Cited by 807Fire effects on ecosystemsAtmospheric chemistry and aerosolsAtmospheric aerosols and clouds

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Biomass burning in Asia: Annual and seasonal estimates and atmospheric emissions

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Streets, D. G., Yarber, K. F., Woo, J.‐H., Carmichael, G. R.·2003·Global Biogeochemical Cycles

DOI 10.1029/2003gb002040

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Abstract

Estimates of biomass burning in Asia are developed to facilitate the modeling of Asian and global air quality. A survey of national, regional, and international publications on biomass burning is conducted to yield consensus estimates of “typical” (i.e., non‐year‐specific) estimates of open burning (excluding biofuels). We conclude that 730 Tg of biomass are burned in a typical year from both anthropogenic and natural causes. Forest burning comprises 45% of the total, the burning of crop residues in the field comprises 34%, and 20% comes from the burning of grassland and savanna. China contributes 25% of the total, India 18%, Indonesia 13%, and Myanmar 8%. Regionally, forest burning in Southeast Asia dominates. National, annual totals are converted to daily and monthly estimates at 1° × 1° spatial resolution using distributions based on AVHRR fire counts for 1999–2000. Several adjustment schemes are applied to correct for the deficiencies of AVHRR data, including the use of moving averages, normalization, TOMS Aerosol Index, and masks for dust, clouds, landcover, and other fire sources. Good agreement between the national estimates of biomass burning and adjusted fire counts is obtained (R 2 = 0.71–0.78). Biomass burning amounts are converted to atmospheric emissions, yielding the following estimates: 0.37 Tg of SO 2 , 2.8 Tg of NO x , 1100 Tg of CO 2 , 67 Tg of CO, 3.1 Tg of CH 4 , 12 Tg of NMVOC, 0.45 Tg of BC, 3.3 Tg of OC, and 0.92 Tg of NH 3 . Uncertainties in the emission estimates, measured as 95% confidence intervals, range from a low of ±65% for CO 2 emissions in Japan to a high of ±700% for BC emissions in India.

