Cited by 1,993Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentChild and Animal Learning DevelopmentEarly Childhood Education and Development

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 73 of the 73 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Effortful control in early childhood: Continuity and change, antecedents, and implications for social development.

Kochanska, Grazyna, Murray, Kathleen T., Harlan, Elena T.·2000·Developmental Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.220

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The course, antecedents, and implications for social development of effortful control were examined in this comprehensive longitudinal study. Behavioral multitask batteries and parental ratings assessed effortful control at 22 and 33 months (N = 106). Effortful control functions encompassed delaying, slowing down motor activity, suppressing/initiating activity to signal, effortful attention, and lowering voice. Between 22 and 33 months, effortful control improved considerably, its coherence increased, it was stable, and it was higher for girls. Behavioral and parent-rated measures converged. Children's focused attention at 9 months, mothers' responsiveness at 22 months, and mothers' self-reported socialization level all predicted children's greater effortful control. Effortful control had implications for concurrent social development. Greater effortful control at 22 months was linked to more regulated anger, and at 33 months, to more regulated anger and joy and to stronger restraint.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.220

Cites

73 of 73 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
Sensitivity and attachment: A meta-analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment
De Wolff, M. S., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (1997) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb04218.x · Cited by 2,526
Temperament: Early Developing Personality Traits
Buss, A. H., & Plomin, R. J. (1984) · Research Portal (King's College London) · Cited by 2,164
Antecedents of self-regulation: A developmental perspective.
Kopp, C. B. (1982) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.18.2.199 · Cited by 2,046
Social, emotional, and personality development
Eisenberg, N., & Damon, W. (1998) · Wiley eBooks · Cited by 1,903
Temperament and personality: Origins and outcomes.
Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., & Evans, D. E. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.78.1.122 · Cited by 1,698
The Role of Ego-Control and Ego-Resiliency in the Organization of Behavior
BLOCK, J. H., & Block, J. (1980) · doi:10.4324/9781315803029-7 · Cited by 1,525
Regulation of distress and negative emotions: A developmental view.
Kopp, C. B. (1989) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.25.3.343 · Cited by 1,469
A Temperament Theory of Personality Development
Revelle, W., Buss, A. H., & Plomin, R. J. (1976) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421420 · Cited by 1,331
Temperament in childhood.
Kohnstamm, G. A., Bates, J. E., & Rothbart, M. K. (1989) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,299

Show all 70 references

Research works printed but not linked: 10

Ainsworth, 1971, Individual differences in strange-situation behavior in one-year-olds., 17
10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.65 · DOI · Paper page
Goldsmith, 1992, The Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery (LAB-TAB): Locomotor Version 3.0
Gough, 1987, Manual for the California Personality Inventory.
Kopp, 1987, The growth of self-regulation: Caregivers and children., 34
Maccoby, 1980, Social development.
Mischel, 1983, Delay of gratification as process and as person variable in development., 149
Pulkkinen, 1986, The role of impulse control in the development of antisocial and prosocial behavior., 149
Rothbart, 1989a, Temperament and development., 187
10.1037/0021-843X.103.1.55 · DOI

