Inhibitory control and working memory in post-institutionalized children
Open accessAbstract
Inhibitory control and working memory were examined in post-institutionalized (PI) children adopted into United States families from Russian institutions. The PI sample originated from institutions that were less severely depriving than those represented in previous studies and approximated the level of psychosocial deprivation, which is characterized by adequate physical resources but a lack of consistent and responsive caregiving. PI children (N = 75; 29 male) ranged in age from 8–17 years (M = 12.97; SD = 3.03) and were grouped according to whether they were adopted after 14 months or before 9 months. A non-adopted comparison group (N = 133; 65 male) ranged in age from 8–17 years (M = 12.26; SD = 2.75). PI children adopted after 14 months of age displayed poorer performance on the stop-signal and spatial span tasks relative to PI children adopted before 9 months of age after controlling for age at assessment. The two PI groups did not differ in their performance on a spatial self-ordered search task. Older-adopted PI children also showed poorer spatial span task performance compared to non-adopted children, but younger-adopted PI children did not. Task performance was significantly associated with parent-rated hyperactive-impulsive behavior in everyday contexts. These findings suggest that exposure to prolonged early institutional deprivation may be linked with inhibitory control and working memory difficulties years after adoption.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
0 of 78 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
Among post-institutionalized children, those adopted at 14 months or older performed worse on the spatial span task than those adopted at 9 months or younger, after controlling for age at assessment.
“PI children adopted after 14 months of age displayed poorer performance on the stop-signal and spatial span tasks relative to PI children adopted before 9 months of age after controlling for age at assessment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Younger-adopted post-institutionalized children did not differ from non-adopted children on the spatial span task.
“Older-adopted PI children also showed poorer spatial span task performance compared to non-adopted children, but younger-adopted PI children did not.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The non-adopted comparison group is comparable to the post-institutionalized children on factors other than age, gender, and absence of neurological or psychiatric disorders that affect spatial span performance.
- Findingown data
Among post-institutionalized children, those adopted at 14 months or older performed worse on the stop-signal task than those adopted at 9 months or younger, after controlling for age at assessment.
“PI children adopted after 14 months of age displayed poorer performance on the stop-signal and spatial span tasks relative to PI children adopted before 9 months of age after controlling for age at assessment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Task performance was significantly associated with parent-rated hyperactive-impulsive behavior in everyday contexts.
“Task performance was significantly associated with parent-rated hyperactive-impulsive behavior in everyday contexts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Older-adopted post-institutionalized children performed worse on the spatial span task than non-adopted children.
“Older-adopted PI children also showed poorer spatial span task performance compared to non-adopted children, but younger-adopted PI children did not.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The non-adopted comparison group is comparable to the post-institutionalized children on factors other than age, gender, and absence of neurological or psychiatric disorders that affect spatial span performance.
- Findingown data
The two post-institutionalized age-at-adoption groups did not differ on the spatial self-ordered search task.
“The two PI groups did not differ in their performance on a spatial self-ordered search task.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
IQ was not significantly associated with performance on the spatial working memory task (r=−.19, p=.10).
“but not the spatial working memory task, r=−.19, p=.10”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The PI group adopted at 14 months or later had a significantly lower IQ than the PI group adopted at 9 months or earlier.
“The PI group adopted ≥ 14 months had a significantly lower IQ than the PI group adopted ≤ 9 months”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
MANCOVA showed a significant main effect of group on inhibitory control and working memory (Wilks' λ=.82, F(3,68)=5.06, p=.003).
“MANCOVA revealed a significant main effect of group on inhibitory control and working memory, Wilks’ λ = .82, F(3,68)=5.06, p=.003.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
IQ was not significantly associated with performance on the stop-signal task (r=−.10, ns).
“or the stop-signal task, r=−.10, ns.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Parent-rated attention problems were not associated with age at assessment (r = .03-.21, ns).
“but parent-rated attention problems were not associated with age at assessment, r = .03–.21, ns.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In this sample, performance on inhibitory control and working memory tasks improved with age at assessment (r = .26-.57, p < .05).
