The DOI matches its Crossref record; 54 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 12 of the 45 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep‐sea sediments in an Earth system model
Open accessAbstract
We have extended the GENIE‐1 Earth system model to include a representation of sedimentary stratigraphy and the preservation of biogenic carbonates delivered to the ocean floor. This has enabled us to take a novel approach in diagnosing modern marine carbon cycling: assimilating observation of the calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) content of deep‐sea sediments with an ensemble Kalman filter. The resulting calibrated model predicts a mean surface sediment content (32.5 wt%) close to the observed value (34.8 wt%), and a global burial rate of CaCO 3 in deep sea sediments of 0.121 PgC yr −1 , in line with recent budget estimates of 0.10−0.14 PgC yr −1 . We employ the GENIE‐1 model in quantifying the multimillennial‐scale fate of fossil fuel CO 2 emitted to the atmosphere. In the absence of any interaction between ocean and sediments, an equilibrium partitioning of CO 2 is reached within ∼1000 years of emissions ceasing, with 34% (645 ppm) remaining in the atmosphere out of a total fossil fuel burn of 4173 PgC. An additional 12% of CO 2 emissions (223 ppm) are sequestered as bicarbonate ions (HCO 3 − ) by reaction with deep‐sea carbonates (“seafloor CaCO 3 neutralization”) on a timescale of ∼1.7 ka. Excess of carbonate weathering on land over deep‐sea burial results in a further net transformation of 14% of CO 2 emissions (261 ppm) into HCO 3 − (“terrestrial CaCO 3 neutralization”) on a timescale of ∼8.3 ka. We have also assessed the importance of a changing climate in modulating the stabilization of atmospheric CO 2 through ocean‐sediment interaction. Increased ocean stratification suppresses particulate organic carbon export, which in turn enhances seafloor CaCO 3 preservation. The resulting reduction in the sequestration of fossil fuel CO 2 represents a new positive feedback on millennial‐scale climate change.
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Claims the paper makes
30 Own result · 16 Own interpretation · 13 No full text of the sources · 13 No basis given · 5 Supported so far · 3 Supported · 3 Partly supported · 2 Not checked yet · 2 Own method · 1 Sources not found · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“because of large uncertainties in model structure, meaning that the model is known a priori to be a far from perfect model, using the full ensemble results to provide probabilistic estimates of model variables or parameters would not be a valid approach, as discussed by Ridgwell et al. [2007].”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 3. Data Assimilation and Calibration of Ocean-Sediment Carbon Cycling
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Ridgwell et al. [2007] source
Section 3.1 (p. 9) says ensemble spread indicates uncertainty only when all uncertainties are well defined. Because the paper’s model parameterizations may be inadequate, the authors say they cannot estimate the calibrated model’s true uncertainty and instead use the ensemble mean as a single best parameter set. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The improvement in wt% CaCO 3 afforded by the addition of 2-D sediment data in the EnKF resulted in only a very slight degradation in the quality of alkalinity and phosphate fields compared to observations, less than 1% increase in the mean square difference between the data and the model fields compared to that presented by Ridgwell et al. [2007].”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 4. Present-Day Global Carbonate Cycling
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Ridgwell et al. [2007] source
The citation identifies Ridgwell et al. (2007) as the comparison baseline, not as the source of the later study’s less-than-1% result. Section 3.1 (pp. 8–9) describes Ridgwell et al.’s EnKF calibration against observed alkalinity and phosphate fields, supporting that use of the citation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
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In the paper
“Previous analysis of the role of deep-sea sediments in the long-term fate of fossil fuel CO 2 employed off-line tracer-transport marine carbon cycle models in which the ocean circulation was prescribed [e.g., Archer et al., 1997Archer et al., , 1998;;Sundquist, 1990].”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 5.2. Importance of Climatic and Calcification Feedbacks With CO 2
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Archer et al., 1997 source
- Partly supportedcites Archer et al., 1998 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Model Description (page unavailable) says the authors coupled an ocean-circulation and water-column chemistry model to a deep-sea sediment model, supporting the citation as an example of the stated research. It does not specify that the model was off-line or that ocean circulation was prescribed; searches for those terms did not establish that methodological detail. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sundquist, 1990 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Because the GENIE-1 model contains a climate component we are able to extend the analysis made in formative earlier studies [e.g., Archer et al. , 1997Archer et al. , , 1998;;Sundquist, 1990] by now explicitly assessing the impact of major feedbacks between CO 2 and climate on carbonate compensation.”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 5.2. Importance of Climatic and Calcification Feedbacks With CO 2
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Archer et al., 1997 source
- Supportedcites Archer et al., 1998 source
The citation identifies Archer et al. (1998) as an earlier study of carbonate compensation, not as the study using GENIE-1 or assessing climate–CO2 feedbacks. The Model Description says it simulates the ocean and sediment response to anthropogenic CO2, and §5.3 explicitly describes its treatment of CaCO3 compensation. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sundquist, 1990 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Important feedback may also exist between CO 2 and marine carbonate production.”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 5.2. Importance of Climatic and Calcification Feedbacks With CO 2
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Orr et al., 2005 source
The introduction (p. 1) says increasing CO2 reduces carbonate availability and calcification. The “Ocean CO2 uptake” section (p. 4) describes the reverse effect: reduced CaCO3 export could increase ocean CO2 uptake and decrease atmospheric CO2. This supports the hedged claim that feedback may exist, although the paper says it would provide little compensation for other reductions in ocean CO2 uptake. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Caldeira and Wickett, 2003 source
- Supportedcites Zondervan et al., 2001 source
The Discussion (pp. 7–8) models how CO2-related decreases in marine calcification could reverse an expected positive feedback on atmospheric CO2 into a negative one. It also describes the broader ocean–atmosphere response as speculative, consistent with the claim’s ‘may exist’ qualifier. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“With a fixed ocean circulation and climatology it is difficult to account for the importance of feedbacks with climate except in a highly parameterized manner [Archer et al., 2004;Archer, 2005].”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 5.2. Importance of Climatic and Calcification Feedbacks With CO 2