Sorted by citations

Items 501–600 of 1,005

Information processing efficiency and regulation at five months
Diaz, A., & Bell, M. A. (2011) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2010.12.011 · Cited by 55
Teacher–child interaction quality and children's self‐regulation in toddler classrooms in Finland and Portugal
Salminen, J., Guedes, C., Lerkkanen, M., Pakarinen, E., & Cadima, J. (2021) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2222 · Cited by 88
Proactive Parenting and Children's Effortful Control: Mediating Role of Language and Indirect Intervention Effects
Chang, H., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., Gardner, F. E. M., & Wilson, M. N. (2013) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12069 · Cited by 67
Sleep and Self-Regulation from Birth to 7 Years
Williams, K. E., & Sciberras, E. (2016) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000281 · Cited by 55
Independent and combined effects of improved water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and improved complementary feeding on early neurodevelopment among children born to HIV-negative mothers in rural Zimbabwe: Substudy of a cluster-randomized trial
Gladstone, M., Chandna, J., Kandawasvika, G. Q., Ntozini, R., Majo, F. D., Tavengwa, N. V., Mbuya, M. N. N., Mangwadu, G., Chigumira, A., Chasokela, C., et al. (2019) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002766 · Cited by 55
Inhibitory Control Skills and Language Acquisition in Toddlers and Preschool Children
Gandolfi, E., & Viterbori, P. (2020) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12388 · Cited by 57
Self-Regulatory Processes in the Development of Disruptive Behavior Problems: The Preschool-to-School Transition
Olson, S. L., Sameroff, A. J., Lunkenheimer, E. S., & Kerr, D. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511575877.008 · Cited by 56
Emergent self-regulation skills among very young ethnic minority children: A confirmatory factor model
Caughy, M. O., Mills, B. A., Owen, M. T., & DeLuna, J. H. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2013.07.017 · Cited by 60
The genetic etiology of inhibitory control and behavior problems at 24 months of age
Gagne, J. R., Saudino, K. J., & Asherson, P. J. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02420.x · Cited by 61
Observed self-regulation is associated with weight in low-income toddlers
Miller, A. L., Rosenblum, K. L., Retzloff, L., & Lumeng, J. C. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.07.007 · Cited by 58
Infant Breastfeeding Duration and Mid-Childhood Executive Function, Behavior, and Social-Emotional Development
Belfort, M. B., Rifas‐Shiman, S. L., Kleinman, K., Bellinger, D. C., Harris, M. H., Taveras, E. M., Gillman, M. W., & Oken, E. (2015) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000237 · Cited by 61
Evaluation of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire-Dysregulation Profile (SDQ-DP).
Deutz, M. H. F., Shi, Q., Vossen, H. G. M., Huijding, J., Prinzie, P., Deković, M., van Baar, A. L., & Woltering, S. (2018) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000564 · Cited by 56
Temperament and Developmental Psychopathology
Stifter, C. A., & Dollar, J. M. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy411 · Cited by 56
Associations among parental education, home environment quality, effortful control, and preacademic knowledge
Merz, E. C., Landry, S. H., Williams, J. M., Barnes, M. A., Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., Valiente, C., Assel, M., Taylor, H. B., Lonigan, C. J., et al. (2014) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2014.04.002 · Cited by 58
Observed temperament from ages 6 to 36 months predicts parent- and teacher-reported attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in first grade
Willoughby, M. T., Gottfredson, N. C., Stifter, C. A., & The Family Life Project Investigators (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579415001236 · Cited by 55
Are effortful and reactive control unique constructs in young children?
Eisenberg, N., Edwards, A., Spinrad, T. L., Sallquist, J., Eggum, N. D., & Reiser, M. (2013) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031745 · Cited by 61
Very Preterm and Full‐Term Infants’ Response to Socio‐Emotional Stress: The Role of Postnatal Maternal Bonding
