Conceptualization and Assessment of Adolescents’ Engagement and Disengagement in School: A Multidimensional School Engagement Scale
Abstract
Abstract. Increasing school engagement is critical for improving academic achievement and reducing dropout rates. In order to increase student engagement and identify those students who are most disengaged from school, we need to conceptualize and measure student engagement appropriately. This study used a mixed method sequential exploratory design to develop and validate a student survey measure of school engagement that reflects a multidimensional conceptualization of engagement. Psychometric tests were conducted with a large racially and socioeconomically diverse sample of 5th–12th graders in the United States ( N = 3,632). Findings demonstrated that a bifactor multidimensional model fit the data appropriately and provided evidence of measurement invariance, construct, and predictive validity. Results provided a psychometrically sound foundation for capturing the behavioral, emotional, cognitive, and social aspects of student engagement and disengagement in school.
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Engagement and disengagement are related but distinctly separate constructs.
“which, although related, are two distinctly separate constructs (Wang et al., 2019).”
From Unpacking student engagement in higher education learning analytics: a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2019
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- Authors
- Wang, M.-T., Fredricks, J., Ye, F., Hofkens, T., & Linn, J. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Connecticut College (US)
- Department of Psychology in Education, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Venue
- European Journal of Psychological Assessment
- Publisher
- Hogrefe Publishing Group
- Published
- 2019-07
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 592-606
- ISSN
- 1015-5759 (ISSN-L)
- 2151-2426
- OpenAlex
- W2766396892
- Cited by
- 214
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 8
- FWCI
- 14.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Youth Development and Social Support
- Keywords
- school engagement, school disengagement, adolescents, student engagement measurement, bifactor model, measurement invariance, construct validity, predictive validity, academic performance, school dropout
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