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Archer et al., 2004 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 4.1.1 describes Hamocc2 as an offline model in which temperature changes affect CO₂ solubility but not ocean circulation; it imposes a uniform temperature response to atmospheric CO₂. The Fig. 3 caption describes that response as “hard wired” into the model. These passages support the claim’s description of parameterized climate feedback under fixed circulation, but do not establish the broader assertion that accounting for such feedbacks is generally difficult except in that manner. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Archer, 2005 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“most ($70À80%) of the CaCO 3 rain flux reaching the sediment surface dissolves and is returned to the ocean anyway”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 2.3. Ocean-Sediment System Configuration and Spinup
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Excess of carbonate weathering on land over deep-sea burial results in a further net transformation of 14% of CO 2 emissions (261 ppm) into HCO 3 À (''terrestrial CaCO 3 neutralization'') on a timescale of $8.3 ka.”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The resulting calibrated model predicts a mean surface sediment content (32.5 wt%) close to the observed value (34.8 wt%)”
- Also stated in: § 4. Present-Day Global Carbonate Cycling · plain
“Global mean surface sediment CaCO 3 content is now 32.5 wt% and much closer to the observational-based estimate of 34.8 wt%”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 4. Present-Day Global Carbonate Cycling · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An additional 12% of CO 2 emissions (223 ppm) are sequestered as bicarbonate ions (HCO 3 À ) by reaction with deep-sea carbonates (''seafloor CaCO 3 neutralization'') on a timescale of $1.7 ka.”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 24
- Probably not a substantial claim. 5
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The response of atmospheric CO 2 to ocean-sediment interaction actually comprises contributions from two different mechanisms: (1) the dissolution of carbonates previously deposited to the sediments (seafloor CaCO 3 neutralization) and (2) imbalance between weathering and sedimentation (terrestrial CaCO 3 neutralization) [Archer et al., 1997[Archer et al., , 1998]].”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 5.1. Characterizing the Components of Ocean-Sediment Interaction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Archer et al., 1997 source
- Supportedcites Archer et al., 1998 source
Section 5.3 (CaCO3 Steady State) identifies two complementary neutralization responses: dissolution of previously deposited seafloor CaCO3 and net dissolution of terrestrial CaCO3 when weathering is not balanced by seafloor deposition. This matches the two mechanisms attributed to the paper. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“This is consistent with a 1500-to 2700-year timescale estimated for a primary alkalinity response in box models [Sundquist, 1990], but about 3 times shorter than the 5À6 ka estimated by Archer et al. [1997Archer et al. [ , 1998]].”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 5.1. Characterizing the Components of Ocean-Sediment Interaction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sundquist, 1990 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Archer et al., 1997 source
- Supportedcites Archer et al., 1998 source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Our estimated timescale of 8.3 ka (Figure 7c) is near identical to previous 3-D ocean-based model analyses (8.2À8.5 ka [Archer et al., 1997[Archer et al., , 1998]]) and consistent with the 6300À11,800 year ''secondary alkalinity response'' of Sundquist [1990].”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 5.1. Characterizing the Components of Ocean-Sediment Interaction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Archer et al., 1997 source
- Supportedcites Archer et al., 1998 source
Section 5.2 reports that the modeled relaxation slows to an 8.3 kyr timescale after year 10,000; the Figure 9 caption in Section 5.3 gives the value as 8,260 years. That supports citing this paper for a previous model timescale within 8.2–8.5 ka. The Sundquist response is attributed separately to Sundquist [1990] in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sundquist, 1990 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In the GENIE-1 model, a substantial reduction in CaCO 3 export occurs in response to ocean surface acidification [Ridgwell et al., 2006] (Figure 8c) resulting in a pronounced acceleration of both seafloor and terrestrial CaCO 3 neutralization processes, indicated by the steepening of initial and long-term slopes in Figure 9.”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 5.2. Importance of Climatic and Calcification Feedbacks With CO 2
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Ridgwell et al., 2006 source
The citation follows the claim that GENIE-1 predicts reduced CaCO3 export in response to acidification. The Results (section 4, p. 5) report that falling calcite saturation led to a 13% decrease in marine carbonate production by 1994. The subsequent claim about accelerated neutralization is presented as the citing paper’s interpretation of its own Figure 9, not as a finding attributed to Ridgwell et al. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Although there are substantial uncertainties in the likely global response of calcifiers to lower surface pH [Kleypas et al., 2006;Ridgwell et al., 2006]”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 5.2. Importance of Climatic and Calcification Feedbacks With CO 2
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kleypas et al., 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Ridgwell et al., 2006 source
The Conclusions (p. 10) explicitly highlight uncertainties about calcifier responses to anthropogenic ocean acidification and say that experimental responses may not predict ecosystem- or global-level responses. The Discussion (p. 9) also identifies uncertainty in how models represent the calcification response. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After a further 10 ka of open system integration we find that the mean sedimentary composition changes by <0.1 wt% CaCO 3 suggesting that configuration as a closed system is not an important source of error.”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 2.3. Ocean-Sediment System Configuration and Spinup
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the global mean carbonate preservation efficiency of 25.8% is consistent with the 20À30% range estimated by Archer [1996].”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 2.3. Ocean-Sediment System Configuration and Spinup
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Archer [1996] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“and a global burial rate of CaCO 3 in deep sea sediments of 0.121 PgC yr À1 , in line with recent budget estimates of 0.10À0.14PgC yr À1 .”