Provenzi, L., Fumagalli, M., Bernasconi, F., Sirgiovanni, I., Morandi, F., Borgatti, R., & Montirosso, R. (2016) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/infa.12175 · Cited by 53
Performance and Ratings Based Measures of Executive Function in School-Aged Children with Down Syndrome
Daunhauer, L. A., Tomaszewski, B. R., Will, E., & Fidler, D. J. (2017) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2017.1360303 · Cited by 55
Measuring preschool learning engagement in the laboratory
Halliday, S. E., Calkins, S. D., & Leerkes, E. M. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2017.10.006 · Cited by 61
Effects of the Mother-Child Education Program on Parenting Stress and Disciplinary Practices Among Refugee and Other Marginalized Communities in Lebanon: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Ponguta, L. A., Issa, G. M., Aoudeh, L., Maalouf, C., Hein, S. D., Zonderman, A. L., Katsovich, L., Khoshnood, K., Bick, J. R., Awar, A., et al. (2020) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2019.12.010 · Cited by 56
Self‐Regulation across the Life Span
Geldhof, G. J., Little, T. D., & Colombo, J. A. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470880166.hlsd002005 · Cited by 53
Understanding conscientiousness across the life course: An economic perspective.
Conti, G., & Heckman, J. J. (2014) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036426 · Cited by 53
The long-term indirect effect of the early Family Check-Up intervention on adolescent internalizing and externalizing symptoms via inhibitory control
Hentges, R. F., Krug, C. W., Shaw, D. S., Wilson, M. N., Dishion, T. J., & Lemery‐Chalfant, K. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579419001482 · Cited by 53
Regulatory Competence and Early Disruptive Behavior Problems: The Role of Physiological Regulation
Calkins, S. D. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511575877.006 · Cited by 52
Effortful control and early academic achievement of Chinese American children in immigrant families
Chen, S. H., Main, A., Zhou, Q., Bunge, S. A., Lau, N., & Chu, K. (2014) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2014.08.004 · Cited by 59
Thin slices of child personality: Perceptual, situational, and behavioral contributions.
Tackett, J. L., Herzhoff, K., Kushner, S. C., & Rule, N. O. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000044 · Cited by 58
Effects of Nutritional Interventions during Pregnancy on Infant and Child Cognitive Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Taylor, R., Fealy, S. M., Bisquera, A., Smith, R., Collins, C. E., Evans, T., & Hure, A. J. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9111265 · Cited by 53
Early mother-child dyadic pathways to childhood obesity risk: A conceptual model
Bergmeier, H. J., Paxton, S. J., Milgrom, J., Anderson, S. E., Baur, L. A., Hill, B., Lim, S. S., Green, R., & Skouteris, H. (2019) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.104459 · Cited by 51
Appetite self-regulation declines across childhood while general self-regulation improves: A narrative review of the origins and development of appetite self-regulation
Russell, A., & Russell, C. G. (2021) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105178 · Cited by 55
Personality in cross-cultural perspective
Dragūns, J. G. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511596544.035 · Cited by 51
Cohort profile: Understanding Pregnancy Signals and Infant Development (UPSIDE): a pregnancy cohort study on prenatal exposure mechanisms for child health
O’Connor, T. G., Best, M., Brunner, J., Ciesla, A. A., Cunning, A., Kapula, N., Kautz, A., Khoury, L., Macomber, A., Meng, Y., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044798 · Cited by 53
Parents’ Depressive Symptoms and Child Adjustment: the Mediating Role of Mindful Parenting and Children’s Self-Regulation
Cheung, R. Y. M., Cheng, W. Y., Li, J., Lam, C. B., & Chung, K. K. H. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01735-0 · Cited by 53
Pervasive Developmental Disorders in Girls
Koenig, K. M., & Tsatsanis, K. (2005) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-48674-1_7 · Cited by 51
Early individual differences in temperamental reactivity and regulation: Implications for effortful control in early childhood
Hill‐Soderlund, A. L., & Braungart‐Rieker, J. M. (2008) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2007.12.007 · Cited by 58
Child Outcome Measures in the Study of Child Care Quality
