statistical relations as a research operation. In P. F. Lazardsfeld, & M. Rosenberg (Eds.), The language of social research:Areader in the methodology of social research (pp. 115–125). Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 1,028
Fallon, B. J., & Rice, S. (2011) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2011.561222 · Cited by 63
de Zavala, A. G. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00203 · Cited by 68
Hou, C., Zhu, G., & Sudarshan, V. (2025) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13613 · Cited by 72
Elorza, U., Aritzeta, A., & Ayestarán, S. (2011) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2011.561956 · Cited by 66
Disability and disasters: the role of self-efficacy in emergency preparedness
Marceron, J. E., & Rohrbeck, C. A. (2018) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2018.1492730 · Cited by 63
Moral cleansing as hypocrisy: When private acts of charity make you feel better than you deserve.
O'Connor, K. S., Effron, D. A., & Lucas, B. J. (2020) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000195 · Cited by 64
Racial discrimination as a mediator of racial disparities in insomnia disorder
Cheng, P., Cuellar, R., Johnson, D. A., Kalmbach, D. A., Joseph, C. L. M., Castelan, A. C., Sagong, C., Casement, M. D., & Drake, C. L. (2020) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2020.07.007 · Cited by 66
The Impact of Racial Residential Segregation on Colorectal Cancer Outcomes and Treatment
Poulson, M. R., Cornell, E., Madiedo, A. M., Kenzik, K. M., Allee, L. C., Dechert, T. A., & Hall, J. F. (2020) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000004653 · Cited by 62
Can increasing economic complexity improve China's green development efficiency?
Wang, F., Wu, M., & Wang, J. (2022) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2022.106443 · Cited by 63
How providing mentoring relates to career success and organizational commitment
Bozionelos, N., Bozionelos, G., Kostopoulos, K. C., & Polychroniou, P. V. (2011) · Career Development International · doi:10.1108/13620431111167760 · Cited by 63
Anxiety in the management of localised prostate cancer by active surveillance
Anderson, J. B., Burney, S., Brooker, J., Ricciardelli, L. A., Fletcher, J. M., Satasivam, P., & Frydenberg, M. (2014) · British Journal of Urology · doi:10.1111/bju.12765 · Cited by 62
Wout, D. A., Murphy, M. C., & Steele, C. M. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.06.003 · Cited by 64
Harold, G. T., Leve, L. D., Elam, K. K., Thapar, A., Neiderhiser, J. M., Natsuaki, M. N., Shaw, D. S., & Reiss, D. (2013) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031190 · Cited by 68
Michaelis, B., Wagner, J. D., & Schweizer, L. (2014) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.10.005 · Cited by 62
Coming to Consensus on Strategic Consensus
Benito, J. G., Aguinis, H., Boyd, B., & González, I. S. (2010) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206310386489 · Cited by 62
Kleiman, E. M., Law, K. C., & Anestis, M. D. (2013) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.10.015 · Cited by 67
Reflections on the Baron and Kenny model of statistical mediation
Pardo, A., & Román, M. (2013) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · doi:10.6018/analesps.29-.2.139241 · Cited by 62
Bridoux, F., Stofberg, N. O., & Hartog, D. N. D. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01992 · Cited by 62
Dinkelmann, I., & Buff, A. (2016) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2016.06.029 · Cited by 64
Hernández, M. M., Valiente, C., Eisenberg, N., Berger, R. H., Spinrad, T. L., VanSchyndel, S. K., Silva, K. M., Southworth, J., & Thompson, M. S. (2017) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2016.10.004 · Cited by 76
Conservatives Report Greater Meaning in Life Than Liberals
Newman, D. B., Schwarz, N., Graham, J., & Stone, A. A. (2018) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550618768241 · Cited by 62
All at once? The effects of multitasking behavior on flow and subjective performance
Peifer, C., & Zipp, G. (2019) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2019.1647168 · Cited by 71
Culture, COVID-19, and collectivism: A paradox of American exceptionalism?