- Also stated in: § 4. Present-Day Global Carbonate Cycling · plain
“Of the CaCO 3 rain to the sediment surface, 0.121 PgC yr À1 is preserved and buried, a value that lies at the centre of recent global carbonate budget estimates of 0.1-0.14PgC yr À1 [Feely et al., 2004].”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Feely et al., 2004 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 4. Present-Day Global Carbonate Cycling · plain
In the paper
“flux (43 Tmol C yr À1 ) falls slightly outside of previous model-based estimates (25À40 Tmol C yr À1 [Archer, 1996])”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 2.3. Ocean-Sediment System Configuration and Spinup
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Archer, 1996 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By the start of the next millennium (year 3000), the ocean has achieved near equilibrium with atmospheric composition, with 1418 PgC of fossil fuel CO 2 remaining in the atmosphere, equivalent to 923 ppm above the pre-industrial concentration of 278 ppm.”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 5. Long-Term Fate of Fossil Fuel CO 2
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although with the inclusion of the new data constraint, a stable solution to the calibration of 10 parameters was obtained, the two new parameters do not change much from the assumed prior ranges (see auxiliary material).In addition, when adopting these prior ranges, the overall cost was not significantly improved but the global mean and distribution of wt% CaCO 3 in the sediments was degraded.”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 3. Data Assimilation and Calibration of Ocean-Sediment Carbon Cycling
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We find that the effects of seafloor and terrestrial carbonate neutralization are approximately equal in magnitude, accounting for the sequestration of 12.4% and 13.7%, respectively, of fossil fuel CO 2 emissions.”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 5.1. Characterizing the Components of Ocean-Sediment Interaction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We now capture much more of the observed variability in sediment composition (Figure 4d), although the same broad-scale modeldata mismatches remain.”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 4. Present-Day Global Carbonate Cycling
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The CaCO 3 rain flux to the sediments of the open ocean (>175 m water depth in the model) is 0.64 PgC yr À1 and is associated with a flux of particulate organic carbon (POC) of 0.87 PgC yr À1 .”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 4. Present-Day Global Carbonate Cycling
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean sedimentary CaCO 3 content of deep-sea sediments (33.3 wt%) and global deep-sea carbonate sink (0.121 PgC yr À1 ) are little changed.”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 4. Present-Day Global Carbonate Cycling
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Associated with the warming-driven stratification of the ocean is a restriction in nutrient supply and thus biological (export) production [Plattner et al., 2001;Sarmiento et al., 1998], with a peak year $2200 reduction of about 16% (Figure 8b).”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 5.2. Importance of Climatic and Calcification Feedbacks With CO 2
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Plattner et al., 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sarmiento et al., 1998 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher atmospheric CO 2 induces a 5.8°C peak warming of annual mean ocean surface temperature and a weakening of Atlantic meridional overturning from 16.3 to 14.1 Sv.”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 5.2. Importance of Climatic and Calcification Feedbacks With CO 2
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Feedback between CO 2 and calcification is overall negative, enhancing fossil fuel CO 2 sequestration.”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 5.2. Importance of Climatic and Calcification Feedbacks With CO 2
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although stratification affects both particulate organic carbon (POC) and CaCO 3 fluxes (Figure 8c) proportionally, the reduction in POC rather than CaCO 3 rain dominates the net effect on the sediments compared to the no-feedbacks case and carbonate preservation is overall enhanced (Figure 8d).”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 5.2. Importance of Climatic and Calcification Feedbacks With CO 2
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A larger difference is observed if the ''PAC_10'' parameter set is used at 36 Â 36 resolution; year CO 2 is 3 ppm lower and declines much quicker with time than under ''PAC_8'', reaching 30 ppm lower by the year 10000.”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 5.3. Sensitivity of Future CO 2 Predictions to Model Configuration
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The control on atmospheric CO 2 exerted by terrestrial CaCO 3 neutralization is more gradual.”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 5.1. Characterizing the Components of Ocean-Sediment Interaction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Feedbacks between climatic changes such as these and CO 2 are overall positive [cf.Friedlingstein et al., 2006], resulting in an enhancement of the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere compared to the no-feedback case.”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 5.2. Importance of Climatic and Calcification Feedbacks With CO 2
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Friedlingstein et al., 2006 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By doing this we find that seafloor CaCO 3 neutralization acts with a faster response time (1.7 ka) than previously estimated, making this process more important to future millennial-scale change than was assumed.”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 6. Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increased ocean stratification suppresses particulate organic carbon export, which in turn enhances seafloor CaCO 3 preservation.”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The EnKF method is well converged after each ensemble member has been run for a total of 25,000 years.”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 3. Data Assimilation and Calibration of Ocean-Sediment Carbon Cycling
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“There is also uncertainty as to whether the present-day marine carbonate cycle is at steady state or not [Milliman and Droxler, 1996].”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 5. Long-Term Fate of Fossil Fuel CO 2
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Milliman and Droxler, 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This arises both owing to a larger initial erodable CaCO 3 inventory (38.4 wt%) as well as a greater weathering throughput (0.153 PgC yr À1 ), enhancing seafloor and terrestrial carbonate neutralization mechanisms, respectively.”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 5.3. Sensitivity of Future CO 2 Predictions to Model Configuration
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, the initial slope of the total CO 2 response reflects both seafloor and terrestrial carbonate neutralization processes operating simultaneously”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 5.1. Characterizing the Components of Ocean-Sediment Interaction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Differences in model parameterization of bioturbation will affect the rate of exhumation of previously buried carbonates and thus the timescale of CO 2 drawdown.”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 5.1. Characterizing the Components of Ocean-Sediment Interaction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This time interval is necessary for the open system to approach a steady state balance between inputs (weathering) and outputs (sedimentary burial) as well as to accumulate a sufficient depth of calcareous sediments for subsequent CO 2 driven erosion.”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 5. Long-Term Fate of Fossil Fuel CO 2
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The rate of dissolution of biogenic minerals deposited to marine sediments, particularly CaCO3 and opal, is responsive to changes in the overlying ocean geochemistry.
“This role arises because the rate of dissolution of biogenic minerals deposited to marine sediments, particularly calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) and opal (amorphous hydrated silica), is responsive to changes in the overlying ocean geochemistry.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Observed distributions of surface sedimentary properties, particularly CaCO3 and opal, reflect ecological patterns among marine plankton at the ocean surface as well as the depth of the seafloor and geochemistry of the abyssal ocean.
“For instance, observed distributions of surface sedimentary properties, particularly the major solid constituents CaCO 3 and opal, reflect ecological patterns among marine plankton at the ocean surface as well as the depth of the seafloor and geochemistry of the abyssal ocean.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
All organic matter is entirely remineralized in the surface sediments of the deep sea.
“We assume that all organic matter is entirely remineralized in the surface sediments of the deep sea and so omit organic matter as an explicit component of accumulating sediments.”
“It should be noted that particulate organic carbon reaching the sediments is assumed completely remineralized, although CO 2(aq) released by remineralization within the sediments is available for driving carbonate dissolution [Archer, 1991].”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The predicted CO2 trajectory assumes no change in land carbon storage either due to interaction with the terrestrial biosphere or changes in anthropogenic land use.
“The predicted CO 2 trajectory implicitly assumes no change in land carbon storage either due to interaction with the terrestrial biosphere (addressed elsewhere [Lenton et al., 2006]) or changes in anthropogenic land use [e.g., Sitch et al., 2005].”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Year 50,000 is reasonably close to steady state.
“eventual'' (assumed, year 50,000) anthropogenic CO 2 storage”
“assuming that steady state is approximately attained by the year 50,000.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 4. Present-Day Global Carbonate Cycling
“The mean sedimentary CaCO 3 content of deep-sea sediments (33.3 wt%) and global deep-sea carbonate sink (0.121 PgC yr À1 ) are little changed.”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 6. Conclusions
“| PAC_8 | 33.1 | 0.121 | 1311 | 918 | 569 | 424 | 8-parameter PO 4 + ALK + CaCO 3 assimilation, 72 Â 72 grid |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 5. Long-Term Fate of Fossil Fuel CO 2
“with 1418 PgC of fossil fuel CO 2 remaining in the atmosphere, equivalent to 923 ppm above the pre-industrial concentration of 278 ppm.”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > Abstract
“with 34% (645 ppm) remaining in the atmosphere out of a total fossil fuel burn of 4173 PgC.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 4. Present-Day Global Carbonate Cycling
“Global mean surface sediment CaCO 3 content is now 32.5 wt%”
§ Regulation of atmospheric CO 2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model > 6. Conclusions
“| PAC_8 | 32.4 | 0.121 | 1311 | 914 | 557 | 423 | 8-parameter PO 4 + ALK + CaCO 3 assimilation, 36 Â 36 grid |”
Citations
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Impact of Anthropogenic CO 2 on the CaCO 3 System in the Oceans
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Simulated response of the ocean carbon cycle to anthropogenic climate warming
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“Associated with the warming-driven stratification of the ocean is a restriction in nutrient supply and thus biological (export) production [Plattner et al., 2001; Sarmiento et al., 1998], with a peak year 2200 reduction of about 16% (Figure 8b).”