Zaslow, M. J., Halle, T., Martin, L. T., Cabrera, N., Calkins, J., Pitzer, L., & Margie, N. G. (2006) · Evaluation Review · doi:10.1177/0193841x06291529 · Cited by 50
Linking Shyness With Social and School Adjustment in Early Childhood: The Moderating Role of Inhibitory Control
Sette, S., Hipson, W. E., Zava, F., Baumgartner, E., & Coplan, R. J. (2018) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2017.1422230 · Cited by 56
Hot and cool dimensionality of executive function: Model invariance across age and maternal education in preschool children
Montroy, J. J., Merz, E. C., Williams, J. M., Landry, S. H., Johnson, U., Zucker, T. A., Assel, M., Taylor, H. B., Lonigan, C. J., Phillips, B. M., et al. (2019) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2019.06.011 · Cited by 54
Maternal body dissatisfaction in pregnancy, postpartum and early parenting: An overlooked factor implicated in maternal and childhood obesity risk
Bergmeier, H. J., Hill, B., Haycraft, E., Blewitt, C., Lim, S. S., Meyer, C., & Skouteris, H. (2019) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.104525 · Cited by 54
Early Language and Behavioral Regulation Skills as Predictors of Social Outcomes
Aro, T. I., Eklund, K., Nurmi, J., & Poikkeus, A. (2012) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2011/10-0245 · Cited by 64
THE COGNITIVE SIDE OF GOVERNANCE
Lindenberg, S. M. (2004) · Research in the sociology of organizations · doi:10.1016/s0733-558x(02)20003-8 · Cited by 51
If-Then Planning Helps School-Aged Children to Ignore Attractive Distractions
Wieber, F., von Suchodoletz, A., Heikamp, T., Trommsdorff, G., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2011) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000041 · Cited by 55
Independence and interplay between maternal and child risk factors for preschool problem behaviors?
Hughes, C. H., & Ensor, R. (2009) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025408101274 · Cited by 59
Effect of yoga program on executive functions of adolescents dwelling in an orphan home: A randomized controlled study
Purohit, S. P., & Pradhan, B. (2016) · Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.03.001 · Cited by 58
Prenatal Methamphetamine Exposure and Inhibitory Control among Young School-Age Children
Derauf, C., LaGasse, L. L., Smith, L. M., Newman, E., Shah, R., Neal, C. R., Arria, A. M., Huestis, M. A., DellaGrotta, S. A., Dansereau, L. M., et al. (2012) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.02.002 · Cited by 49
The structure of effortful control in preschoolers and its relation to externalizing problems
Gusdorf, L. M. A., Karreman, A., van Aken, M. A. G., Deković, M., & van Tuijl, C. (2010) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151010x526542 · Cited by 56
Early social fear predicts kindergarteners’ socially anxious behaviors: Direct associations, moderation by inhibitory control, and differences from nonsocial fear.
Brooker, R. J., Kiel, E. J., & Buss, K. A. (2016) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000135 · Cited by 55
The Emergence of Episodic Foresight and Its Consequences
Suddendorf, T. (2017) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12233 · Cited by 49
The developmental neuropsychology of executive functions
Hunter, S. J., Edidin, J. P., & Hinkle, C. D. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511977954.004 · Cited by 48
Attentional Processes in Low-Socioeconomic Status Bilingual Children: Are They Modulated by the Amount of Bilingual Experience?
Ladas, A. I., Carroll, D. J., & Vivas, A. B. (2015) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12332 · Cited by 48
Associations between maternal scaffolding and executive functioning in 3 and 4year olds born very low birth weight and normal birth weight
Lowe, J., Erickson, S. J., MacLean, P., Duvall, S. W., Ohls, R. K., & Duncan, A. F. (2014) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2014.07.009 · Cited by 48
Reactivity and regulation: the impact of Mary Rothbart on the study of temperament
Putnam, S. P., & Stifter, C. A. (2008) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.583 · Cited by 48
Gene–environment interaction between dopamine receptor D4 7-repeat polymorphism and early maternal sensitivity predicts inattention trajectories across middle childhood
