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Cited by 1,993Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentChild and Animal Learning DevelopmentEarly Childhood Education and Development

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 73 of the 73 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Effortful control in early childhood: Continuity and change, antecedents, and implications for social development.

Kochanska, Grazyna, Murray, Kathleen T., Harlan, Elena T.·2000·Developmental Psychology
DOI 10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.220
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Abstract

The course, antecedents, and implications for social development of effortful control were examined in this comprehensive longitudinal study. Behavioral multitask batteries and parental ratings assessed effortful control at 22 and 33 months (N = 106). Effortful control functions encompassed delaying, slowing down motor activity, suppressing/initiating activity to signal, effortful attention, and lowering voice. Between 22 and 33 months, effortful control improved considerably, its coherence increased, it was stable, and it was higher for girls. Behavioral and parent-rated measures converged. Children's focused attention at 9 months, mothers' responsiveness at 22 months, and mothers' self-reported socialization level all predicted children's greater effortful control. Effortful control had implications for concurrent social development. Greater effortful control at 22 months was linked to more regulated anger, and at 33 months, to more regulated anger and joy and to stronger restraint.

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Crossref · 10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.220

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73 of 73 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Show all 70 references

Research works printed but not linked: 10

  1. Ainsworth, 1971, Individual differences in strange-situation behavior in one-year-olds., 17
  2. 10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.65 · DOI · Paper page
  3. Goldsmith, 1992, The Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery (LAB-TAB): Locomotor Version 3.0
  4. Gough, 1987, Manual for the California Personality Inventory.
  5. Kopp, 1987, The growth of self-regulation: Caregivers and children., 34
  6. Maccoby, 1980, Social development.
  7. Mischel, 1983, Delay of gratification as process and as person variable in development., 149
  8. Pulkkinen, 1986, The role of impulse control in the development of antisocial and prosocial behavior., 149
  9. Rothbart, 1989a, Temperament and development., 187
  10. 10.1037/0021-843X.103.1.55 · DOI

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Metadata

Authors
Kochanska, G., Murray, K. T., & Harlan, E. T.
Affiliations
University of Iowa (US)
ORCID
Kochanska, Grazyna
Venue
Developmental Psychology
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
2000
Volume
36
Issue
2
Pages
220-232
ISSN
  • 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-0599
DOI
10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.220
OpenAlex
W2011220941
Cited by
1,993
References
70
Citations by year
2026: 47 · 2025: 59 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 81 · 2021: 114 · 2020: 186 · 2019: 100 · 2018: 99 · 2017: 97 · 2016: 101 · 2015: 137 · 2014: 108 · 2013: 102 · 2012: 111
FWCI
21.77
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (K02 MH-01446-01, K02MH001446)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
  • Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
Keywords
effortful control, early childhood, continuity and change, social development (developmental psychology), emotion regulation, anger regulation, restraint, maternal responsiveness, maternal socialization, gender differences
MeSH terms
Affect, Age Factors, Child Behavior, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Factors, Socialization, Temperament, Cohort Studies, Self Efficacy

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