“As expected, inhibitory control and working memory task performance improved with age at assessment, r = .26–.57, p<.05”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
IQ was significantly associated with performance on the spatial span task (r=.27, p<.05).
“IQ was significantly associated with performance on the spatial span task, r=.27, p<.05”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Children with low birth weight had significantly more spatial working memory task total errors than children with birth weights in the normal range (t(49)=2.30, p<.05).
“children with LBW had significantly more spatial working memory task total errors, t(49) = 2.30, p<.05, n=51”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Children with low birth weight did not have significantly poorer performance on the spatial span task than children with normal birth weight (t(49)=1.41, ns).
“or spatial span tasks, t(49) = 1.41, ns, than children with birth weights in the normal range.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In Spearman analyses, Hyperactive-Impulsive scale scores were significantly correlated with spatial working memory task total errors (rs=.24, p<.05).
“spatial working memory task total errors, rs = .24, p<.05”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
PI children adopted at 9 months or earlier did not differ significantly from the normative sample on the Hyperactive-Impulsive scale (one-sample t(37)=.67-1.68, ns).
“PI children adopted ≤ 9 months did not differ significantly from the normative sample on the Inattentive or Hyperactive-Impulsive scales, one-sample t(37)=.67–1.68, ns.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
SSRT was significantly correlated with Hyperactive-Impulsive scale T scores.
“SSRT and spatial span length were significantly correlated with Hyperactive-Impulsive scale T scores”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In Spearman analyses, Hyperactive-Impulsive scale scores were significantly correlated with SSRT (rs=.28, p<.05).
“and SSRT, rs = .28, p<.05.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In regression, age at adoption group and age at assessment accounted for a significant amount of variability in hyperactivity-impulsivity (R2=.09, F(2,69)=3.30, p=.04).
“age at adoption group and age at assessment accounted for a significant amount of the variability in hyperactivity-impulsivity, R2 = .09, F(2,69) = 3.30, p = .04.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
PI children adopted at 14 months or later had significantly higher T scores on the Inattentive scale than those adopted at 9 months or earlier.
“PI children adopted ≥ 14 months had significantly higher T scores on the Inattentive and Hyperactive-Impulsive scales than those adopted ≤ 9 months”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
There were no significant group differences for the spatial working memory task.
“but there were no significant group differences for the spatial working memory task (see Table 2)1.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Spatial span length accounted for a significant amount of variability in hyperactivity-impulsivity after controlling for age at adoption group and age at assessment (ΔR2=.05, F(1,70)=4.36, p=.04).
“spatial span length accounted for a significant amount of variability in hyperactivity-impulsivity even after controlling for age at adoption group and age at assessment, Δ R2 = .05, F(1,70) = 4.36, p = .04.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
PI children adopted at 14 months or later recalled significantly fewer items on the spatial span task than PI children adopted at 9 months or earlier.
“PI children adopted ≥ 14 months recalled significantly fewer items on the spatial span task”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Spatial working memory total errors were marginally significantly correlated with Hyperactive-Impulsive scale T scores.
“(correlation with spatial working memory total errors was marginally significant)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
There were no significant PI group differences in the percentage of children born prematurely.
“or the percentage of children born prematurely.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
ANCOVA revealed a significant main effect of group on spatial span length (F(2,201)=8.83, p<.001).
“ANCOVA revealed a significant main effect of group on spatial span length, F(2,201) = 8.83, p<.001.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
There were no significant PI group differences in birth weight.
“there were no significant PI group differences in birth weight”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
PI children adopted at 14 months or later had a significantly higher SSRT than PI children adopted at 9 months or earlier.
“and had a significantly higher SSRT relative to PI children adopted ≤ 9 months”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
PI children adopted at 14 months or later had significantly higher Hyperactive-Impulsive scale T scores than the CPRS normative sample (one-sample t(34)=3.88-5.42, p<.001).
