Cited by 807Fire effects on ecosystemsAtmospheric chemistry and aerosolsAtmospheric aerosols and clouds

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Biomass burning in Asia: Annual and seasonal estimates and atmospheric emissions

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Streets, D. G., Yarber, K. F., Woo, J.‐H., Carmichael, G. R.·2003·Global Biogeochemical Cycles

DOI 10.1029/2003gb002040

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Abstract

Estimates of biomass burning in Asia are developed to facilitate the modeling of Asian and global air quality. A survey of national, regional, and international publications on biomass burning is conducted to yield consensus estimates of “typical” (i.e., non‐year‐specific) estimates of open burning (excluding biofuels). We conclude that 730 Tg of biomass are burned in a typical year from both anthropogenic and natural causes. Forest burning comprises 45% of the total, the burning of crop residues in the field comprises 34%, and 20% comes from the burning of grassland and savanna. China contributes 25% of the total, India 18%, Indonesia 13%, and Myanmar 8%. Regionally, forest burning in Southeast Asia dominates. National, annual totals are converted to daily and monthly estimates at 1° × 1° spatial resolution using distributions based on AVHRR fire counts for 1999–2000. Several adjustment schemes are applied to correct for the deficiencies of AVHRR data, including the use of moving averages, normalization, TOMS Aerosol Index, and masks for dust, clouds, landcover, and other fire sources. Good agreement between the national estimates of biomass burning and adjusted fire counts is obtained (R 2 = 0.71–0.78). Biomass burning amounts are converted to atmospheric emissions, yielding the following estimates: 0.37 Tg of SO 2 , 2.8 Tg of NO x , 1100 Tg of CO 2 , 67 Tg of CO, 3.1 Tg of CH 4 , 12 Tg of NMVOC, 0.45 Tg of BC, 3.3 Tg of OC, and 0.92 Tg of NH 3 . Uncertainties in the emission estimates, measured as 95% confidence intervals, range from a low of ±65% for CO 2 emissions in Japan to a high of ±700% for BC emissions in India.