BackgroundKlaas, C., & Archer, D. E. (2002) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2001gb001765 · Cited by 821
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Ridgwell A. J.(2001) Glacial‐interglacial perturbations in the global carbon cycle Ph.D. thesis Univ. of East Anglia at Norwich Norwich U.K.(Available athttp://andy.seao2.org/pubs/ridgwell_2001.pdf).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Geological Record of Ocean Acidification
Hönisch, B., Ridgwell, A. J., Schmidt, D. N., Thomas, E., Gibbs, S. J., Sluijs, A., Zeebe, R. E., Kump, L. R., Martindale, R. C., Greene, S. E., et al. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1208277 · Cited by 1,065
Self-citationQuantifying the degradation of organic matter in marine sediments: A review and synthesis
Arndt, S., Jørgensen, B. B., LaRowe, D. E., Middelburg, J. J., Pancost, R. D., & Regnier, P. (2013) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.02.008 · Cited by 1,040
“…in marine sediments are essential for understanding the global carbon cycle and climate (e.g. Arthur et al., 1988; Berner and Canfield, 1989; Berner, 1990; Siegenthaler and Sarmiento, 1993; Archer and Maier-Reimer, 1994; Mackenzie, 2004; Ridgwell and Zeebe, 2005; Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007).”
BackgroundMethodAtmospheric Lifetime of Fossil Fuel Carbon Dioxide
Archer, D. E., Eby, M., Brovkin, V. A., Ridgwell, A. J., Cao, L., Mikolajewicz, U., Caldeira, K., Matsumoto, K., Munhoven, G., Montenegro, Á., et al. (2009) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.031208.100206 · Cited by 965
“Other previous studies (Archer et al. 1997, Ridgwell & Hargreaves 2007, Tyrrell et al. 2007) predicted CaCO3 neutralization timescales of millennia and longer, consistent with our results.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationJoos, F., Roth, R., Fuglestvedt, J. S., Peters, G. P., Enting, I. G., von Bloh, W., Brovkin, V., Burke, E. J., Eby, M., Edwards, N. R., et al. (2013) · Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics · doi:10.5194/acp-13-2793-2013 · Cited by 839
Very large release of mostly volcanic carbon during the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
Gutjahr, M., Ridgwell, A. J., Sexton, P. F., Anagnostou, E., Pearson, P. N., Pälike, H., Norris, R. D., Thomas, E., & Foster, G. L. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature23646 · Cited by 448
Self-citationMacroeconomic impact of stranded fossil fuel assets
Mercure, J.-F., Pollitt, H., Viñuales, J. E., Edwards, N. R., Holden, P. B., Chewpreecha, U., Salas, P., Sognnaes, I., Lam, A., & Knobloch, F. (2018) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0182-1 · Cited by 430
Schmittner, A., Oschlies, A., Matthews, H. D., & Galbraith, E. D. (2008) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2007gb002953 · Cited by 427
“, 1998] than considered here, although they might become significant already after !1700 years and thus would alter the later parts of our simulations [Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007].”
BackgroundEby, M., Zickfeld, K., Montenegro, Á., Archer, D. E., Meißner, K. J., & Weaver, A. J. (2008) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/2008jcli2554.1 · Cited by 381
“…as much as a quarter of the perturbation lasts for more than 5000 yr (Archer et al. 1998; Archer 2005; Archer and Brovkin 2008; Lenton and Britton 2006; Lenton et al. 2006; Ridgwell and Hargreaves 2007; Ridgwell et al. 2007; Mikolajewicz et al. 2007; Tyrell et al. 2007; Montenegro et al. 2007).”
BackgroundThe millennial atmospheric lifetime of anthropogenic CO2
Archer, D., & Brovkin, V. (2008) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-008-9413-1 · Cited by 372
“Restoring the pH also replenishes the buffering ability of seawater to store more CO 2 , so the airborne fraction of the fossil fuel CO 2 drops a bit further (Ridgwell and Hargreaves 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe fate of organic carbon in marine sediments - New insights from recent data and analysis
LaRowe, D. E., Arndt, S., Bradley, J. A., Estes, E. R., Hoarfrost, A., Lang, S. Q., Lloyd, K. G., Mahmoudi, N., Orsi, W. D., Walter, S. R. S., et al. (2020) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103146 · Cited by 312
“…critical component of the global carbon cycle and is intricately linked to Earth's climate (Berner and Canfield, 1989; Berner, 1990; Siegenthaler and Sarmiento, 1993; Archer and Maier-Reimer, 1994; Mackenzie et al., 2004; Ridgwell and Zeebe, 2005; Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007; Hülse et al., 2017).”
BackgroundRidgwell, A., Hargreaves, J. C., Edwards, N. R., Annan, J. D., Lenton, T. M., Marsh, R., Yool, A., & Watson, A. (2007) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-4-87-2007 · Cited by 295
“…associated depletion of dissolved oxygen, and in more extreme circumstances, of nitrate and sulphate, we do not explicitly account for important long-term sedimentary controls on ocean chemistry, with the exception of carbon and alkalinity associated with CaCO3 – see Ridgwell and Hargreaves (2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationSlow release of fossil carbon during the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
Cui, Y., Kump, L. R., Ridgwell, A. J., Charles, A. J., Junium, C. K., Diefendorf, A. F., Freeman, K. H., Urban, N. M., & Harding, I. C. (2011) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/ngeo1179 · Cited by 265
“uk ) was used to constrain the rate and cumulative amount of carbon release necessary to generate both the magnitude and the shape of the observed PETM isotopic record and deep-sea sedimentary respons”
MethodSelf-citationKrumins, V., Gehlen, M., Arndt, S., Van Cappellen, P., & Regnier, P. (2013) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-10-371-2013 · Cited by 242
Sedimentary response to Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum carbon release: A model-data comparison
Panchuk, K., Ridgwell, A. J., & Kump, L. R. (2008) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g24474a.1 · Cited by 232
“We use the GENIE-1 model, which consists of a three-dimensional ocean and atmosphere circulation model (Edwards and Marsh, 2005), coupled to marine carbon cycle (Ridgwell et al., 2007) and seafl oor sediment models (Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007; Ridgwell, 2007).”
