Cited by 807Fire effects on ecosystemsAtmospheric chemistry and aerosolsAtmospheric aerosols and clouds

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Biomass burning in Asia: Annual and seasonal estimates and atmospheric emissions

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Streets, D. G., Yarber, K. F., Woo, J.‐H., Carmichael, G. R.·2003·Global Biogeochemical Cycles

DOI 10.1029/2003gb002040

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Abstract

Estimates of biomass burning in Asia are developed to facilitate the modeling of Asian and global air quality. A survey of national, regional, and international publications on biomass burning is conducted to yield consensus estimates of “typical” (i.e., non‐year‐specific) estimates of open burning (excluding biofuels). We conclude that 730 Tg of biomass are burned in a typical year from both anthropogenic and natural causes. Forest burning comprises 45% of the total, the burning of crop residues in the field comprises 34%, and 20% comes from the burning of grassland and savanna. China contributes 25% of the total, India 18%, Indonesia 13%, and Myanmar 8%. Regionally, forest burning in Southeast Asia dominates. National, annual totals are converted to daily and monthly estimates at 1° × 1° spatial resolution using distributions based on AVHRR fire counts for 1999–2000. Several adjustment schemes are applied to correct for the deficiencies of AVHRR data, including the use of moving averages, normalization, TOMS Aerosol Index, and masks for dust, clouds, landcover, and other fire sources. Good agreement between the national estimates of biomass burning and adjusted fire counts is obtained (R 2 = 0.71–0.78). Biomass burning amounts are converted to atmospheric emissions, yielding the following estimates: 0.37 Tg of SO 2 , 2.8 Tg of NO x , 1100 Tg of CO 2 , 67 Tg of CO, 3.1 Tg of CH 4 , 12 Tg of NMVOC, 0.45 Tg of BC, 3.3 Tg of OC, and 0.92 Tg of NH 3 . Uncertainties in the emission estimates, measured as 95% confidence intervals, range from a low of ±65% for CO 2 emissions in Japan to a high of ±700% for BC emissions in India.

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Spatiotemporal Evaluation of Biomass Burning Emissions in Equatorial Southeast Asia (ESEA) for 2013 and 2021
Hui, C. J., Sentian, J., Chang, J. H. W., Adnan, F. A. F., Naidin, S., Herman, F., & Rou, T. Y. (2025) · Aerosol and Air Quality Research · doi:10.1007/s44408-025-00057-3
“It is well-documented that forest fires lead to significant carbon emissions (Streets et al. 2003; Yadav and Devi 2018), and the CO 2 emissions resulting from evergreen forest burning correspond with the studies of Carlson et al. (2012) and Yadav and Devi (2018).”
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Ma, Z., & Shen, M. (2025) · American Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics · doi:10.11648/j.ajere.20251004.13
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Peiro, H. (2018) · doi:10.70675/f7298a13zbfe7z4ff4z99b4zc3f16da95bcf
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Alamanda, K. C., Woolford, D. G., de Jong, M. C., McFayden, C. B., Evens, J., Crowley, M. A., & Johnston, J. M. (2026) · International Journal of Wildland Fire · doi:10.1071/wf25063
Prescribed moorland burning in Great Britain exposes 2.3 million people to PM 2.5 levels exceeding the WHO 24 h guideline limit
Graham, A. M., Spracklen, D. V., Shewring, M. P., Douglas, D. J. T., Pope, R. J., & Chipperfield, M. P. (2026) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ae5de3
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Kumar, A., & Pathak, K. (2026) · Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science · doi:10.1680/jenes.26.00005
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Sharma, S., Kumar, A., Bakshi, B. R., Kodamana, H., & Ramteke, M. (2026) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.5c05209
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Cui, X., Han, G., Li, W., Wang, X., Wu, H., Cao, L., Luo, Q., Zhou, G., Zheng, Q., & Zhang, Y. (2026) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.120223
Spring biomass-burning aerosols intensify extreme climate and socioeconomic risks around the South China Sea
Ji, Z., & Si-Xiao, Y. A. N. G. (2026) · Advances in Climate Change Research · doi:10.1016/j.accre.2026.08.007
Multi-Source Earth Observation and Explainable Machine Learning for Monitoring Northeast China Wildfire Smoke and Assessing Transboundary Air Quality Impacts on the Korean East CoastPreprint
Lee, K., & Kim, K. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7356697
Management of missing air pollution data within urban environments using machine learning regressions: a case study for Delhi, India
Shafi, S., & Nicola Scafetta, A. (2026) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-026-38181-1
“Coal-ﬁred power plants, car emissions, construction work, and the open burning of trash and farm waste are the main causes of these problems (Lalchan-dani et al. 2021; Hai and Oanh 2013; Truc and Kim Oanh 2007; Lasko et al. 2018; Streets et al. 2003).”
Damage-Intensity Prioritisation of Agricultural-Residue Burning: Spatially Explicit Health, Economic and Climate Co-Benefits of Residue Diversion in Northern Thailand
Boonpoke, A., Vongmahadlek, C., Jansri, S. N., Meesiri, S., Klanthong, C., Vongmahadlek, P., Parasin, N., & Amnuaylojaroen, T. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18189489

Authors: Streets, D. G., Yarber, K. F., Woo, J. ‐., & Carmichael, G. R.
Affiliations: Argonne National Laboratory (US)
University of Iowa (US)
ORCID: Streets, D. G.
Woo, J.‐H.
Carmichael, G. R.
Venue: Global Biogeochemical Cycles
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Published: 2003-10-15
Volume: 17
Issue: 4
ISSN: 0886-6236 (ISSN-L)
1944-9224
DOI: 10.1029/2003gb002040
OpenAlex: W2084089284
Cited by: 807
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 39
FWCI: 13.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Global Biogeochemical Cycles (publishedVersion)
NCHU Institutional Repository CRIS (submittedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Department of Energy
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
University of Chicago
Argonne National Laboratory
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Fire effects on ecosystems
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
Keywords: biomass burning, forest burning, crop residue burning, emission estimates, TOMS aerosol index, black carbon, organic carbon, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, methane, non-methane volatile organic compounds, air quality modeling, emission uncertainty, seasonal and spatial distribution

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Biomass burning in Asia: Annual and seasonal estimates and atmospheric emissions

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