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BackgroundMethod
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Background
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BackgroundInfluential
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Background
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BackgroundMethodInfluential
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Background
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Background
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“It has been reported that approximately 730 Tg of biomass are burned in Asia every year, 34 % of which was due to the burning of agricultural crop residues in the field (Streets et al. 2003).”
Background
Nonmethane hydrocarbons in the transported and local air masses at a clean remote site on Hainan Island, south China
Tang, J., Chan, L., Chan, C., Li, Y., Chang, C.-C., Liu, S. C., & Li, Y. (2007) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2006jd007796 · Cited by 25
“In this period, the burning of crop residues after harvest is one of the most important NMHC sources in rural China [ Streets et al., 2003b ].”
BackgroundInfluential
Monsoon-driven transport of atmospheric mercury to the South China Sea from the Chinese mainland and Southeast Asia—Observation of gaseous elemental mercury at a background station in South China
Liu, M., Chen, L., Xie, D., Sun, J., He, Q., Cai, L., Gao, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2016) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-016-7432-4 · Cited by 24
“Spring is the major biomass burning season in the Indochina Peninsula (Streets et al., 2003; Lai et al., 2010), likely resulting in the release of Hg to the atmosphere (Friedli et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluential
Phosphorus emission from open burning of major crop residues in China
Meng, Y., Li, R., Cui, L., Wang, Z., & Fu, H. (2021) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132568 · Cited by 24
Neglected biomass burning emissions of air pollutants in China-views from the corncob burning test, emission estimation, and simulations
Wu, J., Kong, S., Yan, Y., Yao, L., Yan, Q., Liu, D., Shen, G., Xiaoyang Zhang, A., & Qi, S. (2022) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119082 · Cited by 24
Spatial estimation of PM 2.5 emissions from straw open burning in Tianjin from 2001 to 2012
Chen, G., Guan, Y., Tong, L., Yan, B., & Hou, L. (2015) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.10.043 · Cited by 24
Sources and meteorological factors that control seasonal variation of δ34S values in rainwater
Xiao, H., Xiao, H., Long, A., Wang, Y.-L., & Liu, C. (2014) · Atmospheric Research · doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.06.003 · Cited by 24
Effect of dramatic land use change on gaseous pollutant emissions from biomass burning in Northeastern China
Zhao, H., Tong, D., Gao, C., & Wang, G. (2014) · Atmospheric Research · doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.10.008 · Cited by 24
“More detailed estimates of gaseous emissions from agricultural crop residue burning, forest and grassland burning, and biofuel combustion have been documented (Andreae and Merlet, 2001; Streets et al., 2003; Akagi et al., 2011).”
Background
Annual sulfur deposition through fog, wet and dry deposition in the Kinki Region of Japan
Shimadera, H., Kondo, A., Shrestha, K. L., Kaga, A., & Inoue, Y. (2011) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.08.055 · Cited by 24
“BVOC and biomass burning emissions were derived from Murano (2006) and Streets et al. (2003), respectively.”
Method
When climate change is not psychologically distant – Factors influencing the acceptance of sustainable farming practices in the Mekong river Delta of Vietnam
Connor, M., de Guia, A. H., Quilloy, R., Hùng, N. V., Gummert, M., & Sander, B. O. (2020) · World Development Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.wdp.2020.100204 · Cited by 28
Estimation of carbon emissions due to forest fire in Daxing’an Mountains from 1965 to 2010
Hu, H., Wei, S.-J., & Sun, L. (2013) · Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1258.2012.00629 · Cited by 24
Study on the hydration reaction and pore structure of ecologically recycled mortar with corn cob aggregates
Zhao, Y., Zhang, K., Wang, C., Shen, M., Bi, J., & Zhang, K. (2024) · Cement and Concrete Composites · doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2024.105493 · Cited by 23
Assessment of the biospheric contribution to surface atmospheric CO2 concentrations over East Asia with a regional chemical transport model
Kou, X., Zhang, M., Peng, Z., & Wang, Y. (2015) · Advances in Atmospheric Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00376-014-4059-6 · Cited by 23
“2f) could be primarily attributable to the rise of biomass burning during springtime (Streets et al., 2003b).”
Background
Dirty Stacks, High Stakes : An Overview of Brick Sector in South Asia
Eil, A., Li, J., Baral, P., & Eri Saikawa, B. (2020) · Cited by 23
Isotope constraints of the strong influence of biomass burning to climate-forcing Black Carbon aerosols over Southeast Asia
Liu, J., Andersson, A., Zhong, G., Geng, X., Ding, P., Zhu, S., Cheng, Z., Zakaria, M. P., Bong, C. W., Li, J., et al. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140359 · Cited by 23
The outflow of Asian biomass burning carbonaceous aerosol into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in spring: radiative effects seen in a global model