Berry, D., Deater-Deckard, K. D., McCartney, K., Wang, Z., & Petrill, S. A. (2013) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941200106x · Cited by 52
Early gender differences in emotional expressions and self-regulation in settings of early childhood education and care
Veijalainen, J., Reunamo, J., & Heikkilä, M. M. (2019) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2019.1611045 · Cited by 48
Relations of Maternal Depression and Parenting Self-Efficacy to the Self-Regulation of Infants in Low-Income Homes
Bates, R. A., Salsberry, P. J., Justice, L. M., Dynia, J. M., Logan, J. A. R., Gugiu, M. R., & Purtell, K. M. (2020) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-020-01763-9 · Cited by 54
The early childhood inhibitory touchscreen task: A new measure of response inhibition in toddlerhood and across the lifespan
Holmboe, K., Larkman, C., de Klerk, C. C. J. M., Simpson, A., Bell, M. A., Patton, L. A., Christodoulou, C., & Dvergsdal, H. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0260695 · Cited by 64
Development of Shyness: Relations With Children's Fearfulness, Sex, and Maternal Behavior
Eggum, N. D., Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., Reiser, M., Gaertner, B. M., Sallquist, J., & Smith, C. L. (2009) · Infancy · doi:10.1080/15250000902839971 · Cited by 48
Self‐Regulation as the Interface of Emotional and Cognitive Development
Blair, C., Calkins, S. D., & Gatzke‐Kopp, L. M. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444318111.ch4 · Cited by 55
Early Childhood Development and Education
Hyson, M., Copple, C. E., & Jones, J. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0401 · Cited by 48
Waiting by mistake: Symbolic representation of rewards modulates intertemporal choice in capuchin monkeys, preschool children and adult humans
Addessi, E., Bellagamba, F., Delfino, A., Petrillo, F. D., Focaroli, V., Macchitella, L., Maggiorelli, V., Pace, B., Pecora, G., Rossi, S., et al. (2014) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2013.11.019 · Cited by 47
Developmental Risk and Young Children’s Regulatory Strategies: Predicting Behavior Problems at Age Five
Gerstein, E. D., y Arbona, A. P., Crnic, K. A., Ryu, E., Baker, B. L., & Blacher, J. (2010) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9471-5 · Cited by 48
With a little help from my friends?: Self‐regulation in groups of young children
McCabe, L. A., & Jeanne Brooks-gunn, B. (2007) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.20155 · Cited by 49
Effects of home language environment on inhibitory control in bilingual three-year-old children
Verhagen, J., Mulder, H., & Leseman, P. P. M. (2015) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728915000590 · Cited by 57
All for One: Contributions of Age, Socioeconomic Factors, Executive Functioning, and Social Cognition to Moral Reasoning in Childhood
Vera-Estay, E., Seni, A. G., Champagne, C., & Beauchamp, M. H. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00227 · Cited by 57
Executive function in at-risk children: Importance of father-figure support and mother parenting
Meuwissen, A. S., & Englund, M. M. (2016) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2016.04.002 · Cited by 49
Evaluation of a teacher training program to enhance executive functions in preschool children
Walk, L. M., Evers, W. F., Quante, S., & Hille, K. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0197454 · Cited by 64
The role of father parenting in children’s school readiness: A longitudinal follow-up.
Meuwissen, A. S., & Carlson, S. M. (2018) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000418 · Cited by 49
Longitudinal relations among household chaos, SES, and effortful control in the prediction of language skills in early childhood.
Lecheile, B., Spinrad, T. L., Xu, X., Lopez, J., & Eisenberg, N. (2020) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000896 · Cited by 57
Individual Differences in Inhibitory Control Skills at Three Years of Age
Watson, A. J., & Bell, M. A. (2013) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2012.718818 · Cited by 59
Gender differences in social representations of aggression: The phenomenological experience of differences in inhibitory control?
Driscoll, H., Zinkivskay, A., Evans, K., & Campbell, A. C. (2006) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1348/000712605x63073 · Cited by 55
Improving the parent–child relationship and child adjustment through parental reflective functioning group intervention