Webster, G. D., Howell, J. L., Losee, J. E., Mahar, E. A., & Wongsomboon, V. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110853 · Cited by 62
Mindfulness-based stress reduction
Giluk, T. L. (2010) · doi:10.17077/etd.4ax4yjs5 · Cited by 67
Maternal educational level and risk of gestational hypertension: the Generation R Study
Silva, L. M., Coolman, M., Steegers, E. A. P., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Moll, H. A., Hofman, A., Mackenbach, J. P., & Raat, H. (2008) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/jhh.2008.22 · Cited by 62
Genetic sensitivity analysis: Adjusting for genetic confounding in epidemiological associations
Pingault, J., Rijsdijk, F. V., Schoeler, T., Choi, S. W., Selzam, S., Krapohl, E. M. L., O’Reilly, P. F., & Dudbridge, F. (2021) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1009590 · Cited by 64
Hoeve, M., Colins, O. F., Mulder, E. A., Loeber, R., Stams, G. J. J. M., & Vermeiren, R. R. J. M. (2015) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21586 · Cited by 61
Mediation Analyses: Applications in Nutrition Research and Reading the Literature
Lockwood, C. M., DeFrancesco, C., Elliot, D. L., Beresford, S. A. A., & Toobert, D. J. (2010) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2010.02.005 · Cited by 61
Self-citationAccurate and biased perceptions of responsive support predict well-being
Lemay, E. P., & Neal, A. M. (2013) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-013-9381-2 · Cited by 61
Assari, S. (2014) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 61
The Role of Trust as a Mediator Between System Characteristics and Response Behaviors
Chancey, E. T., Bliss, J. P., Proaps, A. B., & Madhavan, P. (2015) · Hum. Factors · doi:10.1177/0018720815582261 · Cited by 61
Managerial Coaching Efficacy, Work-Related Attitudes, and Performance in Public Organizations
Kim, S., Egan, T. M., & Moon, M. J. (2013) · Review of Public Personnel Administration · doi:10.1177/0734371x13491120 · Cited by 78
Smith, M. B., & Webster, B. D. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.09.010 · Cited by 61
Supervisory Abuse of High Performers: A Social Comparison Perspective
Tariq, H., Weng, Q. D., Ilieș, R., & Khan, A. K. (2019) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12229 · Cited by 66
Modica, C. A. (2020) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2019.0434 · Cited by 70
The negative consequences of maximizing in friendship selection.
Newman, D. B., Schug, J. R., Yuki, M., Yamada, J., & Nezlek, J. B. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000141 · Cited by 60
Walsh, B. M., Lee, J., Jensen, J. M., McGonagle, A. K., & Samnani, A. (2017) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-017-9505-x · Cited by 62
Luo, W., Hogan, D., Tan, L. S., Kaur, B., Ng, P. T., & Chan, M. C. Y. (2014) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.12058 · Cited by 74
Dietary protein and bone health: harmonizing conflicting theories
Thorpe, M. P., & Evans, E. M. (2011) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00379.x · Cited by 60
The Relation Between Breakfast Skipping and School Performance in Adolescents
Boschloo, A., Ouwehand, C., Dekker, S., Lee, N. C., de Groot, R. H. M., Krabbendam, L., & Jolles, J. (2012) · Mind Brain and Education · doi:10.1111/j.1751-228x.2012.01138.x · Cited by 62
Sijbom, R. B. L., Janssen, O., & Yperen, N. W. V. (2014) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2014.892480 · Cited by 59
The role of life skills promotion in substance abuse prevention: a mediation analysis
Buhler, A., Schröder, E., & Silbereisen, R. Κ. (2007) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cym039 · Cited by 60
Hick–Hyman Law is Mediated by the Cognitive Control Network in the Brain
Wu, T., Dufford, A. J., Egan, L. J., Mackie, M., Chen, C., Yuan, C., Chen, C., Li, X., Liu, X., Hof, P. R., et al. (2017) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhx127 · Cited by 63
Lin, Y., & Magnuson, K. (2017) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2017.10.003 · Cited by 61
Malleable Standards of Care Required by Jurors When Assessing Auditor Negligence
Maksymov, E. M., & Nelson, M. W. (2016) · The Accounting Review · doi:10.2308/accr-51427 · Cited by 60
Wolff, M., Mertens, L. J., Walter, M., Enge, S., & Evens, R. (2022) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811211073758 · Cited by 58
Polonsky, M., Azbel, L., Wickersham, J. A., Taxman, F. S., Grishaev, E., Дворяк, С., & Altice, F. L. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.008 · Cited by 61
Self-regulation and control in personality functioning
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511596544.027 · Cited by 59
Educational inequalities in health after work exit: the role of work characteristics
de Breij, S., Qvist, J. Y., Holman, D., Mäcken, J., Seitsamo, J. T., Huisman, M. A., & Deeg, D. J. H. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7872-0 · Cited by 60
Tsur, N., & Abu‐Raiya, H. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104694 · Cited by 62
Wu, H., Xia, Y., Yang, X., Hao, Y., & Ren, S. (2021) · Structural Change and Economic Dynamics · doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2021.04.006 · Cited by 66
Digital inequality in Finland: Access, skills and attitudes as social impact mediators
Heponiemi, T., Gluschkoff, K., Leemann, L., Manderbacka, K., Aalto, A., & Hyppönen, H. (2021) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448211023007 · Cited by 66
Liang, C., & Wang, Q. (2023) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122521 · Cited by 66
Consoli, T., Schmitz, M.-L., Antonietti, C., Gonon, P., Cattáneo, A., & Petko, D. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-13118-8 · Cited by 104
Tak, N. I., Velde, S. J. T., & Brug, J. (2008) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980008003777 · Cited by 60
Halvari, H., Ulstad, S. O., Bagøien, T. E., & Skjesol, K. (2009) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313830903302059 · Cited by 59
Affective commitment and citizenship behaviors across multiple foci
Morin, A. J. S., Vandenberghe, C., Boudrias, J., Madore, I., Morizot, J., & Tremblay, M. (2011) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683941111181798 · Cited by 59
Does Religiousness Increase Self-Control and Reduce Criminal Behavior?
