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Mindfulness: A Proposed Common Factor
Abstract
Mindfulness is proposed as a core psychotherapy process. It is defined as a state of psychological freedom that occurs when attention remains quiet and limber, without attachment to any particular point of view. It can be shown that this process is collaborativefy employed by psychotherapist and patient within all psychotherapy orientations, and also by the integrative psychotherapist when making optimal choices among orientations. This article addresses (1) the defining attributes of mindfulness, (2) relevant conceptual approaches that lend theoretical support for a mindfulness factor, (3) two attentional forms of mindfulness that seem to have particular correspondence with either psychodynamic or cognitive-behavioral therapy, (4) clinical applications, and (5) the role of mindfulness for the integrative decision-making process.
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The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822 · Cited by 13,448
“Specifically, a core characteristic of mindfulness has been described as open or receptive awareness and attention (Deikman, 1982; Martin, 1997), which may be reflected in a more Kirk Warren Brown and Richard M.”
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NEFF, K. D. (2003) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860309027 · Cited by 6,436
“Mindfulness is a nonjudgmental, receptive mind state in which individuals observe their thoughts and feelings as they arise without trying to change them or push them away, but without running away with them either (Hayes, Strosahl, & Wilson, 1999; Martin, 1997; Teasdale et al., 2000).”
Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition.
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“These constructs are also variously described as a process of 'freeing up of attention' so that it is non-biased and exploratory (see Martin, 1997).”
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“Martin (1997) writes that mindfulness is ‘‘a situation in which the sense of self or self-esteem maintenance softens or disappears’’ (p. 292), allowing for a nonjudgmental, receptive mind state in which one’s thoughts and feelings are observed for what they are, not in terms of how they impact…”
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Neff, K. D., & Vonk, R. (2008) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00537.x · Cited by 1,258
“One common method of enhancing self-compassion is by teaching mindfulness—a nonjudgmental, accepting mind state in which one's thoughts and feelings are observed as they are in the present moment (Martin, 1997).”
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“Mindfulness can simply be defined as “moment-by-moment awareness” (Germer et al., 2005, p. 6) or as “a state of psychological freedom that occurs when attention remains quiet and limber, without attachment to any particular point of view” (Martin, 1997, p. 291, italics included in original text).”
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“E-mail: ahayes@miami.edu. cognitive, behavioral, experiential, and psychodynamic theories (Martin, 1997).”
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“2 Martin (1997) has suggested mindfulness as a possible common therapeutic factor but defines it idiosyncratically, not as a specific kind of awareness but rather as a specific state of mind: “A state of psychological freedom that occurs when attention remains quiet and limber, without attachment to any particular poi…”
BackgroundInfluentialPerils and promise in defining and measuring mindfulness: Observations from experience.
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2004) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bph078 · Cited by 585
“In daily life, for example, the insight gained through heightened awareness can only be translated into concrete action by bringing focused attention to bear on our behavior or on the task at hand (cf. Martin, 1997).”
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Clinical handbook of mindfulness
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Mindfulness skills and interpersonal behaviour
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“Conversely, Martin (1997) has suggested that anxiety hinders a mindful state of awareness.”
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“As indicated in the opening comments, mindfulness is characterized by an open, receptive, and nonjudgmental orientation to the present (Martin, 1997).”
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“Integral to this process is a tendency towards open-mindedness and curious introspection (Martin, 1997; Teasdale, Segal, Williams, & Mark, 1995).”
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“In the therapist context, Martin has defined mindfulness as “a state of psychological freedom that occurs when attention remains quiet and limber, without attachment to any particular point of view” (Martin, 1997, pp. 291–292).”
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“Mindfulness involves a freeing of attention that disentangles the individual from habitual or stereotyped cognitive appraisals of various events, providing the opportunity to explore a wider range of perspectives – the figure-ground gestalt (Martin, 1997).”
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Looking Up: Mindfulness Increases Positive Judgments and Reduces Negativity Bias
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“, 2004), freeing conscious resources to process information that is immediate to the present moment (Martin, 1997).”
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“(Martin, 1997, pp. 291–292) Or, more succinctly, Mindfulness means paying attention in a particular way: on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally.”
BackgroundEffect of Nitrous Oxide on Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission in Hippocampal Cultures
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Changes in mindfulness and emotion regulation in an exposure-based cognitive therapy for depression
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“Given the centrality of mindfulness in psychological well-being (Brown and Ryan 2003; Wallace and Shapiro 2006), it is important to determine if mindfulness can be cultivated only through mindfulness training, or whether individuals can also learn to respond in mindful ways to their emotions with other forms of psycho…”
BackgroundThe neural substrates of mindfulness: An fMRI investigation
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“Similarly, it is suggested that mindfulness may promote psychological health through disidentification from a permanent sense of self (Martin, 1997).”