Menashe‐Grinberg, A., Shneor, S., Meiri, G., & Atzaba‐Poria, N. (2021) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2021.1919159 · Cited by 46
Executive functions in preschoolers with ADHD , ODD , and comorbid ADHD ‐ ODD : Evidence from ecological and performance‐based measures
Ezpeleta, L., & Granero, R. (2014) · Journal of Neuropsychology · doi:10.1111/jnp.12049 · Cited by 54
Hot and Cool Inhibitory Control in Italian Toddlers: Associations with Social Competence and Behavioral Problems
Norcia, A. D., Pecora, G., Bombi, A. S., Baumgartner, E., & Laghi, F. (2014) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-014-9901-z · Cited by 58
Contextual variation in young children's observed disruptive behavior on the DB ‐ DOS : implications for early identification
Petitclerc, A., Briggs‐Gowan, M. J., Estabrook, R., Burns, J. L., Anderson, E. L., McCarthy, K. J., & Wakschlag, L. S. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12430 · Cited by 45
The Development of Effortful Control in Children Born Preterm
Poehlmann, J., Schwichtenberg, A. J., Shah, P., Shlafer, R. J., Hahn, E., & Maleck, S. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2010.486319 · Cited by 46
Assessment of executive function in young children with and without ASD using parent ratings and computerized tasks of executive function
Gardiner, E., Hutchison, S. M., Müller, U., Kerns, K. A., & Iarocci, G. (2017) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2017.1290139 · Cited by 53
Adverse childhood experiences, parenting, and child executive function
Treat, A. E., Morris, A. S., Williamson, A., Hays-Grudo, J., & Laurin, D. (2017) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2017.1353978 · Cited by 51
Social transmission of disinhibition in young children
Moriguchi, Y., Lee, K., & Itakura, S. (2007) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00601.x · Cited by 47
Regulation of Emotion and Behavior Among 3- and 5-Year-Olds
Kalpidou, M., Power, T. G., Cherry, K. E., & Gottfried, N. W. (2004) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.3200/genp.131.2.159-180 · Cited by 45
Postnatal Depression, Mother–Infant Interactions, and Child Development
Murray, L., Fearon, P. R. M., & Cooper, P. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118509722.ch9 · Cited by 46
Individual Differences and Adolescent Psychosocial Development
Ellis, L. (2002) · Scholars' Bank (University of Oregon) · Cited by 45
Viewing Preschool Disruptive Behavior Disorders and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Through a Developmental Lens: What We Know and What We Need to Know
Chacko, A., Wakschlag, L. S., Hill, C., Danis, B., & Espy, K. A. (2009) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2009.02.003 · Cited by 48
Advances, Problems, and Challenges in the Study of Emotion Regulation: A Commentary
Lewis, A. R., Zinbarg, R. E., & Durbin, C. E. (2009) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-009-9170-0 · Cited by 47
Sex Differences in Physical and Indirect Aggression: A Developmental Perspective
Côté, S. M. (2007) · European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10610-007-9046-3 · Cited by 53
An exercise in nostalgia: Nostalgia promotes health optimism and physical activity
Kersten, M., Cox, C. R., & Enkevort, E. A. V. (2016) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2016.1185524 · Cited by 48
Regulation During the Second Year: Executive Function and Emotion Regulation Links to Joint Attention, Temperament, and Social Vulnerability in a Latin American Sample
Galvagno, L. G. G., Grandis, C. D., Clerici, G. D., Mustaca, A. E., Miller, S. E., & Elgier, Á. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01473 · Cited by 52
Development of directed global inhibition, competitive inhibition and behavioural inhibition during the transition between infancy and toddlerhood
Hendry, A. J., Greenhalgh, I., Bailey, R., Fiske, A., Dvergsdal, H., & Holmboe, K. (2021) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.13193 · Cited by 55
Immediate and Sustained Effects of Parenting on Physical Aggression in Canadian Children Aged 6 Years and Younger
Benzies, K., Keown, L., & Magill‐Evans, J. (2009) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370905400109 · Cited by 46
Assessment of Neurodisability and Malnutrition in Children in Africa