Pirutinsky, S. (2014) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854814531962 · Cited by 62
Hayward, L. E., Tropp, L. R., Hornsey, M. J., & Barlow, F. K. (2017) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12220 · Cited by 59
Nittel, C. M., Lincoln, T. M., Lamster, F., Leube, D., Rief, W., Kircher, T. T. J., & Mehl, S. (2018) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12174 · Cited by 62
Mekari, S., Dupuy, O., Martins, R., Evans, K., Kimmerly, D. S., Fraser, S., & Neyedli, H. F. (2019) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-019-00128-5 · Cited by 63
Establishing how psychological therapies work: the importance of mediation analysis
Windgassen, S., Goldsmith, K., Moss-Morris, R. E., & Chalder, T. (2016) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.3109/09638237.2015.1124400 · Cited by 67
Bowie, J. V., Bell, C. N., Ewing, A. T., Kinlock, B. L., Ezema, A., Thorpe, R. J., & LaVeist, T. A. (2017) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/1557988317690977 · Cited by 58
Hoyle, R. H., Lynam, D. R., Miller, J. D., & Pek, J. C. X. (2023) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-071720-015436 · Cited by 64
Socioeconomic inequalities in infant temperament
Jansen, P. W., Raat, H., Mackenbach, J. P., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Albert Hofman, D., Verhulst, F. C., & Tiemeier, H. W. (2008) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0416-z · Cited by 59
Hoferichter, F., Raufelder, D., & Eid, M. (2014) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.21778 · Cited by 63
The Impact of Trait Anxiety on Self‐frame and Decision Making
Peng, J., Xiao, W., Yang, Y., Wu, S., & Miao, D. (2013) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.1783 · Cited by 58
Eggum, N. D., Valiente, C., Swanson, J., & Lemery‐Chalfant, K. (2013) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2013.10.002 · Cited by 68
Froese, F. J., Peltokorpi, V., Varma, A., & Hitotsuyanagi‐Hansel, A. (2018) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/1467-8551.12283 · Cited by 58
Li, X., Huang, Y., Xing, Y., Chen, H., Zhang, W., Tang, Y., Su, W., Huo, X., Zhou, A., Xia, W., et al. (2020) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105527 · Cited by 58
Guerra, R., Bierwiaczonek, K., Ferreira, M. S., de Zavala, A. G., Abakoumkin, G., Wildschut, T., & Sedikides, C. (2020) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430220972178 · Cited by 57
Statistical Mediation Analysis
MacKinnon, D. P., & Tofighi, D. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop202025 · Cited by 58
Self-citationBennett, D. C., Modrowski, C. A., Kerig, P. K., & Chaplo, S. D. (2015) · Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000057 · Cited by 57
Webb, C. A., Kertz, S. J., Bigda-Peyton, J. S., & Björgvinsson, T. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.02.016 · Cited by 55
Internationalization and environmentally-related organizational learning among Chinese manufacturers
Zhu, Q., Sarkis, J., & Lai, K. (2011) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2011.08.018 · Cited by 60
Kim, P. Y., & Park, I. J. K. (2009) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014396 · Cited by 57
Mersky, J. P., Topitzes, J., & Reynolds, A. J. (2011) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.04.022 · Cited by 57
Patterns of association of chronic medical conditions and major depression
Patten, S. B., Williams, J. V. A., Lavorato, D. H., Wang, J. L., Jetté, N., Sajobi, T. T., Fiest, K. M., & Bulloch, A. G. M. (2016) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s204579601600072x · Cited by 59
Time grows on trees: The effect of nature settings on time perception
Davydenko, M., & Peetz, J. (2017) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.09.003 · Cited by 52
Earlier Alcohol Use Onset Predicts Poorer Neuropsychological Functioning in Young Adults
Nguyen‐Louie, T. T., Matt, G. E., Jacobus, J., Li, I., Cota, C. I., Castro, N., & Tapert, S. F. (2017) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13503 · Cited by 62
Ogińska-Bulik, N., & Kobylarczyk, M. (2015) · International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health · doi:10.13075/ijomeh.1896.00323 · Cited by 76
Casu, G., Zaia, V., Martins, M. D. C. F., Barbosa, C. P., & Gremigni, P. (2019) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000502 · Cited by 63
The consequences of humility for leaders: A double-edged sword
Muir, C. P., & Hayes-Jones, L. C. (2019) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2019.01.006 · Cited by 57