MethodSelf-citationPast constraints on the vulnerability of marine calcifiers to massive carbon dioxide release
Ridgwell, A. J., & Schmidt, D. N. (2010) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/ngeo755 · Cited by 224
“plus preservation of carbonates in deep-sea sediment”
Self-citationBrovkin, V. A., Ganopolski, A., Archer, D. E., & Rahmstorf, S. (2007) · Paleoceanography · doi:10.1029/2006pa001380 · Cited by 220
Eby, M., Weaver, A. J., Alexander, K., Zickfeld, K., Abe‐Ouchi, A., Cimatoribus, A., Crespin, E., Drijfhout, S., Edwards, N. R., Eliseev, A. V., et al. (2013) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-9-1111-2013 · Cited by 228
“Ocean chemistry is modelled with BIOGEM (Ridgwell et al., 2007), including iron limitation (Annan and Hargreaves, 2010), and is coupled to the sediment model SEDGEM with fixed weathering, diagnosed during the model spin-up to simulated observed ocean alkalinity (Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007).”
MethodSelf-citationTowards explaining the Nd paradox using reversible scavenging in an ocean general circulation model
Siddall, M. E., Khatiwala, S., van de Flierdt, T., et al. (2008) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.07.044 · Cited by 215
“The global mean dissolution rate of CaCO3 in surface sediment is of the order of 70–80% (Archer 1996; Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007).”
BackgroundOcean Acidification in Deep Time
Kump, L. R., Bralower, T. J., & Ridgwell, A. J. (2009) · Oceanography · doi:10.5670/oceanog.2009.100 · Cited by 215
Self-citationBach, L. T., Riebesell, U., Gutowska, M. A., Federwisch, L., & Schulz, K. G. (2015) · Progress In Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.04.012 · Cited by 180
“…show that the oceans will contain more HCO3 50,000 years into the future than at present while [H+] will be similarly low (Archer et al., 2009; Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007) with the degree of long-term carbonation positively scaling with the amount of anthropogenic CO2 that will be released…”
BackgroundInfluentialIlyina, T., Wolf-Gladrow, D., Munhoven, G., & Heinze, C. (2013) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1002/2013gl057981 · Cited by 170
“Due to slow equilibration with sediments at the ocean bottom, concomitant changes in seawater carbonate chemistry go on for several tens of thousands of years [Archer, 2005; Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007].”
BackgroundNew challenges in integrated water quality modelling
Rode, M., Arhonditsis, G. B., Balin, D., Kebede, T., Krysanova, V., van Griensven, A., & van der Zee, S. E. A. T. M. (2010) · Hydrological Processes · doi:10.1002/hyp.7766 · Cited by 146
Glacial-interglacial variability in atmospheric CO2
Kohfeld, K. E., & Ridgwell, A. J. (2009) · Geophysical monograph · doi:10.1029/2008gm000845 · Cited by 147
Self-citationMercure, J.-F., Pollitt, H., Edwards, N. R., Holden, P. B., Chewpreecha, U., Salas, P., Lam, A., Knobloch, F., & Vinuales, J. E. (2018) · Energy Strategy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.esr.2018.03.003 · Cited by 138
“BIOGEM is coupled to the sediment model SEDGEM [78], describing calcium carbonate preservation in deepsea sediments and its role in regulating atmospheric CO2.”
MethodLong term fate of anthropogenic carbon
Montenegro, Á., Brovkin, V. A., Eby, M., Archer, D. E., & Weaver, A. J. (2007) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2007gl030905 · Cited by 126
A middle Eocene carbon cycle conundrum
Sluijs, A., Zeebe, R. E., Bijl, P. K., & Bohaty, S. M. (2013) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/ngeo1807 · Cited by 116
Are there pre-Quaternary geological analogues for a future greenhouse warming?
Haywood, A. M., Ridgwell, A. J., Lunt, D. J., Hill, D. J., Pound, M. J., Dowsett, H. J., Dolan, A. M., Francis, J. E., & Williams, M. (2011) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2010.0317 · Cited by 117
Self-citationAn isopycnic ocean carbon cycle model
Assmann, K. M., Bentsen, M., Segschneider, J., & Heinze, C. (2010) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-3-143-2010 · Cited by 111
Ocean Dynamics and the Carbon Cycle: Principles and Mechanisms
Williams, R. G., & Follows, M. J. (2011) · Cited by 111
The role of ocean transport in the uptake of anthropogenic CO 2
Cao, L., Eby, M., Ridgwell, A. J., Caldeira, K., Archer, D. E., Ishida, A., Joos, F., Matsumoto, K., Mikolajewicz, U., Mouchet, A., et al. (2009) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-6-375-2009 · Cited by 120
“Thus, ocean transport could also affect the timescale of “CaCO3 neutralization” (e.g., Archer et al., 1997; Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe time scale of the silicate weathering negative feedback on atmospheric CO 2
Colbourn, G., Ridgwell, A. J., & Lenton, T. M. (2015) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1002/2014gb005054 · Cited by 111
“This process is known as “terrestrial neutralization” [Archer et al., 1998; Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationInfluences of light and humidity on carbonyl sulfide-based estimates of photosynthesis
Kooijmans, L. M. J., Sun, W., Aalto, J., et al. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1807600116 · Cited by 106
Penman, D. E., Turner, S. K., Sexton, P. F., Norris, R. D., Dickson, A. J., Boulila, S., Ridgwell, A. J., Zeebe, R. E., Zachos, J. C., Cameron, A., et al. (2016) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/ngeo2757 · Cited by 105
Self-citationAn impulse response function for the “long tail” of excess atmospheric CO 2 in an Earth system model
Lord, N. S., Ridgwell, A. J., Thorne, M. C., & Lunt, D. J. (2015) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1002/2014gb005074 · Cited by 114
“This estimated value for the CO2 sink capacity of the ocean is lower than some previous estimates, which have estimated that the ocean may be able to store ~60–80% of fossil fuel emissions [Archer and Brovkin, 2008; Archer et al., 1997; Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationRidgwell, A. J., Zondervan, I., Hargreaves, J. C., Bijma, J., & Lenton, T. M. (2007) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-4-481-2007 · Cited by 107
“…feedback to the future sequestration of fossil fuel CO 2 by first collating the calcification responses of different marine organisms to changing CO 2 − 3 and then quantifying the implications of our findings using an Earth system model (Ridg-well et al., 2007; Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007).”
InfluentialSelf-citationBrovkin, V. A., Petoukhov, V. K., Claussen, M. A., Bauer, E., Archer, D. E., & Jaeger, C. C. (2008) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-008-9490-1 · Cited by 104
“Globally-averaged annual surface air temperature could be warmer than today by 5◦C for thousands of years (Archer and Brovkin 2008; Ridgwell and Hargreaves 2007), leading to the collapse of the major ice sheets and sea level rise ultimately of tens of meters.”