Gladstone, M., Mallewa, M., Jalloh, A. A., Voskuijl, W. P., Postels, D. G., Groce, N. E., Kerac, M., & MOLYNEUX, E. M. (2014) · Seminars in Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.spen.2014.01.002 · Cited by 44
Adult Attachment and Differentiation of Self-Constructs: A Possible Dialogue?
Lampis, J., & Cataudella, S. (2019) · Contemporary Family Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10591-019-09489-7 · Cited by 49
The Direct and Indirect Relations Between Self-Regulation and Language Development Among Monolinguals and Dual Language Learners
Hanno, E. C., & Surrain, S. (2019) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-019-00283-3 · Cited by 53
Development of self-control in children aged 3 to 9 years: Perspective from a dual-systems model
Tao, T., Wang, L., Fan, C., & Gao, W. (2014) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep07272 · Cited by 45
The Mediational Role of Effortful Control and Emotional Dysregulation in the Link Between Maternal Responsiveness and Turkish Preschoolers' Social Competency and Externalizing Symptoms
Metin-Orta, I., Çorapçı, F., Yağmurlu, B., & Aksan, N. S. (2013) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.1806 · Cited by 43
Teachers’ Emotional and Behavioral Support and Preschoolers’ Self-Regulation: Relations With Social and Emotional Skills During Play
Broekhuizen, M. L., Slot, P. L., van Aken, M. A. G., & Dubas, J. S. (2016) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2016.1206458 · Cited by 63
Individual differences in effects of child care quality: The role of child affective self-regulation and gender
Broekhuizen, M. L., van Aken, M. A. G., Dubas, J. S., Mulder, H., & Leseman, P. P. M. (2015) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2015.06.009 · Cited by 57
The relation between parental personality and observed parenting: The moderating role of preschoolers’ effortful control
Karreman, A., van Tuijl, C., van Aken, M. A. G., & Deković, M. (2007) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.10.005 · Cited by 43
Understanding of self and maternal warmth predict later self-regulation in toddlers
Jennings, K. D., Sandberg, I., Kelley, S. A., Valdes, L., Yaggi, K. E., Abrew, A. J., & Macey-Kalcevic, M. (2008) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025407087209 · Cited by 50
Self-Control and Child Abuse Potential in Mothers with an Abuse History and Their Preschool Children
Henschel, S., de Bruin, M., & Möhler, E. (2013) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9735-0 · Cited by 43
Untitled work
(2013) · PubMed · Cited by 43
Inhibitory control and working memory in post-institutionalized children
Merz, E. C., McCall, R. B., Wright, A. J., & Luna, B. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9737-9 · Cited by 42
A categorical approach to infants’ individual differences during the Still-Face paradigm
Montirosso, R., Casini, E., Provenzi, L., Putnam, S. P., Morandi, F., Fedeli, C., & Borgatti, R. (2015) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2014.12.015 · Cited by 42

Authors: Kochanska, G., Murray, K. T., & Harlan, E. T.
Affiliations: University of Iowa (US)
ORCID: Kochanska, Grazyna
Venue: Developmental Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2000
Volume: 36
Issue: 2
Pages: 220-232
ISSN: 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
1939-0599
DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.220
OpenAlex: W2011220941
Cited by: 1,993
References: 70
Citations by year: 2026: 47 · 2025: 59 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 81 · 2021: 114 · 2020: 186 · 2019: 100 · 2018: 99 · 2017: 97 · 2016: 101 · 2015: 137 · 2014: 108 · 2013: 102 · 2012: 111
FWCI: 21.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (K02 MH-01446-01, K02MH001446)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
Keywords: effortful control, early childhood, continuity and change, social development (developmental psychology), emotion regulation, anger regulation, restraint, maternal responsiveness, maternal socialization, gender differences
MeSH terms: Affect, Age Factors, Child Behavior, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Factors, Socialization, Temperament, Cohort Studies, Self Efficacy

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Effortful control in early childhood: Continuity and change, antecedents, and implications for social development.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks