Cited by 807Fire effects on ecosystemsAtmospheric chemistry and aerosolsAtmospheric aerosols and clouds

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Biomass burning in Asia: Annual and seasonal estimates and atmospheric emissions

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Streets, D. G., Yarber, K. F., Woo, J.‐H., Carmichael, G. R.·2003·Global Biogeochemical Cycles

DOI 10.1029/2003gb002040

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Abstract

Estimates of biomass burning in Asia are developed to facilitate the modeling of Asian and global air quality. A survey of national, regional, and international publications on biomass burning is conducted to yield consensus estimates of “typical” (i.e., non‐year‐specific) estimates of open burning (excluding biofuels). We conclude that 730 Tg of biomass are burned in a typical year from both anthropogenic and natural causes. Forest burning comprises 45% of the total, the burning of crop residues in the field comprises 34%, and 20% comes from the burning of grassland and savanna. China contributes 25% of the total, India 18%, Indonesia 13%, and Myanmar 8%. Regionally, forest burning in Southeast Asia dominates. National, annual totals are converted to daily and monthly estimates at 1° × 1° spatial resolution using distributions based on AVHRR fire counts for 1999–2000. Several adjustment schemes are applied to correct for the deficiencies of AVHRR data, including the use of moving averages, normalization, TOMS Aerosol Index, and masks for dust, clouds, landcover, and other fire sources. Good agreement between the national estimates of biomass burning and adjusted fire counts is obtained (R 2 = 0.71–0.78). Biomass burning amounts are converted to atmospheric emissions, yielding the following estimates: 0.37 Tg of SO 2 , 2.8 Tg of NO x , 1100 Tg of CO 2 , 67 Tg of CO, 3.1 Tg of CH 4 , 12 Tg of NMVOC, 0.45 Tg of BC, 3.3 Tg of OC, and 0.92 Tg of NH 3 . Uncertainties in the emission estimates, measured as 95% confidence intervals, range from a low of ±65% for CO 2 emissions in Japan to a high of ±700% for BC emissions in India.

