The DOI matches its Crossref record; 68 of the 72 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Should We Trust Web-Based Studies? A Comparative Analysis of Six Preconceptions About Internet Questionnaires.
Abstract
The rapid growth of the Internet provides a wealth of new research opportunities for psychologists. Internet data collection methods, with a focus on self-report questionnaires from self-selected samples, are evaluated and compared with traditional paper-and-pencil methods. Six preconceptions about Internet samples and data quality are evaluated by comparing a new large Internet sample (N = 361,703) with a set of 510 published traditional samples. Internet samples are shown to be relatively diverse with respect to gender, socioeconomic status, geographic region, and age. Moreover, Internet findings generalize across presentation formats, are not adversely affected by nonserious or repeat responders, and are consistent with findings from traditional methods. It is concluded that Internet methods can contribute to many areas of psychology.
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“The proportion of females (62%) to males in this study was more representative than in traditional survey methods, where women often comprise 71% to 77% of the participants [39]”
From Effects of Mock Facebook Workday Comments on Public Perception of Professional Credibility: A Field Study in Canada (2019) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“Self-presentation is an unlikely confound in Study 1 because the motivation to self-present is absent when participants feel anonymous (Paulhus, 1984(Paulhus, , 1991) ) as they do in anonymous online studies such as the present one, where they don't provide identifying information (Gosling et al., 2004).”
From Cultural norm fulfillment, interpersonal belonging, or getting ahead? A large-scale cross-cultural test of three perspectives on the function of self-esteem. (2015) · cites this paper as Gosling et al., 2004
In the citing paper
“As described in the Appendix, the reliability and validity of internet data collection has become increasingly clear in recent years.”
From Spacing Effects in Learning: A Temporal Ridgeline of Optimal Retention (2008) · cites this paper as Gosling et al., 2004
In the citing paper
“The validity of internet testing has been well supported in recent reviews (Gosling et al., 2004), with excellent correspondence between results obtained with internet samples are results obtained in the laboratory (e.g., Birnbaum, 1999;Krantz & Dalal, 2000;McGraw, Tew, & Williams, 2000;Reips, 2002).”
From Spacing Effects in Learning: A Temporal Ridgeline of Optimal Retention (2008) · cites this paper as Gosling et al., 2004
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, previous research has suggested populations for online studies and Facebook are quite representative [23], [24].”
From Personality, Gender, and Age in the Language of Social Media: The Open-Vocabulary Approach (2013) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“Still, the sample sizes and availability of demographic information afforded by social media bring us closer to a more ideal representative sample [99].”
From Personality, Gender, and Age in the Language of Social Media: The Open-Vocabulary Approach (2013) · cites this paper as [99]
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“[…] Web-questionnaire results […] are, so far, consistent with results from traditional methods [and] are not as flawed as is commonly believed ( Gosling et al. , 2004”
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“23 Gosling et al. 24 found that even though Internet samples are not always the most representative of the population at large, they may be more representative than the samples published in highly selective psychology journals that primarily use college students as participants.”
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Mental- and Physical-Health Indicators and Sexually Explicit Media Use Behavior by Adults
Weaver, J. B., Weaver, S. S., Mays, D. M., Hopkins, G. L., Kannenberg, W., & McBride, D. C. (2010) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.02030.x · Cited by 55
Hilbig, B. E., Moshagen, M., & Zettler, I. (2014) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550614553640 · Cited by 55
The 2012 Northern Italy Earthquakes: modelling human behaviour
Prati, G., Saccinto, E., Pietrantoni, L., & Testor, C. P. (2013) · Natural Hazards · doi:10.1007/s11069-013-0688-9 · Cited by 57
“Although Internet samples are not representative of the population at large, they are generally more representative than traditional samples, such as undergraduates and volunteers, who characterise much research in social sciences (Gosling et al. 2004).”
BackgroundEthnic Identification Biases Responses to the Padua Inventory for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Williams, M. T., Turkheimer, E. N., Schmidt, K. M., & Oltmanns, T. F. (2005) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191105275620 · Cited by 55
Benson, V., Saridakis, G., Tennakoon, H., & Ezingeard, J. (2015) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2015.03.004 · Cited by 56
Ebert, T., Götz, F. M., Obschonka, M., Zmigrod, L., & Rentfrow, P. J. (2019) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12454 · Cited by 56
Williams, S. L., & Fredrick, E. G. (2015) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-015-0491-z · Cited by 63
“In fact, access to technology including Internet may be limited by the very identity characteristics under investigation in intersectional studies (e.g., low SES, ethnic minorities; Gosling et al. 2004; Wilson et al. 2003).”
BackgroundNicosia, J., Aschenbrenner, A. J., Adams, S., Tahan, M., Stout, S. H., Wilks, H., Balls‐Berry, J. E., Morris, J. C., & Hassenstab, J. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2022.880055 · Cited by 55
“Converting existing laboratory-based studies to remote paradigms means researchers are not reliant on subject pool databases and remote clinical studies can reach larger and more diverse samples and garner larger samples of special populations (4–7).”
BackgroundNewcomb, M. E. (2013) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0470-8 · Cited by 54
“While it is not possible to control the environments in which participants completed online assessments, evidence suggests that online data collection is just as accurate as in-person data collection, and it may be perceived as more anonymous and may reduce the effect of social desirability with self-report data [45].”
BackgroundLudolph, R. A., Allam, A., & Schulz, P. J. (2016) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.5430 · Cited by 58
“Using an online sample further bears the peril of “non-serious” or “repeat responders” [58].”
Attitudes Toward Testicular Cancer and Self-Examination Among Northern Irish Males
Roy, R., & Casson, K. (2016) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/1557988316668131 · Cited by 54
A Person-Centered Analysis of Risk Factors that Compromise Wellbeing in Emerging Adulthood
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Daily stress, closeness, and satisfaction in gay and lesbian couples
Totenhagen, C. J., Butler, E. A., & Ridley, C. A. (2011) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2011.01349.x · Cited by 54
Pontes, H. M., & Patrão, I. (2014) · Psychology Community & Health · doi:10.5964/pch.v3i2.93 · Cited by 53
What mental health professionals in Israel know and think about adolescent problem gambling
Sansanwal, R. M., Derevensky, J. L., & Gavriel‐Fried, B. (2016) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2016.1139159 · Cited by 53
Metadata
- Authors
- Gosling, S. D., Vazire, S., Srivastava, S., & John, O. P.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 2004
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 93-104
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W1992490637
- Cited by
- 2,932
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 123 · 2021: 135 · 2020: 157 · 2019: 163 · 2018: 148 · 2017: 170 · 2016: 181 · 2015: 192 · 2014: 218 · 2013: 184 · 2012: 189
- FWCI
- 261.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Focus Groups and Qualitative Methods
- Keywords
- online data collection, paper-and-pencil questionnaires, sample representativeness, data quality, response format effects, generalizability, self-report questionnaire
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Attitude, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Evidence-Based Medicine, Internet
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