BackgroundThresholds of catastrophe in the Earth system
Rothman, D. H. (2017) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700906 · Cited by 103
Organic carbon burial following the middle Eocene climatic optimum in the central western Tethys
Spofforth, D. J. A., Agnini, C., Pälike, H., Rio, D., Fornaciari, E., Giusberti, L., Luciani, V., Lanci, L., & Giovanni Muttoni, A. (2010) · Paleoceanography · doi:10.1029/2009pa001738 · Cited by 105
Interpreting transient carbonate compensation depth changes by marine sediment core modeling
Ridgwell, A. J. (2007) · Paleoceanography · doi:10.1029/2006pa001372 · Cited by 100
“[14] Previous analyses of the response of deep-sea sediments to massive CO2 release have focused on the evolution with time of measures such as mean surface wt % CaCO3 [Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007] or total global erodible CaCO3 inventory [Archer et al., 1997, 1998].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationGlobal calcite cycling constrained by sediment preservation controls
Dunne, J. P. P., Hales, B., & Toggweiler, J. R. (2012) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2010gb003935 · Cited by 94
“Hence, we have also evaluated a suite of FSurf parameterizations that include a surface supersaturation factor, as has been done previously in three other recent global modeling studies [Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007; Ridgwell et al., 2007a; Gehlen et al., 2007].”
MethodTurner, S. K., & Ridgwell, A. J. (2015) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.027 · Cited by 82
“Here we use the Earth system model cGENIE (Edwards and Marsh, 2005; Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007; Ridgwell et al., 2007) to provide a general theoretical framework for interpreting abrupt onset (<20 kyr) CIEs in the geologic record and to quantify how such anomalies propagate through various…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationUnderstanding the causes and consequences of past marine carbon cycling variability through models
Hülse, D., Arndt, S., Wilson, J. D., Munhoven, G., & Ridgwell, A. J. (2017) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.06.004 · Cited by 82
“The burial fluxes and efficiencies of carbonates and organic carbon are thus strongly influenced by early diagenetic processes, as well as their feedbacks on ocean biogeochemistry (Archer and Maier-Reimer, 1994; Mackenzie et al., 2004; Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe Rock Geochemical Model (RokGeM) v0.9
Colbourn, G., Ridgwell, A. J., & Lenton, T. M. (2013) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-6-1543-2013 · Cited by 75
“…using one of these models (GENIE-1, the ESM used for the work in this paper, see Sect.1.4 below) has 4000 GtC of emissions sequestered as follows (Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007): 66 % are absorbed by the ocean on a timescale of hundreds of years; the dissolution of sea-floor sediments sequesters…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationReduced-complexity model for the impact of anthropogenic CO 2 emissions on future glacial cycles
Talento, S., & Ganopolski, A. (2021) · Earth System Dynamics · doi:10.5194/esd-12-1275-2021 · Cited by 72
Deep-water carbonate concentrations in the southwest Pacific
Bostock, H., Hayward, B. W., Neil, H. L., Currie, K., & Dunbar, G. B. (2010) · Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers · doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2010.11.010 · Cited by 72
An oceanic origin for the increase of atmospheric radiocarbon during the Younger Dryas
Singarayer, J. S., Richards, D. A., Ridgwell, A. J., Valdes, P. J., Austin, W. E. N., & Beck, J. (2008) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2008gl034074 · Cited by 72
“D energy and moisture balance atmosphere, sea-ice, and terrestrial, ocean, and sediment carbon cycle components, on a 36 by 36 equal area grid with 16 vertical ocean levels [ Lenton et al. , 2006; Ridgwell et al. , 2007; Ridgwell and Hargreaves , 2007].”
Self-citationComparative carbon cycle dynamics of the present and last interglacial
Brovkin, V. A., Brücher, T., Kleinen, T., Zaehle, S., Joos, F., Roth, R., Spahni, R., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., Fischer, H., Leuenberger, M., et al. (2016) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.01.028 · Cited by 74
“vation and burial of calcium carbonate in deep sea sediments (Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007; Ridgwell et al., 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCarbonate compensation dynamics
Boudreau, B. P., Middelburg, J. J., & Meysman, F. J. R. (2010) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2009gl041847 · Cited by 70
“This distance increases rapidly as [CO3]D decreases, potentially reaching 1.7 km if [CO3]D is approximately 0.045 mM, which is anticipated within the next 2000 years [Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMarsh, R., Yool, A., Myerscough, R. J., Edwards, N. R., & Shepherd, J. G. (2011) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-4-957-2011 · Cited by 76
Astrochronology of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum on the Atlantic Coastal Plain
Li, M., Bralower, T. J., Kump, L. R., Self‐Trail, J. M., Zachos, J. C., Rush, W., & Robinson, M. M. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-33390-x · Cited by 63
Cui, Y., Kump, L. R., & Ridgwell, A. J. (2013) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.09.001 · Cited by 61
“In contrast to a simple box modeling of the end-Permian like that of Berner (2002) and Payne and Kump (2007), GENIE determines the ocean circulation for specified boundary conditions and determines the transport and reaction rates for the carbon and nutrient cycles while tracking their isotopic compositions (Ridgwell…”
MethodSelf-citationThe efficacy of enhancing carbonate weathering for carbon dioxide sequestration
Knapp, W. J., & Tipper, E. T. (2022) · Frontiers in Climate · doi:10.3389/fclim.2022.928215 · Cited by 65
“The timescales on which these neutralization processes occur are on the order of 1,000–10,000 years (Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007).”