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BackgroundInfluential
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Background
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Method
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Background
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BackgroundInfluential
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Yuan, H., Tao, S., Li, B., Lang, C., Cao, J., & Coveney, R. M. (2008) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.05.033 · Cited by 36
Source Identification and Trends in Concentrations of Gaseous and Fine Particulate Principal Species in Seoul, South Korea
Kang, C., Kang, B.-W., & Lee, H. S. (2006) · Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association · doi:10.1080/10473289.2006.10464506 · Cited by 36
Impact of sampling frequency in the analysis of tropospheric ozone observations
Saunois, M., Emmons, L. K., Lamarque, J.-F., Tilmes, S., Wespes, C., Thouret, V., & Schultz, M. G. (2012) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-12-6757-2012 · Cited by 36
“This Japanese region is influenced either by the pollution emitted by biomass burning in Siberia and China (Streets et al., 2003) or by poor ozone air masses transported from the tropics (Logan, 1985).”
Influence of long-range transboundary transport on atmospheric water vapor mercury collected at the largest city of Tibet
Huang, J., Kang, S., Tian, L., Guo, J., Zhang, Q., Cong, Z., Sillanpää, M. E. T., Sun, S., & Tripathee, L. (2016) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.177 · Cited by 36
Dynamics of major air pollutants from crop residue burning in mainland China, 2000–2014
Quanfeng, J., Ma, X., Wang, G., Yang, X., & Guo, F. (2017) · Journal of Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jes.2017.11.024 · Cited by 36
A 12-year long global record of optical depth of absorbing aerosols above the clouds derived from the OMI/OMACA algorithm
Jethva, H. T., Torres, O., & Ahn, C. (2018) · Atmospheric measurement techniques · doi:10.5194/amt-11-5837-2018 · Cited by 36
“The springtime biomass burning activities such as burning of forest, savanna/grassland, and crop residue over Southeast Asia (SEA) countries, including Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam release significant amounts of trace gases and carbonaceous aerosols into the atmosphere (Elvidge and Baugh, 1996; Stree…”
Background
Nitrous acid emission from open burning of major crop residues in mainland China
Cui, L., Li, R. S., Fu, H., Meng, Y., Zhao, Y., Li, Q. X., & Chen, J. (2020) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117950 · Cited by 36
Between a rock and a hard place: The burdens of uncontrolled fire for smallholders across the tropics
Carmenta, R., Cammelli, F., Dressler, W., Verbicaro, C. C., & Zaehringer, J. G. (2021) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105521 · Cited by 41
Measurement report: Strong light absorption induced by aged biomass burning black carbon over the southeastern Tibetan Plateau in pre-monsoon season
Tan, T., Hu, M., Du, Z., Zhao, G., Shang, D., Zheng, J., Qin, Y., Li, M., Wu, Y., Zeng, L., et al. (2021) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-21-8499-2021 · Cited by 36
Bioashes and their potential for reuse to sustain ecosystem services and underpin circular economy
Ondrašek, G., Kovačić, M. B., Carević, I., Štirmer, N., Stipičević, S., Udiković‐Kolić, N., Filipović, V., Romić, D., & Rengel, Z. (2021) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111540 · Cited by 37
Mercury emissions from waste combustion in China from 2004 to 2010
Hu, D., Zhang, W., Chen, L., Chen, C., Ou, L., Tong, Y., Wen, W., Long, W., & Wang, X. (2012) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.08.061 · Cited by 35
Spatio-temporal variation of biomass burning sources over South and Southeast Asia
Sahu, L. K., & Sheel, V. (2013) · Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s10874-013-9275-4 · Cited by 35
“Streets et al. (2003b) have reported the emission inventories of various trace gases and aerosols emitted from biomass burning sources in Asia.”
BackgroundInfluential
Impact of Chinese anthropogenic emissions on submicrometer aerosol concentration at Mt. Tateyama, Japan
Osada, K., Ohara, T., Uno, I., Kido, M., & Iida, H. (2009) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-9-9111-2009 · Cited by 35
Investigation of Ethanol Production Potential from Lignocellulosic Material without Enzymatic Hydrolysis Using the Ultrasound Technique
Kandasamy, M., Hamawand, I. B., Bowtell, L., Seneweera, S. P., Chakrabarty, S., Yusaf, T. F., Shakor, Z. M., Algayyim, S. J. M., & Eberhard, F. (2017) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en10010062 · Cited by 35
“1 Tg of CH4 (million metric ton (mmt), equivalent to the unit of Teragram (Tg)) [29].”
Background
An aircraft gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer System for Organic Fast Identification Analysis (SOFIA): design, performance and a case study of Asian monsoon pollution outflow
Bourtsoukidis, E., Helleis, F., Tomsche, L., Fischer, H., Hofmann, R., Lelieveld, J., & Williams, J. (2017) · Atmospheric measurement techniques · doi:10.5194/amt-10-5089-2017 · Cited by 35