Amaral, A., Powell, D. M., & Ho, J. L. (2019) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/ijsa.12260 · Cited by 56
Resilience as a Mediator Between Interpersonal Risk Factors and Hopelessness in Depression
Collazzoni, A., Stratta, P., Pacitti, F., Rossi, A., Santarelli, V., Bustini, M., Talevi, D., Socci, V., & Rossi, R. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00010 · Cited by 56
Do Family Affairs Matter? Work–Family Conflict and Safety Behavior of Construction Workers
Xie, Q., Xia, N., & Yang, G. (2021) · Journal of Management in Engineering · doi:10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000977 · Cited by 55
Moving on Up? Neighborhood Status and Racism-Related Distress among Black Americans
DeAngelis, R. T. (2021) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/soab075 · Cited by 58
Mediators of HIV-related stigma and risk behavior in HIV infected young women
Clum, G. A., Chung, S.-E., Ellen, J. M., & Netw, T. A. M. T. (2009) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540120902883069 · Cited by 56
Time since birth and time left to live: opposing forces in constructing psychological wellbeing
Demiray, B., & Bluck, S. (2013) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x13000032 · Cited by 58
Child maltreatment and age of alcohol and marijuana initiation in high-risk youth
Proctor, L. J., Lewis, T., Roesch, S. C., Thompson, R., Litrownik, A. J., English, D., Arria, A. M., Isbell, P., & Dubowitz, H. (2017) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.06.021 · Cited by 56
Convergent Neural Correlates of Empathy and Anxiety During Socioemotional Processing
Knight, L. K., Stoica, T., Fogleman, N. D., & Depue, B. E. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00094 · Cited by 63
Soto, C., Baezconde-Garbanati, L., Schwartz, S. J., & Unger, J. B. (2015) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.06.005 · Cited by 56
Schulz, A. J., House, J. S., Israel, B. A., Mentz, G. B., Dvonch, J. T., Miranda, P. Y., Kannan, S., & Koch, M. (2008) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2007.063222 · Cited by 56
Kucharska, W. (2021) · Journal of Knowledge Management · doi:10.1108/jkm-12-2020-0922 · Cited by 69
Wage Inequality: Its Impact on Customer Satisfaction and Firm Performance
Bamberger, B., Homburg, C., & Wielgos, D. M. (2021) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/00222429211026655 · Cited by 60
The role of discomfort in the continued influence effect of misinformation
Susmann, M. W., & Wegener, D. T. (2021) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-021-01232-8 · Cited by 57
Association of peripheral immunity with cognition, neuroimaging, and Alzheimer’s pathology
Hou, J., Ou, Y., Xu, W., Zhang, P., Tan, L., Yu, J., & Initiative, O. B. O. A. D. N. (2022) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-022-00968-y · Cited by 57
Vezzoli, M., Valtorta, R. R., Mari, S., Durante, F., & Volpato, C. (2022) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12928 · Cited by 63
Chang, H., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., Gardner, F. E. M., & Wilson, M. N. (2013) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12069 · Cited by 67
Matsaganis, M. D., & Wilkin, H. A. (2014) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2014.927037 · Cited by 55
Metadata
- Authors
- MacKinnon, D. P., Krull, J. L., & Lockwood, C. M.
- Affiliations
- Arizona State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- MacKinnon, David P.
- ORCID
- MacKinnon, David P.
- Venue
- Prevention Science
- Published
- 2000-12
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 173-181
- ISSN
- 1389-4986 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6695
- PMC
- PMC2819361
- OpenAlex
- W1715619412
- Cited by
- 4,188
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 403 · 2025: 291 · 2024: 253 · 2023: 278 · 2022: 306 · 2021: 271 · 2020: 275 · 2019: 210 · 2018: 205 · 2017: 190 · 2016: 197 · 2015: 166 · 2014: 215 · 2013: 167 · 2012: 169
- FWCI
- 8.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Prevention Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA 09757, R01DA009757, R37DA009757)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Keywords
- mediation, confounding, suppression effect, third variable, causal inference, confidence intervals, standard errors, effect estimation
- MeSH terms
- Data Interpretation, Statistical, Humans, Reproducibility of Results, Models, Statistical, Bias, Causality, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic, Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic, Confidence Intervals, Least-Squares Analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
