Cited by 807Fire effects on ecosystemsAtmospheric chemistry and aerosolsAtmospheric aerosols and clouds

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Biomass burning in Asia: Annual and seasonal estimates and atmospheric emissions

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Streets, D. G., Yarber, K. F., Woo, J.‐H., Carmichael, G. R.·2003·Global Biogeochemical Cycles

DOI 10.1029/2003gb002040

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Abstract

Estimates of biomass burning in Asia are developed to facilitate the modeling of Asian and global air quality. A survey of national, regional, and international publications on biomass burning is conducted to yield consensus estimates of “typical” (i.e., non‐year‐specific) estimates of open burning (excluding biofuels). We conclude that 730 Tg of biomass are burned in a typical year from both anthropogenic and natural causes. Forest burning comprises 45% of the total, the burning of crop residues in the field comprises 34%, and 20% comes from the burning of grassland and savanna. China contributes 25% of the total, India 18%, Indonesia 13%, and Myanmar 8%. Regionally, forest burning in Southeast Asia dominates. National, annual totals are converted to daily and monthly estimates at 1° × 1° spatial resolution using distributions based on AVHRR fire counts for 1999–2000. Several adjustment schemes are applied to correct for the deficiencies of AVHRR data, including the use of moving averages, normalization, TOMS Aerosol Index, and masks for dust, clouds, landcover, and other fire sources. Good agreement between the national estimates of biomass burning and adjusted fire counts is obtained (R 2 = 0.71–0.78). Biomass burning amounts are converted to atmospheric emissions, yielding the following estimates: 0.37 Tg of SO 2 , 2.8 Tg of NO x , 1100 Tg of CO 2 , 67 Tg of CO, 3.1 Tg of CH 4 , 12 Tg of NMVOC, 0.45 Tg of BC, 3.3 Tg of OC, and 0.92 Tg of NH 3 . Uncertainties in the emission estimates, measured as 95% confidence intervals, range from a low of ±65% for CO 2 emissions in Japan to a high of ±700% for BC emissions in India.