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Background
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Pasanen, T., Lakkala, H., Yliluoma, R., Tuominen, V., Jusi, S., Luukkanen, J., & Kaivo-oja, J. R. L. (2017) · Development Policy Review · doi:10.1111/dpr.12212 · Cited by 13
Emission Characteristics of PM2.5 and Trace Gases from Household Wood Burning in Guanzhong Plain, Northwest China
Zhang, Y., Tian, J., Shen, Z., Wang, W., Ni, H., Liu, S., & Cao, J. (2018) · Aerosol Science and Engineering · doi:10.1007/s41810-018-0030-8 · Cited by 13
Monitoring and tracking the trans-Pacific transport of aerosols using multi-satellite aerosol optical depth composites
Naeger, A. R., Gupta, P., Zavodsky, B. T., & McGrath, K. M. (2016) · Atmospheric measurement techniques · doi:10.5194/amt-9-2463-2016 · Cited by 13
“For instance, the expanding cities and rapid industrialization of East Asia are major source regions of pollution emissions while biomass burning across Southeast Asia releases smoke into the atmosphere (e.g., Streets et al., 2003).”
Background
F−/Cl− mediated microwave assisted breakdown of cellulose to glucose
Shaveta, S., Bansal, N., & Singh, P. (2014) · Tetrahedron Letters · doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.03.006 · Cited by 13
Optimal Thermolysis Conditions for Soil Carbon Storage on Plant Residue Burning: Modeling the Trade-Off between Thermal Decomposition and Subsequent Biodegradation
Kajiura, M., Wagai, R., & Hayashi, K. (2014) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2014.06.0279 · Cited by 13
Differences in CO2and N2O emission rates following crop residue incorporation with or without field burning: A case study of adzuki bean residue and wheat straw
Koga, N., Hayashi, K., & Shimoda, S. (2015) · Soil Science & Plant Nutrition · doi:10.1080/00380768.2015.1086278 · Cited by 13
“…of crop residues (e.g., Oanh et al. 2011; Park et al. 2013; Hayashi et al. 2014) and provided large-scale estimates of those emission rates (e.g., Streets et al. 2003; Sahai et al. 2011), while others have examined soil properties (e.g., Wuest et al. 2005; Virto et al. 2007) and crop…”
Background
South Asian Perspective: A Case of Urban Air Pollution and Potential for Climate Co-benefits in India
Gurjar, B. R., Ohara, T., Khare, M., Kulshrestha, P., Tyagi, V., & Nagpure, A. S. (2018) · Exploring urban change in South Asia · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-5816-5_3 · Cited by 14
Comparing multiple model-derived aerosol optical properties to spatially collocated ground-based and satellite measurements
Ocko, I., & Ginoux, P. A. (2017) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-17-4451-2017 · Cited by 12
“Peak biomass burning season in Southeast Asia also occurs during the spring (Streets et al., 2003).”
Background
BIOMASS BURNING RELATED POLLUTIONS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LOCAL AIR QUALITY IN HONG KONG
Chan, K. L., & Qin, K. (2017) · The international archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences/International archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences · doi:10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w7-29-2017 · Cited by 12
“These pollutants have both direct and indirect influences on the global atmospheric chemistry and climate system (Streets et al., 2003).”
Background
Caves as interim-refugia: Chemical signatures of human habitation under extreme environments of Ladakh, NW India
Chaddha, A. S., Mathews, R. P., Kumar, K., Ali, S. N., Phartiyal, B., Manoj, M. C., & Sharma, A. (2021) · Journal of Archaeological Science Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102799 · Cited by 12
Reassessment and update of emission factors for unintentional dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls
Gong, W., Fiedler, H., Liu, X., Wang, B., & Yu, G. (2017) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.068 · Cited by 12
The vertical distribution and potential sources of aerosols in the Yangtze River Delta region of China during open straw burning
Tian, X., Ren, B., Xie, P., Xu, J., Li, A., Hu, F., Zheng, J., Ren, H., Hu, Z., Pan, Y., et al. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157749 · Cited by 12
Impact of Northeast Asian Biomass Burning Activities on Regional Atmospheric Environment
Lee, K. (2012) · Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies · doi:10.11108/kagis.2012.15.1.184 · Cited by 12
Nonparametric multivariate analysis of variance for affecting factors on the extent of forest fire damage in Jilin Province, China
Li, J., Shan, Y., Yin, S., Wang, M., Sun, L., & Wang, D. (2019) · Journal of Forestry Research · doi:10.1007/s11676-019-00958-1 · Cited by 13
“Fires affect forest ecosystems, often with profound impacts on the global ecological environment, air quality and social economy (Bowman et al. 2009; Marlier et al. 2012; Streets et al. 2003).”
Background
Crop Residue Burning in North‐Western India: Emission Estimation and Uncertainty Quantification
Ambulkar, R., Govardhan, G., Gavhale, S., Kalita, G., Pande, C. B., Jat, R., Kulkarni, S. H., Khare, M. K., Attri, S. D., & Ghude, S. D. (2025) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2024jd042198 · Cited by 11
“…study, RC is the residue to crop ratio (1.50) (Bandyopadhyay et al., 2001), f DM is the dry matter fraction of crop (0.85) (Eggleston et al., 2006; Streets et al., 2003), f burnt is the fraction of crop residue burnt (0.9 for Punjab and 0.32 for Haryana) (Liu et al., 2019), f BE is the burn…”