“In contrast, the air mass P2 emerged from lower altitudes over central India with some influence from Bangladesh, Bhutan and west Myanmar, where biomass burning (Streets et al., 2003; van der Werf et al., 2006) and fuel consumption (van der Werf et al., 2010) are more prominent.”
Background
Quantification and evaluation of atmospheric pollutant emissions from open biomass burning with multiple methods: a case study for the Yangtze River Delta region, China
Yang, Y., & Zhao, Y. (2019) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-19-327-2019 · Cited by 35
“…emissions were calculated as a product of crop production level, the ratio of straw to grain, percentage of dry matter burned in fields, combustion efficiency and emission factor (Streets et al., 2003; Cao et al., 2007; Wang and Zhang, 2008; Zhao et al., 2013; Xia et al., 2016; Zhou et al., 2017a).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Analysis of a severe air pollution episode in India during Diwali festival – a nationwide approach
Ganguly, N. D., Tzanis, C. G., Philippopoulos, K., & Deligiorgi, D. (2019) · Atmósfera · doi:10.20937/atm.2019.32.03.05 · Cited by 35
“It is an uncontrolled combustion process during which several tones of CO2, NOx, CH4, CO, NH3, NMHC, SO2 and particulate matter are emitted (Streets et al., 2003; Gadde et al., 2009; Sahai et al., 2011; Jain et al., 2014).”
Background
Earthworms offset straw-induced increase of greenhouse gas emission in upland rice production
John, K., Janz, B., Kiese, R., Waßmann, R., Zaitsev, A. S., & Wolters, V. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136352 · Cited by 35
Estimating emissions from forest fires in Thailand using MODIS active fire product and country specific data
Junpen, A., Garivait, S., & Bonnet, S. (2013) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences · doi:10.1007/s13143-013-0036-8 · Cited by 38
VEGETATION FIRE IN THE SAVANNAS OF THE LLANOS ORIENTALES OF COLOMBIA
Armenteras, D., & Galindo, G. (2005) · Cited by 34
Development and application of three-dimensional potential source contribution function (3D-PSCF)
Kim, I. S., Wee, D., Kim, Y. P., & Lee, J. Y. (2016) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-016-6787-x · Cited by 34
“Biomass burning is a significant source of air pollution in Northeast Asia (Streets and Yarber 2003).”
Background
Carbonaceous gas and aerosol emissions from biomass burning in China from 2012 to 2021
Liu, Y., Zhao, H., Zhao, G., Zhang, X., & Xiu, A. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132199 · Cited by 34
Spatial distribution of pollutant emissions from crop residue burning in the Punjab and Sindh provinces of Pakistan: uncertainties and challenges
Irfan, M., Riaz, M., Arif, M. S., Shahzad, S. M., Hussain, S., Akhtar, M. J., van den Berg, L., & Abbas, F. (2015) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-015-5421-7 · Cited by 34
“Such annual estimates could result in uncertainty in our estimates since biomass burning was suggested to be highly seasonal controlled by regional agricultural practices and climatic conditions (Streets et al. 2003).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Emissions of CH4 and CO2 from paddy fields as affected by tillage practices and crop residues in central China
Zhang, Z.-S., Cao, C., Guo, L., & Li, C. (2015) · Paddy and Water Environment · doi:10.1007/s10333-015-0480-4 · Cited by 34
“returning can increase soil carbon sequestration and avoid substantial amounts of CH4 and smog particles production from the burned residues (Streets et al. 2003).”
Background
Columnar optical properties of tropospheric aerosol by combined lidar and sunphotometer measurements at Taipei, Taiwan
Chen, W., Chen, Y., Chou, C. C. ‐., Chang, S.-Y., Lin, P., & Chen, J. (2009) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.02.059 · Cited by 34
“The peak emission season is spring for these two regions and for Southern China as well (Streets et al., 2003).”
Background
Colorado air quality impacted by long-range-transported aerosol: a set of case studies during the 2015 Pacific Northwest fires
Creamean, J. M., Neiman, P. J., Coleman, T., Senff, C. J., Kirgis, G., Alvarez, R. J., & Yamamoto, A. (2016) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-16-12329-2016 · Cited by 35
“, slash-and-burn techniques) and wildfires are common in these arid “dust belt” regions, inducing the simultaneous emission of dust and smoke (Streets et al., 2003; Pinker et al., 2010).”
Emission inventory of crop residue open burning and its high-resolution spatial distribution in 2014 for Shandong province, China
Gao, R., Jiang, W., Gao, W., & Sun, S. (2016) · Atmospheric Pollution Research · doi:10.1016/j.apr.2016.12.009 · Cited by 34
Causes of Emissions from Agricultural Residue Burning in North-West India: Evaluation of a Technology Policy ResponsePreprint
Gupta, R. (2012) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 34
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in China: Will Decoupling of Their Emissions and Socioeconomic Growth Emerge?
Cao, X., Huo, S., Zhang, H., Zhao, X., Guo, W., He, Z., Ma, C., Zheng, J., & Song, S. (2022) · Earth s Future · doi:10.1029/2021ef002360 · Cited by 33
“Due to the lack of available crop straw combustion data, the amount of straw burning was estimated on the basis of straw/grain ratio (Lal, 2005) and burning ratio (Cao et al., 2006; Hao et al., 1994; Streets et al., 2003).”
Background
Atmospheric inversion of SO 2 and primary aerosol emissions for the year 2010