“and the CPRS normative sample, one-sample t(34)=3.88–5.42, p<.001.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Children with low birth weight did not have significantly poorer performance on the stop-signal task than children with normal birth weight (t(48)=.97, ns).
“but did not have significantly poorer performance on the stop-signal, t(48) = .97, ns”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
There were no significant correlations between continuously-scaled birth weight and inhibitory control or working memory measures (r=.08-.18, ns).
“there were no significant correlations between continuously-scaled birth weight and inhibitory control or working memory measures, r=.08–.18, ns.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The older-adopted PI group had a significantly lower spatial span length than the NA group.
“the older-adopted PI group (M=5.65, SD=1.56) had a significantly lower span length than both the younger-adopted PI group (M=6.69, SD=1.61) and the NA group (M=6.51, SD=1.61)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
SSRT did not account for a significant amount of variability in hyperactivity-impulsivity after controlling for age at adoption group and age at assessment (ΔR2=.03, F(1,68)=2.44, p=.12).
“SSRT did not account for a significant amount of variability in hyperactivity-impulsivity after controlling for age at adoption group and age at assessment, Δ R2 = .03, F(1,68) = 2.44, p = .12.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Cohen's d for the difference between the older-adopted PI and NA groups was .54, a moderate effect.
“Cohen’s d for the significant difference between the older-adopted PI and NA groups was .54, a moderate effect.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The younger-adopted PI group and the NA group did not differ significantly in spatial span length.
“which did not differ significantly from each other.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
PI children adopted at 14 months or later had significantly higher Inattentive scale T scores than the CPRS normative sample (one-sample t(34)=3.88-5.42, p<.001).
“and the CPRS normative sample, one-sample t(34)=3.88–5.42, p<.001.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
None of the task scores were significantly associated with Inattentive scale T scores.
“but none of the task scores were significantly associated with Inattentive scale T scores.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Spatial working memory total errors accounted for a significant amount of variability in hyperactivity-impulsivity after controlling for age at adoption group and age at assessment (ΔR2=.07, F(1,70)=5.60, p=.02).
“spatial working memory total errors accounted for a significant amount of variability in hyperactivity-impulsivity after controlling for age at adoption group and age at assessment, Δ R2 = .07, F(1,70) = 5.60, p = .02.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The older-adopted PI group had a significantly lower spatial span length than the younger-adopted PI group.
“the older-adopted PI group (M=5.65, SD=1.56) had a significantly lower span length than both the younger-adopted PI group (M=6.69, SD=1.61)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Age at adoption group by age at assessment interaction effects were not significant.
“Age at adoption group by age at assessment interaction effects were not significant”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Spatial span length was significantly correlated with Hyperactive-Impulsive scale T scores.
“SSRT and spatial span length were significantly correlated with Hyperactive-Impulsive scale T scores”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
PI children adopted at 9 months or earlier did not differ significantly from the normative sample on the Inattentive scale (one-sample t(37)=.67-1.68, ns).
“PI children adopted ≤ 9 months did not differ significantly from the normative sample on the Inattentive or Hyperactive-Impulsive scales, one-sample t(37)=.67–1.68, ns.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In Spearman analyses, Hyperactive-Impulsive scale scores were significantly correlated with spatial span length (rs=−.23, p<.05).
“Hyperactive-Impulsive scale scores were correlated significantly with spatial span length, rs = −.23, p<.05”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
PI children adopted at 14 months or later had significantly higher T scores on the Hyperactive-Impulsive scale than those adopted at 9 months or earlier.
“PI children adopted ≥ 14 months had significantly higher T scores on the Inattentive and Hyperactive-Impulsive scales than those adopted ≤ 9 months”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
PI children born prematurely and those not born prematurely did not differ significantly on inhibitory control or working memory measures (t(56)=.42-1.33, ns).
“PI children born and not born prematurely did not differ significantly on the inhibitory control or working memory measures, t(56) = .42–1.33, ns.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The PI children in this sample were adopted into families with high parental education and income.