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“Large amounts 56 of gases and particulate matter (PM) (Andreae and Merlet, 2001; Cheng et al., 2013; 57 Li et al., 2014; Streets et al., 2003) are emitted hat affect local and regional air quality, 58 with adverse effects on human health, visibility, and the Earth’s radiation balance 59 (Chow and…”
Background
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Background
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“Since 2003, Tsinghua University and Argonne National Laboratory have been developing a comprehensive multiple-year inventory of Hg emissions from anthropogenic sources in China, following the precedent of the Asian TRACE-P emission inventory (Streets et al., 2003a, 2003b).”
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Method
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Background
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BackgroundMethodInfluential
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“only on the BC and OC aerosols because of the high emission amount and the tendency to influence and affect the climate [Ferek et al., 1998; Streets et al., 2003b; Reddy et al., 2005].”
BackgroundInfluential
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“i Values are derived from results of the Editorial Board of China Agriculture Yearbook [2002, 2003, 2004], Streets et al. [2003] , and Cao et al. [2006]”
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“Streets et al. (2003) estimated that, for all of Asia, forest burning comprises 45% and crop residues in field 34% of openly burnt biomass.”
Background
Dirty Stacks, High Stakes
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“5 estimated in the above study; this is not an unreasonable proportion as it is estimated that Bangladesh burns at least 37 tons of biomass each year, making it another significant source of PMs (Streets et al., 2003).”
Particle size characteristics of levoglucosan in ambient aerosols from rice straw burning
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Shen, G. (2016) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.01.004 · Cited by 58
Evaluation and utilization of MODIS and CALIPSO aerosol retrievals over a complex terrain in Himalaya
Kumar, A., Singh, N., Anshumali, A., & Solanki, R. (2017) · Remote Sensing of Environment · doi:10.1016/j.rse.2017.12.019 · Cited by 57
Vertical Distribution and Columnar Optical Properties of Springtime Biomass-Burning Aerosols over Northern Indochina during 2014 7-SEAS Campaign
Wang, S., Welton, E. J., HOLBEN, B. N., Tsay, S., Lin, N., Giles, D. M., Stewart, S. A., Janjai, S., Nguyen, X. A., Hsiao, T.-C., et al. (2015) · Aerosol and Air Quality Research · doi:10.4209/aaqr.2015.05.0310 · Cited by 58
“In addition, a larger amount of biomass is burned from forests in northern Indochina compared with the south (Streets et al. , 2003).”
Primary PM2.5 and trace gas emissions from residential coal combustion: assessing semi-coke briquette for emission reduction in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China
Tian, J., Ni, H., Han, Y., Shen, Z., Wang, Q., Long, X., Zhang, Y., & Cao, J. (2018) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.07.031 · Cited by 57
The long-term assessment of air quality on an island in Malaysia
Halim, N. D. A., Latif, M. T., Ahamad, F., Dominick, D., Chung, J. X., Juneng, L., & Khan, M. F. (2018) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e01054 · Cited by 57
“[70], the highest emissions that contribute to high particulate matter in the air occur in March.”
Crop residue open field burning in Pakistan; multi-year high spatial resolution emission inventory for 2000–2014
Azhar, R., Zeeshan, M., & Fatima, K. (2019) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.03.031 · Cited by 57
Emission inventories of rice straw open burning in the Red River Delta of Vietnam: Evaluation of the potential of satellite data
Lê, H. A., Phuong, D. M., & Linh, L. T. (2020) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.113972 · Cited by 57
Asian anthropogenic emissions and decadal trends in springtime tropospheric ozone over Japan: 1998–2007
Tanimoto, H., Ohara, T., & Uno, I. (2009) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2009gl041382 · Cited by 56
Characterization of non-methane hydrocarbons emitted from open burning of wheat straw and corn stover in China
Li, X., Wang, S., Duan, L., & Hao, J. (2009) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/044015 · Cited by 56
Comprehensive assessment of PM 2.5 physicochemical properties during the Southeast Asia dry season (southwest monsoon)
Khan, M. F., Sulong, N. A., Latif, M. T., Nadzir, M. S. M., Amil, N., Hussain, D. F. M., Lee, V., Hosaini, P. N., Shaharom, S., Yusoff, N. A. Y. M., et al. (2016) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1002/2016jd025894 · Cited by 62
On the sensitivity of radiative forcing from biomass burning aerosols and ozone to emission location
Naïk, V., Mauzerall, D. L., Horowitz, L. W., Schwarzkopf, M. D., Ramaswamy, V., & Oppenheimer, M. (2007) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2006gl028149 · Cited by 54
“While for most regions the percentage of OC emissions is higher than BC emissions relative to the global total emissions, in India, the BC emissions percentage is higher than OC emissions percentage due to the dominance of agricultural waste burning (Figure 1) [Streets et al., 2003].”
Background
Detection and attribution of wildfire pollution in the Arctic and northern midlatitudes using a network of Fourier-transform infrared spectrometers and GEOS-Chem
Lutsch, E., Strong, K., Jones, D. B. A., Blumenstock, T., Conway, S., Fisher, J. A., Hannigan, J. W., Hase, F., Kasai, Y. J., Mahieu, E., et al. (2020) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-20-12813-2020 · Cited by 65
“The springtime enhancements of HCN are due to the earlier onset of East and Southeast Asian biomass burning, which occurs annually from March to May (Streets et al., 2003).”
BackgroundInfluential
Air pollution from biomass burning in India