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“When construed as a distinct mode of experiencing, mindfulness may be understood as a fundamental core mechanism involved in the alleviation of suffering (Corrigan, 2004; Fulton & Seigel, 2005; Martin, 1997).”
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“perspective, or shifting in and out of particular perspectives at will, a process that involves intentional choice and a reduction of automatic behaviors (Martin, 1997).”
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“According to Martin (1997), developing the skill of dispassionate self-observation is useful because it creates ‘an interval of time within which habits of meaning, thought, behavior, or emotion are suspended, reconsidered’ (p. 292).”
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“Pharmacotherapy/Psychotherapy While some believe that acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) represents a third wave of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT),(55) others emphasize that mindfulness is a core process across psychotherapies.(56) Hofmann and Asmundson(8) have argued that CBT pro-”
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“Hence, acceptance may be considered a non-specific, common outcome across different psychotherapy approaches (Martin, 1997; Sambin and Messina, 2017).”
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Flow in the time of COVID-19: Findings from China
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“In contrast to flow states, mindfulness is a state of being aware of and attentive to one’s current internal and external experience, focusing on the present moment and observing without judgment [19].”
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Mirdal, G. (2010) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-010-9430-z · Cited by 85
“…process is similar to Piaget’s ‘‘decentration,’’ Safran’s ‘‘decentering,’’ Bohart’s ‘‘detachment,’’ Deikman’s ‘‘observing self,’’ Tart’s ‘‘dehypnosis,’’ Teasdale’s ‘‘metacognitive awareness,’’ Wilber’s ‘‘differentiation and transcendence’’ and Kegan’s ‘‘de-embedding’’ (Martin 1997; Wilber 2000).”
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“In a review of a wide range of different psychological therapies, Martin (1997) proposes that decentering and focusing of attention are the two forms of mindfulness that are the keys to effective change in psychotherapy.”
BackgroundPreemptive Analgesia at the Crossroad
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“Several other definitions also emphasise attention as an important element of mindfulness (e.g. Kabat-Zinn, 2004; Martin, 1997).”
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“Mindfulness and its cultivation through the practice of meditation originated from ancient Eastern psychology and contemplative traditions, e.g., Buddhism, (Brown and Ryan 2003; Keng et al. 2011; Martin 1997).”
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“Mindfulness is the last facilitator and is characterised by a non-judgmental and open orientation to present circumstances and current situations (Martin 1997).”
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“Some authors have even proposed that mindfulness is a common factor in therapeutic improvement across therapeutic models (Martin 1997).”
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“When viewed as a mode of experiencing mindfulness may be understood as a fundamental core mechanism involved in the alleviation of psychopathology (Corrigan, 2004; Germer et al., 2005; Martin, 1997).”
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Mindfulness‐Based Interventions in Counseling
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“By providing clients with a means for exploring unpleasant thoughts, feelings, or behaviors, many of which may have previously been unnoticed or perceived as too overwhelming for them, mindfulness can help counselors from virtually any theoretical orientation facilitate change processes in their clients (Martin, 1997).”
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Teaching Mindfulness for the Self-Care and Well-Being of Counselors-in-Training
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“…being fully present in the moment, suspended from judgment or correction, starting with a simple awareness of one’s body and thoughts (Kabat-Zinn, 2003) without attachment to a particular point of view that can result in freedom from automatic, habitual views of the self and others (Martin, 1997).”
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“Many theories in psychopathology and psychotherapy have discussed the importance of observant, awareness and attention in the optimization of well-being (16, 17).”
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“Finally,psychologists have suggested that the qualities of attention characteristic of a mindful awareness constitute a common factor in successful psychotherapy (Martin, 1997).”
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“…personal qualities that enable one to thrive in the face of adversity’’ (Connor and Davidson 2003; p. 76), while mindfulness refers to ‘‘a state of psychological freedom that occurs when attention remains quiet and limber, without attachment to any particular point of view’’ (Martin 1997; p. 291).”
BackgroundThe Influence of Therapist Mindfulness Practice on Psychotherapeutic Work: A Mixed-Methods Study
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“Refinement of attention and awareness has been suggested as a central process in mediating the therapeutic benefits of both meditation practices and psychotherapy (Mace, 2008; Martin, 1997; Walsh, & Shapiro, 2006).”
BackgroundWorkplace Mindfulness: Multidimensional Model, Scale Development and Validation
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“Brown and Ryan (2003) further propose that, despite their intertwined nature, distinctions exist between attention and awareness—the insights gained by sustained awareness can only be translated into specific actions by paying focused attention to our behaviors or the tasks at hand (Martin, 1997).”