“The PI children in our sample were adopted into families characterized by high parental education and income”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The PI groups did not differ in adoptive family characteristics (parental education and income).
“and the PI groups did not differ in these adoptive family characteristics.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Post-institutionalized children are more likely to receive learning support services than children reared in biological homes and children adopted at young ages from non-institutional settings.
“However, studies consistently find that PI children have significantly greater attention problems, lower IQ scores, greater likelihood of receiving learning support services, and lower reading and math achievement scores than children reared in their biological homes and children adopted at young ages from non-institutional settings (Fox, Almas, Degnan, Nelson, & Zeanah, 2011; Loman et al., 2009;”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationown data
The findings suggest that prolonged early institutional deprivation may be linked with inhibitory control and working memory difficulties years after adoption.
“These findings suggest that exposure to prolonged early institutional deprivation may be linked with inhibitory control and working memory difficulties years after adoption.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Early exposure to less severely depriving psychosocially depriving institutions may also be associated with executive function difficulties.
“However, early exposure to less severely depriving institutions, such as psychosocially depriving institutions characterized by adequate physical resources but a lack of consistent and responsive caregiving, may also be associated with executive function difficulties (Pears et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Pears et al., 2010 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Post-institutionalized children have greater attention problems than children reared in biological homes and children adopted at young ages from non-institutional settings.
“However, studies consistently find that PI children have significantly greater attention problems, lower IQ scores, greater likelihood of receiving learning support services, and lower reading and math achievement scores than children reared in their biological homes and children adopted at young ages from non-institutional settings (Fox, Almas, Degnan, Nelson, & Zeanah, 2011; Loman et al., 2009;”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Post-institutionalized children have lower IQ scores than children reared in biological homes and children adopted at young ages from non-institutional settings.
“However, studies consistently find that PI children have significantly greater attention problems, lower IQ scores, greater likelihood of receiving learning support services, and lower reading and math achievement scores than children reared in their biological homes and children adopted at young ages from non-institutional settings (Fox, Almas, Degnan, Nelson, & Zeanah, 2011; Loman et al., 2009;”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Early institutionalization is linked with increased rates of persistent attention, cognitive, and academic difficulties.
“Early institutionalization is linked with increased rates of persistent attention, cognitive, and academic difficulties (MacLean, 2003; Stevens et al., 2008).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Post-institutionalized children have elevated rates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
“While PI children also have elevated rates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; Miller, Chan, Tirella, & Perrin, 2009), some evidence suggests that they differ in presentation from children with ADHD who do not have histories of early deprivation (Sonuga-Barke & Rubia, 2008).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Miller, Chan, Tirella, & Perrin, 2009 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Post-institutionalized children have lower reading and math achievement scores than children reared in biological homes and children adopted at young ages from non-institutional settings.
“However, studies consistently find that PI children have significantly greater attention problems, lower IQ scores, greater likelihood of receiving learning support services, and lower reading and math achievement scores than children reared in their biological homes and children adopted at young ages from non-institutional settings (Fox, Almas, Degnan, Nelson, & Zeanah, 2011; Loman et al., 2009;”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Post-institutionalized children with ADHD differ in presentation from children with ADHD who do not have histories of early deprivation.
“While PI children also have elevated rates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; Miller, Chan, Tirella, & Perrin, 2009), some evidence suggests that they differ in presentation from children with ADHD who do not have histories of early deprivation (Sonuga-Barke & Rubia, 2008).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sonuga-Barke & Rubia, 2008 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation§ Inhibitory Control and Working Memory in Post-Institutionalized Children
In animal models, early deprivation may produce deficits in executive functioning.
“In animal models, there is evidence that early deprivation may produce deficits in executive functioning (Sanchez, Ladd, & Plotsky, 2001), a set of cognitive skills that facilitate goal-directed behavior (Best & Miller, 2010).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sanchez, Ladd, & Plotsky, 2001 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation§ Inhibitory Control and Working Memory in Post-Institutionalized Children
Among 11-year-old post-institutionalized children in the English and Romanian Adoptees study, Stroop task performance was associated with parent- and teacher-reported inattention and hyperactivity.