Influential
Intense Biomass Burning Over Northern India and Its Impact on Air Quality, Chemistry and Climate
Roy, C., Ayantika, D. C., Girach, I. A., & Chakrabarty, C. (2022) · Disaster Resilience and Green Growth · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-7727-4_8 · Cited by 15
Spatio-temporal variation of biomass burning fires over Indian region using satellite data
Saheb, S. D., Kant, Y., Sateesh, M., Sharma, V., Rawat, D. S., & Chandola, H. C. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99262-6.00009-2 · Cited by 11
Protected Areas Conserved Forests from Fire and Deforestation in Vietnam’s Central Highlands from 2001 to 2020
Ebright, S. J., Stan, A. B., Sâm, H. V., & Fulé, P. Z. (2023) · Fire · doi:10.3390/fire6040164 · Cited by 11
“[14] estimated forest burning to account for 45% of regional burning and emissions, followed by croplands and savanna.”
BackgroundInfluential
Evaluation of aerosol- and gas-phase tracers for identification of transported biomass burning emissions in an industrially influenced location in Texas, USA
Shrestha, S., Zhou, S., Mehra, M., Guagenti, M., Yoon, S., Alvarez, S. L., Guo, F., Chao, C.-Y., Flynn, J. H., III, Wang, Y., et al. (2023) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-23-10845-2023 · Cited by 13
“…be transported across long distances and impact air quality in downwind locations (Rogers et al., 2020; Sciare et al., 2008; Sakamoto et al., 2015; Streets et al., 2003; Zhang et al., 2012; Morris et al., 2006; Markowicz et al., 2016; Forster et al., 2001) During long-range transport, the…”
BackgroundMethod
Increase in Agricultural-Derived NH x and Decrease in Coal Combustion-Derived NO x Result in Atmospheric Particulate N–NH 4 + Surpassing N–NO 3 – in the South China Sea
Zhang, Z.-E., Li, J., Zhang, R., Tian, C., Sun, Z., Li, T., Han, M., Yu, K., & Zhang, G. (2024) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.3c09173 · Cited by 11
The multi-year contribution of Indo-China peninsula fire emissions to aerosol radiation forcing in southern China during 2013–2019
Zhu, J., Yue, X., Zhou, H., Che, H., Xia, X., Wang, J., Zhao, T., Tian, C., & Liao, H. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172337 · Cited by 11
Identification of NO2 and SO2 over China: Characterization of polluted and hotspots Provinces
Ali, M. A., Assiri, M. E., Islam, M. N., Bilal, M., Ghulam, A. S., & Huang, Z. (2024) · Air Quality Atmosphere & Health · doi:10.1007/s11869-024-01565-8 · Cited by 12
“A significant increase in industrial development and traffic in eastern China is another important reason for the increasing NO 2 (Streets et al. 2003; Wang 2004).”
High-precision spatio-temporal variations and future perspectives of multiple air pollutant emissions from Chinese biomass-fired industrial boilers
Yue, T., Tong, Y., Gao, J., Yuan, Y., Wang, L., & Wei, H. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167982 · Cited by 11
Impact of “ultra low emission” technology of coal-fired power on PM2.5 pollution in the Jing-Jin-Ji Region
Liu, X., Liu, Z., Jiao, W., Li, X., Lin, J., & Ku, A. Y. (2017) · Frontiers in Energy · doi:10.1007/s11708-017-0518-y · Cited by 11
Influence of regional biomass burning on the highly elevated organic carbon concentrations observed at Gosan, South Korea during a strong Asian dust period
Nguyen, D. L., Kim, J. Y., Ghim, Y. S., & Shim, S.-G. (2014) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-014-3587-z · Cited by 11
“Among these, forest fires account for the largest proportion of total biomass burning (45 %), followed by burning of crop residues (34 %) and burning of savanna or grassland (20 %) (Streets et al. 2003).”
Background
Pre-monsoon submicron aerosol composition and source contribution in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
Werden, B., Giordano, M. R., Goetz, J. D., Islam, M. R., Bhave, P. V., Praveen, P. S., Rupakheti, M., Saikawa, E., Panday, A. K., Yokelson, R. J., et al. (2022) · Environmental Science Atmospheres · doi:10.1039/d2ea00008c · Cited by 13
Classification of MODIS fire emission data based on aerosol absorption Angstrom exponent retrieved from AERONET data
Ningombam, S. S., Khatri, P., Larson, E. J. L., Dumka, U. C., Sarangi, C., & Vineeth, R. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159898 · Cited by 10
Effects of biomass burning on CO, HCN, C 2 H 6 , C 2 H 2 and H 2 CO during long-term FTIR measurements in Hefei, China
Zhu, Q., Wang, W., Shan, C., Xie, Y. S., Zeng, X., Wu, P., Liang, B., & Liu, C. (2024) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.516258 · Cited by 10
Assessment of Rice Residues as Potential Energy Source in Pakistan
Memon, T. A. (2022) · Sukkur IBA Journal of Emerging Technologies · doi:10.30537/sjet.v5i1.982 · Cited by 10
“Dry matter content for RH and straw is taken from [67] and proportion of burnt residue (%) is taken as 25% as estimated by [68].”
Method
Comparison of GHG emissions from open field burning and anaerobic digestion of rice straw
Mothe, S., Polisetty, V. R., Sridhar, P., Surampalli, R. Y., Zhang, T. C., Tyagi, R. D., & Bhunia, P. (2022) · Environmental Technology · doi:10.1080/09593330.2022.2153749 · Cited by 10
“But only emissions from combustion of RS and AD of RS are considered in conclusions to compare the GWP according to the objectives [7,27].”