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“This is a state of balanced awareness that one’s thoughts and feelings are observed without avoiding or trying to change them, without exaggeration and prejudice (Gunaratana 1993; Martin 1997; Neff 2003a; Nisker 1998; Rosenberg 1999).”
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“, 2007), because it has been proposed as a common factor in psychotherapy (Martin, 1997).”
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“A final remark about the importance of intuition for psychotherapy integration is similar to the one made by Martin (1997). Apart from its common factor status, intuition may play an important role in integrative 42 Welling”
ResultEmotional Memory, Mindfulness and Compassion
Gilbert, P., & Tirch, D. D. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09593-6_7 · Cited by 41
“Hence mindfulness is a mode of experiencing and is suggested to be a fundamental psychological state involved in the alleviation of suffering (Corrigan, 2004; Martin, 1997; Fulton & Seigel, 2005).”
BackgroundNitrous oxide-oxygen or oral midazolam for pediatric outpatient sedation
Hulland, S. A., Freilich, M. M., & Sándor, G. K. B. (2002) · Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology and Endodontology · doi:10.1067/moe.2002.124763 · Cited by 40
Enhancing self-compassion using a gestalt two-chair intervention
Kirkpatrick, K. L. (2005) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) · Cited by 39
More meditation, less habituation? The effect of mindfulness practice on the acoustic startle reflex
Antonova, E., Chadwick, P., & Kumari, V. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123512 · Cited by 38
“Mindfulness requires a mode of sustained attention that is open, receptive [1], and directed towards present moment experience [2].”
BackgroundCorbally, L., Wilkinson, M., & Fothergill, M. A. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology · doi:10.1123/jcsp.2019-0034 · Cited by 41
Transference-Countertransference: Where the (Political) Action Is.
Shahar, G. (2004) · Journal of Psychotherapy Integration · doi:10.1037/1053-0479.14.4.371 · Cited by 37
Os efeitos da meditação à luz da investigação científica em Psicologia: revisão de literatura
Menezes, C. B., & Dell’Aglio, D. D. (2009) · Psicologia Ciência e Profissão · doi:10.1590/s1414-98932009000200006 · Cited by 43
“Em razão dessa relação entre meditação e aspectos psicológicos positivos, muitos autores a concebem como uma técnica útil para tratamentos psicoterápicos (Hayward & Varela, 2001; Martin, 1997; Naranjo, 2005).”
BackgroundMindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention: History, Mechanisms of Action, and Effects
Penberthy, J., Konig, A., Gioia, C., Rodríguez, V. M., Starr, J. A., Meese, W., Worthington-Stoneman, D., Kersting, K., & Natanya, E. (2013) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-013-0239-1 · Cited by 5
“…with a means for exploring unpleasant thoughts, feelings, or behaviors, many of which may have previously been unnoticed or perceived as too overwhelming for them, mindfulness can help counselors from virtually any theoretical orientation facilitate change processes in their clients (Martin 1997).”
Rapgay, L., Bystritsky, A., Dafter, R. E., & Spearman, M. (2011) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-009-0095-z · Cited by 35
“Wells (2002) and Martin (1997) go further and suggest that awareness acquired through mindfulness helps patients detach from the habitual way of responding to negative and threatening stimuli.”
BackgroundYu, B. C. L., Mak, W. W. S., & Chio, F. H. N. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01334-5 · Cited by 40
Narratives, Mindfulness, and the Implicit Audience
Brody, L. R., & Park, S. H. (2004) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bph065 · Cited by 36
Reproductive outcomes among dental personnel: a review of selected exposures.
Olfert, S. M. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 35
Self- and relational observation.
Horowitz, M. J. (2002) · Journal of Psychotherapy Integration · doi:10.1037/1053-0479.12.2.115 · Cited by 33
Cavanagh, M. J., & Spence, G. B. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118326459.ch7 · Cited by 33
Importance of Morality in Mindfulness Practice
Krägeloh, C. U. (2016) · Counseling and Values · doi:10.1002/cvj.12028 · Cited by 39
Metadata
- Authors
- Martin, J. R.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Martin, Jeffery R.
- Venue
- Journal of Psychotherapy Integration publication discontinued
- Published
- 1997-12
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 291-312
- ISSN
- 1053-0479 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2010058268
- Cited by
- 348
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 3.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Psychotherapy Integration (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- mindfulness, common factors, therapeutic process, attention, psychological freedom, integrative psychotherapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, treatment decision-making, clinical application
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