BackgroundEarly Cenozoic Decoupling of Climate and Carbonate Compensation Depth Trends
Greene, S. E., Ridgwell, A. J., Turner, S. K., Schmidt, D. N., Pälike, H., Thomas, E., Greene, L. K., & Hoogakker, B. A. A. (2019) · Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology · doi:10.1029/2019pa003601 · Cited by 59
“In an initial spin‐up phase, as described in Ridgwell and Hargreaves (2007), the ocean‐atmosphere carbon cycle is forced “closed” with global weathering fluxes tracking sedimentary burial of CaCO3 at all times and no bioturbation in the surface sediment layers.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationOcean‐atmosphere partitioning of anthropogenic carbon dioxide on multimillennial timescales
Goodwin, P., & Ridgwell, A. J. (2010) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2008gb003449 · Cited by 59
“An initial total weathering flux of 10 Tmol CaCO3 equivalent yr−1 is specified [Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationThe Global Carbon Cycle: Geological Processes
Wallmann, K., & Aloisi, G. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118280874.ch3 · Cited by 56
Greenhouse Gas Policy Influences Climate via Direct Effects of Land-Use Change
Jones, A. D., Collins, W. D., Edmonds, J., Torn, M. S., Janetos, A. C., Calvin, K., Thomson, A. M., Chini, L. P., Mao, J., Shi, X., et al. (2012) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli-d-12-00377.1 · Cited by 54
Levitan, O., Kranz, S. A., Spungin, D., Prášil, O., Rost, B., & Berman‐Frank, I. (2010) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.110.159285 · Cited by 52
Kerr, J., Rickaby, R. E. M., Yu, J., et al. (2017) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2017.04.042 · Cited by 53
Characteristic disruptions of an excitable carbon cycle
Rothman, D. H. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1905164116 · Cited by 53
Unravelling the sources of carbon emissions at the onset of Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE) 1a
Adloff, M., Greene, S. E., Parkinson, I. J., Naafs, B. D. A., Preston, W., Ridgwell, A. J., Lunt, D. J., Jiménez, J. M. C., & Monteiro, F. (2019) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2019.115947 · Cited by 49
Self-citationHülse, D., Arndt, S., Daines, S. J., Regnier, P. A. G., & Ridgwell, A. J. (2018) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-11-2649-2018 · Cited by 53
“20-50 kyr adjustment time for surface sediment CaCO3 (Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationCalcite dissolution kinetics at the sediment-water interface in natural seawater
Sulpis, O., Lix, C., Mucci, A. O., & Boudreau, B. P. (2017) · Marine Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2017.06.005 · Cited by 50
“045 mM by the end of this millennia (Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007), the CCD would rise to a depth of 1.”
BackgroundMeißner, K. J., McNeil, B. I., Eby, M., & Wiebe, E. C. (2012) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2011gb004098 · Cited by 45
“The e-folding timescale for the oceanic adjustment in alkalinity is surprisingly short, 5–10 kyr [Archer et al., 1997, 2000; Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007].”
BackgroundPresentation, calibration and validation of the low-order, DCESS Earth System Model (Version 1)
Shaffer, G., Olsen, S. M., & Pedersen, J. O. P. (2008) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-1-17-2008 · Cited by 45
“…Earth System Models of intermediate complexity and spatial resolution been developed that can be integrated over tens of thousands of years and that have been extended to include ocean sediments, important over these longer time scales (Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007; Brovkin et al., 2007).”
BackgroundToward a Quality-Controlled and Accessible Pitzer Model for Seawater and Related Systems
Turner, D. R., Achterberg, E. P., Chen, C.-T. A., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2016.00139 · Cited by 44
“Knowledge of biogeochemical processes in marine sediments and benthic fluxes of pore water is essential for understanding the global carbon cycle and climate (Berner, 1980; Siegenthaler and Sarmiento, 1993; Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007).”
BackgroundSustainable carbon emissions: The geologic perspective
DePaolo, D. J. (2015) · MRS Energy & Sustainability · doi:10.1557/mre.2015.10 · Cited by 43
Nakayama, T. (2017) · Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences · doi:10.1002/2016jg003743 · Cited by 47
“This model is rooted in the framework of GENIE (Grid ENabled Integrated Earth systemmodel) which consists of the Earth system (oceans, atmosphere, land, ocean biogeochemistry, ocean sediments, etc.) and can be plugged and played together [Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007].”
MethodA lower limit to atmospheric CO2 concentrations over the past 800,000 years
Galbraith, E. D., & Eggleston, S. (2017) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/ngeo2914 · Cited by 42
Impact of Climate on the Global Capacity for Enhanced Rock Weathering on Croplands
Baek, S. H., Kanzaki, Y., Lora, J. M., Planavsky, N. J., Reinhard, C. T., & Zhang, S. (2023) · Earth s Future · doi:10.1029/2023ef003698 · Cited by 50
“Natural weathering stores carbon in the oceans as bicarbonate ions for millennia, and even longer when mineral carbonates (produced by calcifying organisms) are buried in marine sediments (e.g., Archer et al., 1997; Ridgwell & Hargreaves, 2007).”
BackgroundRecovering the true size of an Eocene hyperthermal from the marine sedimentary record
Turner, S. K., & Ridgwell, A. J. (2013) · Paleoceanography · doi:10.1002/2013pa002541 · Cited by 40
“…of the biogeochemical cycling of a variety of elements and isotopes in the ocean [Ridgwell et al., 2007], and a spatially resolved sediment model [Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007] capable of generating virtual sediment “cores”—stacks of preserved deep-ocean sediments [Ridgwell, 2007a, 2007b].”
BackgroundSelf-citationA model-based constraint on CO 2 fertilisation
Holden, P. B., Edwards, N. R., Gerten, D., & Schaphoff, S. (2013) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-10-339-2013 · Cited by 42
Ongoing transients in carbonate compensation
Boudreau, B. P., Middelburg, J. J., Hofmann, A. F., & Meysman, F. J. R. (2010) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2009gb003654 · Cited by 43
“Archer et al., 1998; Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007; Archer et al., 2009; Ridgwell and Schmidt, 2010].”
BackgroundInfluentialNegative carbon isotope excursions: an interpretive framework
Vervoort, P., Adloff, M., Greene, S. E., & Turner, S. K. (2019) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab3318 · Cited by 39
“To balance terrestrial input, we couple a sediment model that calculates the sedimentary preservation of inorganic carbon in the form of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in deep sea sediments (Ridgwell and Hargreaves 2007).”
MethodLate Pleistocene Carbon Cycle Revisited by Considering Solid Earth Processes
Köhler, P., & Munhoven, G. (2020) · Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology · doi:10.1029/2020pa004020 · Cited by 44
“KÖEHLER AND MUNHOVEN 1 of 23 Kurahashi-Nakamura et al., 2020; Ridgwell & Hargreaves, 2007; Tschumi et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodNew estimates of the storage permanence and ocean co-benefits of enhanced rock weathering
Kanzaki, Y., Planavsky, N. J., & Reinhard, C. T. (2023) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad059 · Cited by 46
Quantifying the influence of the terrestrial biosphere on glacial–interglacial climate dynamics
Davies‐Barnard, T., Ridgwell, A. J., Singarayer, J. S., et al. (2017) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-13-1381-2017 · Cited by 39
Self-citationMunhoven, G. (2021) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-14-3603-2021 · Cited by 42
Hydrological modelling of Ethiopian catchments using limited data
Mekonnen, M. A., Wörman, A., Dargahi, B., et al. (2009) · Hydrological Processes · doi:10.1002/hyp.7470 · Cited by 37
Rho, H., Doty, S., & Kim, S. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/erz440 · Cited by 37
Komar, N., & Zeebe, R. E. (2011) · Paleoceanography · doi:10.1029/2010pa001979 · Cited by 36
“This process is also known as seafloor neutralization [Archer et al., 1997, 1998; Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007].”