“In the English and Romanian Adoptees (ERA) study, among 11-year-old PI children, Stroop task performance was associated with parent- and teacher-reported inattention and hyperactivity (Colvert et al., 2008; Sonuga-Barke & Rubia, 2008).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation§ Inhibitory Control and Working Memory in Post-Institutionalized Children
Post-institutionalized children showed poorer performance on complex inhibitory or interference control tasks than children reared in biological families and children adopted at young ages from non-institutional settings.
“PI children showed poorer performance on “simple” inhibitory control tasks assessing the ability to withhold a primary or dominant response (e.g., go/no-go, stop-signal tasks; Eigsti, Weitzman, Schuh, De Marchena, & Casey, 2011; McDermott, Westerlund, Zeanah, Nelson, & Fox, 2011) as well as on more complex inhibitory or interference control tasks assessing suppression of a competing secondary”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation§ Inhibitory Control and Working Memory in Post-Institutionalized Children
The Bucharest Early Intervention Project found that birth weight contributed significantly to performance on the spatial working memory task.
“In contrast, the BEIP found that birth weight contributed significantly to performance on the spatial working memory task (Bos, Fox, Zeanah, & Nelson, 2009).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bos, Fox, Zeanah, & Nelson, 2009
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation§ Inhibitory Control and Working Memory in Post-Institutionalized Children
Post-institutionalized children showed poorer performance on simple inhibitory control tasks than children reared in biological families and children adopted at young ages from non-institutional settings.
“PI children showed poorer performance on “simple” inhibitory control tasks assessing the ability to withhold a primary or dominant response (e.g., go/no-go, stop-signal tasks; Eigsti, Weitzman, Schuh, De Marchena, & Casey, 2011; McDermott, Westerlund, Zeanah, Nelson, & Fox, 2011) as well as on more complex inhibitory or interference control tasks assessing suppression of a competing secondary”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Eigsti, Weitzman, Schuh, De Marchena, & Casey, 2011 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites McDermott, Westerlund, Zeanah, Nelson, & Fox, 2011
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Studies of children adopted from less severely depriving institutions have suggested a step-function at older ages of adoption, such as after 18-24 months.
“Studies of children adopted from less severely depriving institutions have suggested a step-function at older ages of adoption, such as after 18–24 months (Gunnar et al., 2007; Merz & McCall, 2010; Nelson et al., 2007).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation§ Inhibitory Control and Working Memory in Post-Institutionalized Children
Children exposed to institutional deprivation had greater spatial working memory difficulties than children reared in their biological families.
“In the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP), children exposed to institutional deprivation had greater spatial working memory difficulties than children reared in their biological families (Bos, Fox, Zeanah, & Nelson, 2009).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bos, Fox, Zeanah, & Nelson, 2009
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The English and Romanian Adoptees study found a threshold effect at 6 months for attention and cognitive outcomes among children adopted from severely or globally depriving Romanian institutions.
“At 11 years of age, the ERA study of children adopted from severely or globally depriving Romanian institutions found a threshold effect or step function at 6 months.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Rutter et al., 2007 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation§ Inhibitory Control and Working Memory in Post-Institutionalized Children
Post-institutionalized children displayed greater spatial working memory deficits than children adopted at young ages from non-institutional settings such as foster care.
“PI children displayed greater spatial working memory deficits than children adopted at young ages from non-institutional settings such as foster care (Pollak et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Pollak et al., 2010 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
School-aged children adopted primarily from these psychosocially depriving institutions at older ages had higher levels of parent-reported executive function difficulties than those adopted at younger ages and the normative sample.
“School-aged children adopted primarily from these psychosocially depriving institutions at older ages had higher levels of parent-reported executive function difficulties than those adopted at younger ages and the normative sample (Merz & McCall, 2011).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Merz & McCall, 2011 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Results from the English and Romanian Adoptees study indicated a step function at 6 months for Stroop task errors.