Diurnal and seasonal variation of mixing ratio and δ13C of air CO2 observed at an urban station Bangalore, India
Guha, T., & Ghosh, P. (2014) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-014-3530-3 · Cited by 10
Cultural and Ritual Burning Emission Factors and Activity Levels in India
Pervez, S., Chakrabarty, R. K., Dewangan, S., Watson, J. G., Chow, J. C., Matawle, J. L., & Pervez, Y. F. (2014) · Aerosol and Air Quality Research · doi:10.4209/aaqr.2014.01.0022 · Cited by 10
“In India, large amounts of EC and OC are emitted from agricultural crop residue burning (Streets et al. , 2003; Vadrevu et al. , 2008; Gadde et al. , 2009; Rehman et al. , 2011; Sahai et al. , 2011), fossil fuel combustion in residential (Raiyani et al. , 1993; Kandpal et al. , 1995), industrial…”
Estimating air pollutant emission factors from open burning of rice straw by the residual mass method
Yu, T., Lin, C.-Y., & Chang, L. W. (2012) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.038 · Cited by 10
Emission of CO and CO2 from Straw Burning Activities in Hanoi City, Vietnam: A Major Rice Cultivation Area in the Red River Delta
Pham, T. V., Thuý, B. T. P., Thi, Q. V., & Do, A. N. T. (2025) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-025-08628-1 · Cited by 9
“…of crop j; Ex ij is the emissions of pollutant i from crop j; M j is the biomass output burned from crop j (kg/year); emissionfactor ij is the emission factor of pollutant i from crop type j (g/year); and the emission factors of CO and CO 2 are 93 and 1,177, respectively (Streets et al., 2003).”
Influential
A meteorologically adjusted ensemble Kalman filter approach for inversing daily emissions: A case study in the Pearl River Delta, China
Jia, G., Huang, Z., Tang, X., Ou, J., Lu, M., Xu, Y., Zhong, Z., Sha, Q., Wu, H., Zheng, C., et al. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jes.2021.08.048 · Cited by 9
Columnar aerosol optical depth, water vapor and ozone over a semi-arid urban location of western India: Potential sources and direct radiative effects
Godhani, N., Joshi, H., Jana, S., Gogoi, M. M., & Babu, S. S. (2022) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.asr.2022.07.046 · Cited by 9
Pollution Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Black Carbon Aerosols during Spring in Beijing
Lei, W., Li, X., Yin, Z., Zhang, L., & Zhao, W. (2024) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics12030202 · Cited by 9
“The primary sources of CO in atmospheric pollutants are automobile exhaust emissions, while the primary source of NO 2 is industrial sources and traffic sources [9,18,38,39].”
Background
Emissions inventory and scenario analyses of air pollutants in Guangdong Province, China
Chen, H., & Meng, J. (2016) · Frontiers of Earth Science · doi:10.1007/s11707-016-0551-x · Cited by 9
Secondary organic aerosol formation from straw burning using an oxidation flow reactor
Wang, H., Guo, S., Wu, Z., Qiao, K., Tang, R., Yu, Y., Xu, W., Zhu, W., Zeng, L., Huang, X., et al. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jes.2021.08.049 · Cited by 9
Climate Change Mitigation: Policies and Lessons for Asia
(2022) · Asian Development Bank Institute eBooks · doi:10.56506/ojyg4210 · Cited by 9
Exploring high-resolution near-surface CO concentrations based on Himawari-8 top-of-atmosphere radiation data: Assessing the distribution of city-level CO hotspots in China
Чэн, Б., Hu, J., Song, Z., Zhou, X., Zhao, L., Wang, Y., Chen, R., & Ren, Y. (2023) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.120021 · Cited by 9
Advanced measurements of undersampled globally significant biomass burning sources
Stockwell, C. E. (2016) · The Mathematics Enthusiast · Cited by 12
Model simulation of carbonaceous fine particulate matter using SAFAR emission inventory and comparison with EDGAR-HTAP simulations
Kumar, P., Beig, G., Singh, V., Sahu, S. K., Siingh, D., & Bamniya, B. R. (2023) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.120147 · Cited by 8

Authors: Streets, D. G., Yarber, K. F., Woo, J. ‐., & Carmichael, G. R.
Affiliations: Argonne National Laboratory (US)
University of Iowa (US)
ORCID: Streets, D. G.
Woo, J.‐H.
Carmichael, G. R.
Venue: Global Biogeochemical Cycles
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Published: 2003-10-15
Volume: 17
Issue: 4
ISSN: 0886-6236 (ISSN-L)
1944-9224
DOI: 10.1029/2003gb002040
OpenAlex: W2084089284
Cited by: 807
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 39
FWCI: 13.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Global Biogeochemical Cycles (publishedVersion)
NCHU Institutional Repository CRIS (submittedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Department of Energy
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
University of Chicago
Argonne National Laboratory
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Fire effects on ecosystems
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
Keywords: biomass burning, forest burning, crop residue burning, emission estimates, TOMS aerosol index, black carbon, organic carbon, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, methane, non-methane volatile organic compounds, air quality modeling, emission uncertainty, seasonal and spatial distribution

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Biomass burning in Asia: Annual and seasonal estimates and atmospheric emissions

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