Huneeus, N., Boucher, O., & Chevallier, F. (2013) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-13-6555-2013 · Cited by 35
“Interactive Discussion D iscssion P aper | D iscssion P aper | D iscssion P aper | D iscssion P aper | inventories with some satellite data (Streets et al., 2003; Generoso et al., 2003; Ito and Penner, 2005; Vermote et al., 2009).”
Background
A model-ready emission inventory for crop residue open burning in the context of Nepal
Das, B., Bhave, P. V., Praveen, P. S., Shakya, K., Maharjan, B., & Byanju, R. M. (2020) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115069 · Cited by 33
Nitrogen deposition in precipitation to a monsoon-affected eutrophic embayment: Fluxes, sources, and processes
Wu, Y., Zhang, J., Liu, S., Jiang, Z., Arbi, I., Huang, X., & Macreadie, P. I. (2018) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.03.037 · Cited by 33
A MODIS-based spatiotemporal assessment of agricultural residue burning in Madhya Pradesh, India
Verma, S., Dar, J. A., Malasiya, D., Khare, P. K., Dayanandan, S. D., & Khan, M. L. (2018) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.04.042 · Cited by 33
Estimation of the contribution of biomass fuel burning activities in North Korea to the air quality in Seoul, South Korea: Application of the 3D-PSCF method
Kim, I. S., Lee, J. Y., Wee, D., & Kim, Y. P. (2019) · Atmospheric Research · doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.104628 · Cited by 33
The Impact of Long-Range Transport of Biomass Burning Emissions in Southeast Asia on Southern China
Zhang, L., Ding, S., Qian, W., Zhao, A., Zhao, S., Yang, Y., Weng, G., Tao, M., Chen, H., Zhao, S., et al. (2022) · Atmosphere · doi:10.3390/atmos13071029 · Cited by 33
Estimation of county-level black carbon emissions and its spatial distribution in China in 2000
Qin, Y., & Xie, S. (2011) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.09.017 · Cited by 33
Long-range transport of acidifying substances in East Asia—Part IModel evaluation and sensitivity studies
Lin, M., Oki, T., Holloway, T., Streets, D. G., Bengtsson, M., & Kanae, S. (2008) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.04.008 · Cited by 33
“Anthropogenic emissions of SO2, NOx, NH3, CO and VOCs (volatile organic compounds) were taken from Streets et al. (2003a) derived for the TRACE-P experiment as well as emission database for global atmospheric research (Olivier et al., 2005) over regions for which TRACE-P estimates are unavailable.”
BackgroundMethod
Exceptionally active agricultural fire season in mid‐eastern China in June 2012 and its impact on the atmospheric environment
Xia, X., Zong, X., & Sun, L. (2013) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1002/jgrd.50770 · Cited by 33
“For example, the burning of crop residues in the open field was estimated to account for 34% of the total biomass burning in Asia [Streets et al., 2003].”
Background
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Potential of Alternate Wetting and Drying for Rice Production at National Scale—A Modeling Case Study for the Philippines
Kraus, D., Werner, C., Janz, B., Klatt, S., Sander, B. O., Waßmann, R., Kiese, R., & Butterbach‐Bahl, K. (2022) · Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences · doi:10.1029/2022jg006848 · Cited by 32
Thirteen years of observations on biomass burning organic tracers over Chichijima Island in the western North Pacific: An outflow region of Asian aerosols
Verma, S. K., Kawamura, K., Chen, J., Fu, P., & Zhu, C. (2015) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1002/2014jd022224 · Cited by 33
A comparison of various approaches used in source apportionments for precipitation nitrogen in a mountain region of southwest China
Cui, J., Zhou, F., Gao, M., Zhang, L., Zhang, L., Du, K., Leng, Q., Zhang, Y., He, D., Yang, F., et al. (2018) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.028 · Cited by 32

Authors: Streets, D. G., Yarber, K. F., Woo, J. ‐., & Carmichael, G. R.
Affiliations: Argonne National Laboratory (US)
University of Iowa (US)
ORCID: Streets, D. G.
Woo, J.‐H.
Carmichael, G. R.
Venue: Global Biogeochemical Cycles
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Published: 2003-10-15
Volume: 17
Issue: 4
ISSN: 0886-6236 (ISSN-L)
1944-9224
DOI: 10.1029/2003gb002040
OpenAlex: W2084089284
Cited by: 807
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 39
FWCI: 13.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Global Biogeochemical Cycles (publishedVersion)
NCHU Institutional Repository CRIS (submittedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Department of Energy
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
University of Chicago
Argonne National Laboratory
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Fire effects on ecosystems
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
Keywords: biomass burning, forest burning, crop residue burning, emission estimates, TOMS aerosol index, black carbon, organic carbon, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, methane, non-methane volatile organic compounds, air quality modeling, emission uncertainty, seasonal and spatial distribution

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Biomass burning in Asia: Annual and seasonal estimates and atmospheric emissions

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