BackgroundIron and sulfur cycling in the cGENIE.muffin Earth system model (v0.9.21)
van de Velde, S., Hülse, D., Reinhard, C. T., & Ridgwell, A. J. (2021) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-14-2713-2021 · Cited by 45
“…system, including ocean circulation and biogeochemical cycling, ocean– atmosphere and ocean–sediment exchange, and the longterm (geological) cycle of carbon and various solid-Earthderived tracers (Ridgwell et al., 2007; Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007; Colbourn et al., 2013; Adloff et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSelf-citationIlyina, T., & Zeebe, R. E. (2012) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2012gl051272 · Cited by 35
“[5] In line with previous long-term modeling studies [e.g., Archer et al., 1998; Caldeira and Wickett, 2003; Boudreau et al., 2010; Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007], our results show that ongoing fossil fuel CO2 emissions will perturb ocean carbonate chemistry for many millennia to come.”
BackgroundResultSecular variations in the carbonate chemistry of the oceans over the Cenozoic
Boudreau, B. P., Middelburg, J. J., Sluijs, A., & van der Ploeg, R. (2019) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2019.02.004 · Cited by 35
Hot Spots of Carbon and Alkalinity Cycling in the Coastal Oceans
O'Mara, N. A., & Dunne, J. P. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41064-w · Cited by 34
Controls on the spatial distribution of oceanic δ 13 C DIC
Holden, P. B., Edwards, N. R., Müller, S. A., Oliver, K. I. C., Death, R. M., & Ridgwell, A. J. (2013) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-10-1815-2013 · Cited by 34
“During model spin-up, ocean biogeochemistry was simulated as a closed system (i.e. sedimentary fluxes, except iron, were returned at the bottom of the ocean) and weathering fluxes required to balance sediment burial were diagnosed at the end of the spin-up phase (Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007).”
Self-citationJeltsch‐Thömmes, A., & Joos, F. (2020) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-16-423-2020 · Cited by 32
Impact of dissolution on the sedimentary record of the Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum
Bralower, T. J., Kelly, D. C., Gibbs, S. J., Farley, K. A., Eccles, L. R., Lindemann, T. L., & Smith, G. J. (2014) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.05.055 · Cited by 32
“For this reason, much of our understanding of chemical erosion derives from geochemical models designed to simulate the response of the marine carbonate system to carbon input (e.g., Dickens et al., 1997; Ridgwell, 2007; Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007; Zeebe and Zachos, 2007; Panchuk et al., 2008).”
BackgroundVervoort, P., Turner, S. K., Rochholz, F., & Ridgwell, A. J. (2021) · Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology · doi:10.1029/2020pa004090 · Cited by 30
“The relative loss of high frequency power in wt% CaCO3 compared to benthic ocean (CO3 2−) is also a function of calculating wt% CaCO3 from the sedimentary mixed layer, that is, the upper ca. 5 cm of the sediment column in which mixing homogenizes the solid composition (Ridgwell, 2007a, 2007b).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRetractedVolcanic CO 2 degassing postdates thermogenic carbon emission during the end-Permian mass extinction
Wu, Y., Cui, Y., Chu, D., Song, H., Tong, J., Corso, J. D., & Ridgwell, A. J. (2023) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abq4082 · Cited by 32
Self-citationResponse of ocean acidification to atmospheric carbon dioxide removal
Jiang, J. K., Cao, L., Jin, X., Yu, Z., Zhang, H., Fu, J., & Jiang, G. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jes.2023.04.029 · Cited by 28
Redox processes in pore water of anoxic sediments with shallow gas
Ramírez-Pérez, A. M., de Blas, E., & García‐Gil, S. (2015) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.111 · Cited by 28
Response of deep‐sea CaCO3 sedimentation to Atlantic meridional overturning circulation shutdown
Chikamoto, M. O., Matsumoto, K., & Ridgwell, A. J. (2008) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2007jg000669 · Cited by 28
“[11] A 1-D sediment geochemistry model is coupled at each grid of ocean floor to represent the accumulations of calcium carbonate, opal and clay [ Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007; Ridgwell et al., 2002].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationVakilifard, N., Kantzas, E. P., Edwards, N. R., Holden, P. B., & Beerling, D. J. (2021) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac1818 · Cited by 32
“The deep-sea sediment module (SEDGEM) (at a 36× 36 resolution) is based on the cycling of carbon and alkalinity together with the essential nutrients, phosphate, silicic acid and iron (Ridgwell 2001, Ridgwell and Hargreaves 2007).”
BackgroundSixty-one thousand recent planktonic foraminifera from the Atlantic Ocean
Elder, L. E., Hsiang, A. Y., Nelson, K., et al. (2018) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/sdata.2018.109 · Cited by 27
Zhang, H., & Wang, K. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-54861-0 · Cited by 26
Quiquet, A., Roche, D. M., Dumas, C., et al. (2018) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-11-453-2018 · Cited by 24
Lee, M., Webb, E. A., Walworth, N. G., Fu, F., Held, N. A., Saito, M. A., & Hutchins, D. A. (2017) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.02026-17 · Cited by 24
Coupled decline in ocean pH and carbonate saturation during the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
Li, M., Kump, L. R., Ridgwell, A. J., Tierney, J. E., Hakim, G. J., Malevich, S. B., Poulsen, C. J., Tardif, R., Zhang, H., & Zhu, J. (2024) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/s41561-024-01579-y · Cited by 22
Self-citationZhao, R., Farag, I., Jørgensen, S. L., & Biddle, J. F. (2022) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.01409-22 · Cited by 20
An alternative model for CaCO3 over-shooting during the PETM: Biological carbonate compensation
Luo, Y., Boudreau, B. P., Dickens, G. R., Sluijs, A., & Middelburg, J. J. (2016) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.08.012 · Cited by 21
“Biology can significantly impact the carbonate chemistry of the oceans during acidification events, as seen in the model results from Zeebe and Westbroek (2003), Ridgwell and Hargreaves (2007), and Boudreau et al. (2010b).”
BackgroundResult
Metadata
- Authors
- Ridgwell, A., & Hargreaves, J. C.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Frontier Research Center for Global Change Yokohama Japan
- Venue
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles
- Publisher
- American Geophysical Union (AGU)
- Published
- 2007-05-04
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 2
- ISSN
- 0886-6236 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-9224
- OpenAlex
- W1597746381
- Semantic Scholar
- 1a64d352d5d8dd91b7a6fe37f3761aad2506664f
- Cited by
- 213
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 7.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles (publishedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences
- Royal Society
- Canada Research Chairs
- Natural Environment Research Council (NE/C515904/1)
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine Plankton and Biogeochemistry
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
- Keywords
- deep-sea sediments, ocean carbon cycle, ocean stratification, particulate organic carbon export, carbon cycle feedbacks, ensemble Kalman filter, sedimentary stratigraphy
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