Tripathi, S. N., Yadav, S., & Sharma, K. (2024) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ad4a90 · Cited by 70
“(Streets et al 2003, Taylor 2010).”
Background
Chemical characterization of aerosols at the summit of Mountain Tai in Central East China
Deng, C., Zhuang, G., Huang, K., Li, J., Zhang, R., Wang, Q., Liu, T., Sun, Y., Guo, Z., Fu, J. S., et al. (2011) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-11-7319-2011 · Cited by 54
“Biomass burning includes those from grassland, forest, and crop residue, among which more than 60 % are from crop residue burning in the world (Streets et al., 2003).”
Background
Aromatic acids as biomass-burning tracers in atmospheric aerosols and ice cores: A review
Wan, X., Kawamura, K., Ram, K., Kang, S., Loewen, M., Gao, S., Wu, G., Fu, P., Zhang, Y., Bhattarai, H., et al. (2019) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.028 · Cited by 54
“However, BB is found to be a significant source of organic particles, accounting for up to 20e60% (by mass) of atmospheric aerosols (Streets et al., 2003; Titos et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2017).”
Background
Tropospheric ozone pollution in India: effects on crop yield and product quality
Singh, A. A., & Agrawal, S. B. (2016) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-016-8178-8 · Cited by 52
“According to Garg et al. (2001), NOx emissions over the Indian region were growing at an annual rate of 5.5% year−1, while Streets et al. (2003) found an increase rate of 6.5% year−1, displaying an increasing trend.”
BackgroundInfluential
Rejoinder to Comments on Minasny et al., 2017 Soil carbon 4 per mille Geoderma 292, 59–86
Minasny, B., Arrouays, D., McBratney, A. B., Angers, D. A., Chambers, A., Chaplot, V. A. M., Chen, Z., Cheng, K., Das, B. S., Field, D. J., et al. (2017) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.05.026 · Cited by 53
Spatiotemporal Analysis of NO2 Production Using TROPOMI Time-Series Images and Google Earth Engine in a Middle Eastern Country
Rabiei‐Dastjerdi, H., Mohammadi, S., Saber, M., Amini, S., & McArdle, G. (2022) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs14071725 · Cited by 51
“A severe increase in NO2 pollution is because of the growing number of industrial sites and traffic volume [15].”
Background
The spatiotemporal features of greenhouse gases emissions from biomass burning in China from 2000 to 2012
Wang, J., Xi, F., Liu, Z., Bing, L., Alsaedi, A., Hayat, T., Ahmad, B., & Guan, D. (2018) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.206 · Cited by 51
“Streets et al. (2003) estimated that CO2 and CH4 emissions from biomass 109 open burning were approximately 300 Mt CO2-eq.”
BackgroundMethod
Straw incorporated after mechanized harvesting of irrigated rice affects net emissions of CH4 and CO2 based on eddy covariance measurements
Alberto, M. C., Waßmann, R., Gummert, M., Buresh, R. J., Quilty, J. R., Correa, T. Q., Centeno, C. A. R., & Oca, G. M. (2015) · Field Crops Research · doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2015.10.004 · Cited by 50
Measurements of volatile organic compounds in the middle of Central East China during Mount Tai Experiment 2006 (MTX2006): observation of regional background and impact of biomass burning
Suthawaree, J., Kato, S., Okuzawa, K., Kanaya, Y., Pochanart, P., Akimoto, H., Wang, Z., & Kajii, Y. (2010) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-10-1269-2010 · Cited by 50
Spatiotemporal analysis of ground and satellite-based aerosol for air quality assessment in the Southeast Asia region
Nguyen, T. N. T., Pham, H. V., Lasko, K., Bui, M. T., Laffly, D., Jourdan, A., & Bui, Q. H. (2019) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113106 · Cited by 50
Biomass burning sources and their contributions to PM10 concentrations over countries in mainland Southeast Asia during a smog episode
Vongruang, P., & Pimonsree, S. (2020) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117414 · Cited by 50
Identification of NO2 and SO2 Pollution Hotspots and Sources in Jiangsu Province of China
Wang, Y., Ali, M. A., Bilal, M., Qiu, Z., Mhawish, A., Almazroui, M., Shahid, S., Islam, M. N., Zhang, Y., & Haque, M. N. (2021) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs13183742 · Cited by 49
“A significant increase in industrial development and traffic over eastern China is another important reason for increasing NO2 [74,75].”
Biomass burning sources and their contributions to the local air quality in Hong Kong
Chan, K. L. (2017) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.091 · Cited by 49
Wintertime aerosol chemistry in Beijing during haze period: Significant contribution from secondary formation and biomass burning emission
Li, X., Jiang, L., Bai, Y., Yang, Y., Liu, S., Chen, X., Xu, J. X., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., Guo, X., et al. (2018) · Atmospheric Research · doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.10.010 · Cited by 49
“of sugars, but also the sources of EC, PAHs, CO, NOx and VOCs (Duan et al. 2004; Streets et al. 2003).”
Background
Saccharides as Particulate Matter Tracers of Biomass Burning: A Review
Vincenti, B., Paris, E., Carnevale, M., Palma, A., Guerriero, E., Borello, D., Paolini, V., & Gallucci, F. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19074387 · Cited by 48
“Accounting for 18–38% of the fine OA [16], biomass burning significantly contributes to the emission of gases and toxic compounds in the atmosphere [17,18], and it has been identified as a biofuel that may contribute to the worsening of both outdoor and indoor air quality [19].”
Background
Seasonal variations in surface ozone as influenced by Asian summer monsoon and biomass burning in agricultural fields of the northern Yangtze River Delta
Tang, H., Liu, G., Zhu, J., Han, Y. M., & Kobayashi, K. (2012) · Atmospheric Research · doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.10.030 · Cited by 48
Spatiotemporal variation of domestic biomass burning emissions in rural China based on a new estimation of fuel consumption