Chavan, P., Fadnavis, S. S., Chakroborty, T., Sioris, C. E., Griessbach, S. G., & Muller, R. H. (2021) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-21-14371-2021 · Cited by 23
“However, transport of Asian aerosol pollution into the UTLS during the spring season has not been reported hitherto when the deep convection occurs over the Malay Peninsula (Chang et al., 2005) and Indonesia and when biomass burning aerosol emissions show a peak (Streets et al., 2003; Fig.”
BackgroundInfluential
Isotopic constraints confirm the significant role of microbial nitrogen oxides emissions from the land and ocean environment
Song, W., Liu, X.-Y., Houlton, B. Z., & Liu, C. (2022) · National Science Review · doi:10.1093/nsr/nwac106 · Cited by 23
“Currently, emission amounts ofNOx fromcoal combustion [10,41], oil combustion [42] and biomass burning [43,44] have been reported explicitly in national statistic yearbooks and emission inventories [45–47].”
Background
Stable iron isotopic composition of atmospheric aerosols: An overview
Wang, Y., Wu, L., Hu, W., Li, W., Shi, Z., Harrison, R. M., & Fu, P. (2022) · npj Climate and Atmospheric Science · doi:10.1038/s41612-022-00299-7 · Cited by 29
A comparison of the physical and optical properties of anthropogenic air pollutants and mineral dust over Northwest China
Wang, X., Pu, W., Shi, J., Bi, J., Zhou, T., Zhang, X., & Ren, Y. (2015) · 气象学报：英文版 · doi:10.1007/s13351-015-4092-0 · Cited by 23
“Agricultural burning is characterized by high CO/NOx ratios (Streets et al., 2003b).”
BackgroundInfluential
Emission inventory evaluation using observations of regional atmospheric background stations of China
An, X., Sun, Z., Lin, W., Jin, M., & Li, N. (2013) · Journal of Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1001-0742(12)60082-5 · Cited by 23
Variations of carbonaceous aerosols from open crop residue burning with transport and its implication to estimate their lifetimes
Pan, X., Kanaya, Y., Wang, Z. F., Komazaki, Y., Taketani, F., Akimoto, H., & Pochanart, P. (2013) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.03.048 · Cited by 23
Contributions of regional and intercontinental transport to surface ozone in the Tokyo area
Yoshitomi, M., Wild, O., & Akimoto, H. (2011) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-11-7583-2011 · Cited by 23
“In addition, biomass burning sources (BB) are considered for southern Asia where peak emissions occur in the February– April period examined here ( Duncan et al. , 2003; Streets et al., 2003).”
BackgroundMethod
Fingerprinting characterization of sedimentary PAHs and black carbon in the East China Sea using carbon and hydrogen isotopes
Wang, Y., Li, T., Zhang, R., Russell, J. M., Xiao, X., Cheng, Y., Zhang, F., Liu, Z., Guan, M., & Han, Q. (2020) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115415 · Cited by 23
Multi-Model Evaluation of Meteorological Drivers, Air Pollutants and Quantification of Emission Sources over the Upper Brahmaputra Basin
Saikia, A., Pathak, B., Singh, P., Bhuyan, P. K., & Adhikary, B. (2019) · Atmosphere · doi:10.3390/atmos10110703 · Cited by 22
“BC (83 GgY−1) and SO2 (74 GgY−1) from the biomass burning sectors [10] and the highest contributor of CO from the domestic, industrial and road transport sectors [9].”
Background
Strong impacts of smoke polluted air demonstrated on the flight behaviour of the painted lady butterfly ( Vanessa cardui L.)
Liu, Y., Wooster, M. J., Grosvenor, M. J., Lim, K. S., & Francis, R. A. (2020) · Ecological Entomology · doi:10.1111/een.12952 · Cited by 22
“E-mail: martin.wooster@kcl.ac.uk for example, burning wheat stubble, rice straw, and other vegetative waste before and/or after harvest (Scholes et al., 1996; Streets et al., 2003; Toledo et al., 2005; Gadde et al., 2009; Mahmud, 2013; Jain et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2016).”
Background
Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Black Carbon (BC) in a Suburban Area of Klang Valley, Malaysia
Ezani, E., Dhandapani, S., Heal, M. R., Praveena, S. M., Khan, M. F., & Ramly, Z. T. A. (2021) · Atmosphere · doi:10.3390/atmos12060784 · Cited by 22
Strict control of biomass burning inhibited particulate matter nitrate pollution over Tianjin: Perspective from dual isotopes of nitrate
Xiao, H., Ding, S., Ji, C.-W., Li, Q., & Li, X. (2022) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119460 · Cited by 22
Surface distributions of O3, CO and hydrocarbons over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea during pre-monsoon season
Srivastava, S., Lal, S., Venkataramani, S., Gupta, S. K., & Sheel, V. (2011) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.10.023 · Cited by 22
Impact of Biochar on Soil Health
Krishnakumar, S., Balaganesh, B., Manikandan, P., Vinoth, C., & Rajendran, V. (2014) · Cited by 22
Bottom-up re-estimations of greenhouse gas and atmospheric pollutants derived from straw burning of three cereal crops production in China based on a national questionnaire
Liu, Y., Zhang, J., & Zhuang, M. (2021) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-15658-9 · Cited by 22
Characteristics of tropospheric ozone variability over an urban site in Southeast Asia: A study based on MOZAIC and MOZART vertical profiles
Sahu, L. K., Sheel, V., Kajino, M., Gunthe, S. S., Thouret, V., Nédélec, P., & Smit, H. G. J. (2013) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1002/jgrd.50662 · Cited by 22
“Among the countries in SE Asia region, the number of registered vehicles is highest in Thailand but the amount of fuel and biomass burned was estimated to be second highest after Indonesia [Streets et al., 2003a, 2003b].”
