Cited by 1,314Child and Animal Learning DevelopmentChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentEmotions and Moral Behavior

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Development of concern for others.

Zahn-Waxler, Carolyn, Radke-Yarrow, Marian, Wagner, Elizabeth, Chapman, Michael·1992·Developmental Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.28.1.126

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Abstract

The development of prosocial and reparative bebaviors was investigated by examining children's responses to distresses they caused and those they witnessed in others during the 2nd year of life. Prosocial behaviors (help, sharing, provision of comfort) emerged between the ages of 1 and 2, increasing in frequency and variety over this time period. These behaviors were linked to expressions of concern as well as efforts to understand and experience the other's plight. Children's reparative behaviors after they had caused distress also increased with age. Age changes in these early signs of moral development were accompanied by social-cognitive changes in self-recognition. In assessments at age 2, children were most responsive to distress in their mothers but also showed some sensitivity toward unfamiliar persons

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Authors: Zahn-Waxler, C., Radke-Yarrow, M., Wagner, E., & Chapman, M.
ORCID: Wagner, Elizabeth
Venue: Developmental Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1992-01
Volume: 28
Issue: 1
Pages: 126-136
ISSN: 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
1939-0599
DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.28.1.126
OpenAlex: W2010606127
Cited by: 1,314
References: 53
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 109 · 2019: 84 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 57 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 60
FWCI: 14.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Keywords: prosocial behavior, concern for others, moral development, toddlers, empathy, self-recognition, social cognition, helping behavior, sharing, comfort behavior, maternal attachment, age differences

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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Development of concern for others.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

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Metadata

Record

About these checks