Cited by 1,993Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentChild and Animal Learning DevelopmentEarly Childhood Education and Development

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Effortful control in early childhood: Continuity and change, antecedents, and implications for social development.

Kochanska, Grazyna, Murray, Kathleen T., Harlan, Elena T.·2000·Developmental Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.220

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Abstract

The course, antecedents, and implications for social development of effortful control were examined in this comprehensive longitudinal study. Behavioral multitask batteries and parental ratings assessed effortful control at 22 and 33 months (N = 106). Effortful control functions encompassed delaying, slowing down motor activity, suppressing/initiating activity to signal, effortful attention, and lowering voice. Between 22 and 33 months, effortful control improved considerably, its coherence increased, it was stable, and it was higher for girls. Behavioral and parent-rated measures converged. Children's focused attention at 9 months, mothers' responsiveness at 22 months, and mothers' self-reported socialization level all predicted children's greater effortful control. Effortful control had implications for concurrent social development. Greater effortful control at 22 months was linked to more regulated anger, and at 33 months, to more regulated anger and joy and to stronger restraint.

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Authors: Kochanska, G., Murray, K. T., & Harlan, E. T.
Affiliations: University of Iowa (US)
ORCID: Kochanska, Grazyna
Venue: Developmental Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2000
Volume: 36
Issue: 2
Pages: 220-232
ISSN: 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
1939-0599
DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.220
OpenAlex: W2011220941
Cited by: 1,993
References: 70
Citations by year: 2026: 47 · 2025: 59 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 81 · 2021: 114 · 2020: 186 · 2019: 100 · 2018: 99 · 2017: 97 · 2016: 101 · 2015: 137 · 2014: 108 · 2013: 102 · 2012: 111
FWCI: 21.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (K02 MH-01446-01, K02MH001446)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
Keywords: effortful control, early childhood, continuity and change, social development (developmental psychology), emotion regulation, anger regulation, restraint, maternal responsiveness, maternal socialization, gender differences
MeSH terms: Affect, Age Factors, Child Behavior, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Factors, Socialization, Temperament, Cohort Studies, Self Efficacy

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Effortful control in early childhood: Continuity and change, antecedents, and implications for social development.

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