Background
Testing Iron Stable Isotope Ratios as a Signature of Biomass Burning
Kurisu, M., & Takahashi, Y. (2019) · Atmosphere · doi:10.3390/atmos10020076 · Cited by 21
“However, many other kinds of biomass burnings exist, such as forest fires, savanna, or grassland fires, and burning of crop residue [29,30].”
Background
Seasonal patterns in rice and wheat residue burning and surface PM2.5 concentration in northern India
Montes, C., Sapkota, T. B., & Singh, B. (2022) · Atmospheric Environment X · doi:10.1016/j.aeaoa.2022.100154 · Cited by 21
“This work was carried out by International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) with support of the CGIAR research program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).”
Method
Estimates of emission and deposition of reactive nitrogenous species for India
Sharma, C., Tiwari, M., & Pathak, H. K. (2008) · IR@NPL (CSIR-The National Physical Laboratory(NPL)) · Cited by 21
Top‐down estimate of China's black carbon emissions using surface observations: Sensitivity to observation representativeness and transport model error
Wang, X., Wang, Y., Hao, J., Kondo, Y., Irwin, M., Munger, J. W., & Zhao, Y. (2013) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1002/jgrd.50397 · Cited by 21
Tracking sensitive source areas of different weather pollution types using GRAPES-CUACE adjoint model
Wang, C., An, X., Zhai, S., Hou, Q., & Sun, Z. (2017) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.041 · Cited by 21
Bottom-up emission inventories of multiple air pollutants from open straw burning: A case study of Jiangsu province, Eastern China
Li, L., Zhao, Q., Zhang, J., Li, H., Liu, Q., Li, C., Chen, F., Qiao, Y., & Han, J. (2018) · Atmospheric Pollution Research · doi:10.1016/j.apr.2018.09.011 · Cited by 21
Spatiotemporal Variations and Uncertainty in Crop Residue Burning Emissions over North China Plain: Implication for Atmospheric CO2 Simulation
Fu, Y., Gao, H., Liao, H., & Tian, X. (2021) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs13193880 · Cited by 21
Long-term variability in black carbon emissions constrained by gap-filled absorption aerosol optical depth and associated premature mortality in China
Zhao, W., Zhao, Y., Zheng, Y., Chen, D., Xin, J., Li, K., Che, H., Li, Z., Ma, M., & Hang, Y. (2024) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-24-6593-2024 · Cited by 21
The Global Forest Fire Emissions Prediction System version 1.0
Anderson, K., Chen, J., Englefield, P., Griffin, D., Makar, P. A., & Thompson, D. K. (2024) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-17-7713-2024 · Cited by 20
Application of an Online-Coupled Regional Climate Model, WRF-CAM5, over East Asia for Examination of Ice Nucleation Schemes: Part I. Comprehensive Model Evaluation and Trend Analysis for 2006 and 2011
Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., Fan, J., Leung, L.-Y. R., Zhang, Q., & He, K. (2015) · Climate · doi:10.3390/cli3030627 · Cited by 20
“Great biomass burning activities, which are large contributors to CO emissions, over South and Southeast Asia in spring were reported ([63]).”
Background
Levels and spatial distributions of levoglucosan and dissolved organic carbon in snowpits over the Tibetan Plateau glaciers
Li, Q., Wang, N., Barbante, C., Kang, S., Yao, P., Wan, X., Barbaro, E., Hidalgo, M. D. C. V., Gambaro, A., Li, C., et al. (2017) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.267 · Cited by 20
Effect of Large-scale Biomass Burning on Aerosol Optical Properties at the GAW Regional Station Pha Din, Vietnam
Bukowiecki, N., Steinbacher, M., Henne, S., Nguyen, N. A., Nguyen, X. A., Lê, H. A., Nguyen, D.-L., Duong, H., Engling, G., Wehrle, G., et al. (2019) · Aerosol and Air Quality Research · doi:10.4209/aaqr.2018.11.0406 · Cited by 20
“Northern Southeast Asia is an area that is well-known for being severely affected by intense seasonal biomass burning (BB) in the form of forest wildfires and agricultural crop burning as well as biofuel usage for cooking (Carmichael et al. , 2003; Streets et al. , 2003, 2009; Gautam et al. , 2013).”

Authors: Streets, D. G., Yarber, K. F., Woo, J. ‐., & Carmichael, G. R.
Affiliations: Argonne National Laboratory (US)
University of Iowa (US)
ORCID: Streets, D. G.
Woo, J.‐H.
Carmichael, G. R.
Venue: Global Biogeochemical Cycles
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Published: 2003-10-15
Volume: 17
Issue: 4
ISSN: 0886-6236 (ISSN-L)
1944-9224
DOI: 10.1029/2003gb002040
OpenAlex: W2084089284
Cited by: 807
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 39
FWCI: 13.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Global Biogeochemical Cycles (publishedVersion)
NCHU Institutional Repository CRIS (submittedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Department of Energy
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
University of Chicago
Argonne National Laboratory
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Fire effects on ecosystems
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
Keywords: biomass burning, forest burning, crop residue burning, emission estimates, TOMS aerosol index, black carbon, organic carbon, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, methane, non-methane volatile organic compounds, air quality modeling, emission uncertainty, seasonal and spatial distribution

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Biomass burning in Asia: Annual and seasonal estimates and atmospheric emissions

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