Xing, X., Zhou, Y. C., Lang, J., Chen, D., Cheng, S., Han, L., Huang, D., & Zhang, Y. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.048 · Cited by 48
Long term variability of carbonaceous aerosols over Southeast Asia via reanalysis: Association with changes in vegetation cover and biomass burning
Kalita, G., Kunchala, R. K., Fadnavis, S. S., & Kaskaoutis, D. G. (2020) · Atmospheric Research · doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105064 · Cited by 48
Multiscale simulations of tropospheric chemistry in the eastern Pacific and on the U.S. West Coast during spring 2002
Tang, Y., Carmichael, G. R., Horowitz, L. W., Uno, I., Woo, J., Streets, D. G., Dabdub, D., Kurata, G., Sandu, A., Allan, J. D., et al. (2004) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2004jd004513 · Cited by 48
“The portion of emissions from gasoline in Asia is generally smaller than that in the United States [Streets et al., 2003a].”
Background
Analysis of source regions for smoke events in Singapore for the 2009 El Nino burning season
Atwood, S. A., Reid, J. S., Kreidenweis, S. M., Yu, L. E., Salinas, S. V., Chew, B. N., & Balasubramanian‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬, R. (2013) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.04.047 · Cited by 47
PCDD/F Measurement at a High-Altitude Station in Central Taiwan: Evaluation of Long-Range Transport of PCDD/Fs during the Southeast Asia Biomass Burning Event
Chi, K. H., Lin, C., Yang, C.-F. O., Wang, J., Lin, N. H., Sheu, G., & Lee, C.-T. (2010) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es1000984 · Cited by 47
Impact of Southeast Asian smoke on aerosol properties in Southwest China: First comparison of model simulations with satellite and ground observations
Zhu, J., Xia, X., Wang, J., Zhang, J., Wiedinmyer, C., Fisher, J. A., & Keller, C. A. (2017) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1002/2016jd025793 · Cited by 47
Energy and environmental impact assessment of straw return and substitution of straw briquettes for heating coal in rural China
Zhang, S., Deng, M., Shan, M., Zhou, C., Liu, W., Xu, X., & Yang, X. (2019) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2019.01.038 · Cited by 47
Emissions of Toxic Substances from Biomass Burning: A Review of Methods and Technical Influencing Factors
Yao, W., Zhao, Y., Chen, R., Wang, M., Song, W.-W., & Yu, D. (2023) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr11030853 · Cited by 50
Satellite and surface-based remote sensing of Southeast Asian aerosols and their radiative effects
Feng, N., & Christopher, S. A. (2012) · Atmospheric Research · doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.02.018 · Cited by 46
Harvest season, high polluted season in East China
Huang, X., Song, Y., Li, M., Li, J., & Zhu, T. (2012) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044033 · Cited by 46
Relative effects of open biomass burning and open crop straw burning on haze formation over central and eastern China: modeling study driven by constrained emissions
Mehmood, K., Wu, Y., Wang, L., Yu, S., Li, P., Chen, X., Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Li, M., Liu, W., et al. (2020) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-20-2419-2020 · Cited by 46
Levoglucosan and carbonaceous species in the background aerosol of coastal southeast China: case study on transport of biomass burning smoke from the Philippines
Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z., Chan, C., Engling, G., Sang, X.-F., Shi, S., & Wang, X. (2011) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-011-0548-7 · Cited by 46
“biofuels, including crop residues, wood, and domestic waste, are the major sources of aerosol particles in this region and specific chemical species, such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, black carbon, and organic carbon (OC) (Streets et al. 2003; Duncan et al. 2003).”
Background
The Extent and Management of Crop Stubble
Kumar, P., Kumar, S., & Joshi, L. (2014) · SpringerBriefs in environmental science · doi:10.1007/978-81-322-2014-5_2 · Cited by 45
Diagnosing recent CO emissions and ozone evolution in East Asia using coordinated surface observations, adjoint inverse modeling, and MOPITT satellite data
Tanimoto, H., Sawa, Y., Yonemura, S., Yumimoto, K., Matsueda, H., Uno, I., Hayasaka, T., Mukai, H., Tohjima, Y., Tsuboi, K., et al. (2008) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-8-3867-2008 · Cited by 45
“As already mentioned, Streets et al. (2006) have recently updated their previous estimates (Streets et al., 2003a) for Chinese anthropogenic emissions to 142 Tg, resulting in a total emission (including biomass burning) of 158 Tg for the year 2001.”
Background

Authors: Streets, D. G., Yarber, K. F., Woo, J. ‐., & Carmichael, G. R.
Affiliations: Argonne National Laboratory (US)
University of Iowa (US)
ORCID: Streets, D. G.
Woo, J.‐H.
Carmichael, G. R.
Venue: Global Biogeochemical Cycles
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Published: 2003-10-15
Volume: 17
Issue: 4
ISSN: 0886-6236 (ISSN-L)
1944-9224
DOI: 10.1029/2003gb002040
OpenAlex: W2084089284
Cited by: 807
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 39
FWCI: 13.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Global Biogeochemical Cycles (publishedVersion)
NCHU Institutional Repository CRIS (submittedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Department of Energy
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
University of Chicago
Argonne National Laboratory
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Fire effects on ecosystems
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
Keywords: biomass burning, forest burning, crop residue burning, emission estimates, TOMS aerosol index, black carbon, organic carbon, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, methane, non-methane volatile organic compounds, air quality modeling, emission uncertainty, seasonal and spatial distribution

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Biomass burning in Asia: Annual and seasonal estimates and atmospheric emissions

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