“Results from the ERA study indicated a step function at 6 months for Stroop task errors (Beckett et al., 2010; Colvert et al., 2008).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Study design and conductown data
Participants in the current study and in the main study did not differ on parent-rated inhibitory control or working memory after covarying age at assessment and age at adoption.
“There were no significant differences between current study and main study participants on parent-rated inhibitory control or working memory, Wilks’ λ = .99, F(2,203)=.55, ns.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductcitation
Parents of children with more difficulties were no more likely to respond to a single questionnaire than parents of children with fewer adjustment difficulties.
“According to a selective responding check conducted on our main study sample, parents of children with more difficulties were no more likely to respond to a single questionnaire than parents of children with fewer adjustment difficulties (Hawk et al., in press).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hawk et al., in press
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
This post-institutionalized sample also had lower levels of parent-reported behavior and executive function difficulties than post-institutionalized children adopted from globally depriving institutions after accounting for age at adoption.
“This PI sample also had lower levels of parent-reported behavior and executive function difficulties than PI children adopted from globally depriving institutions after accounting for age at adoption (Merz & McCall, 2010; Merz, McCall, & Groza, in press).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Merz & McCall, 2010 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Merz, McCall, & Groza, in press
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Children exposed to early adverse care have an increased risk of executive functioning difficulties.
“Children exposed to early adverse care (e.g., maltreatment, multiple foster placements, caregiver disruptions) have an increased risk of executive functioning difficulties (Lewis, Dozier, Ackerman, & Sepulveda, 2007; Pears, Fisher, Bruce, Kim, & Yoerger, 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Study design and conductreasoning
Age at adoption was used in analyses rather than time in an institution because it was more frequently and likely more accurately reported.
“Age at adoption was used in analyses rather than time in an institution because it was more frequently and likely more accurately reported.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
Parent-reported time in an institution was strongly correlated with age at adoption.
“Parent-reported time in an institution was strongly correlated with age at adoption, r = .94, p < .001, reflecting that most children were placed in institutions in the first few months of life.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
Basic differences in motor skills may not confound other differences found between the groups.
“suggesting that basic differences in motor skills may not confound any other differences found between the groups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
Children taking stimulant medication on the assessment day, those taking stimulant medication but not on the assessment day, and those not taking stimulant medication did not differ significantly in inhibitory control (F(2,71)=1.55, ns).
“Children taking stimulant medication on the day of the assessment (n=11), children taking stimulant medication but not on the day of the assessment (n=8), and children not taking stimulant medication (n=56) did not differ significantly in inhibitory control, F(2,71)=1.55, ns”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductown data
There were no group differences on the CANTAB motor screening task error score (F(1,73)=1.34, ns).
“There were no group differences on the CANTAB motor screening task error score, F(1,73)=1.34, ns”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
There were no gender differences in task performance (t(73)=.58-1.16, ns).
“There were no gender differences in task performance, t(73)=.58–1.16, ns”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductown data
There were no group differences on the CANTAB motor screening task latency score (F(1,73)=1.28, ns).
“or latency score, F(1,73)=1.28, ns”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
There were no gender differences in parent-rated attention problems (t(72)=.12-.33, ns).
“or parent-rated attention problems, t(72) = .12–.33, ns.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductown data
Within the PI group adopted at 9 months or earlier, age at adoption was not significantly correlated with inhibitory control or working memory task performance or with parent-rated inattention or hyperactivity-impulsivity (r=.02-.18, ns).
“There were no significant correlations between age at adoption and inhibitory control or working memory task performance (or parent-rated inattention or hyperactivity-impulsivity) within either the PI group adopted ≤ 9 months (r = .02–.18, ns)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductown data
Children adopted from psychosocially depriving institutions did not differ significantly from the remainder of the sample in inhibitory control or working memory.
“Children adopted from these psychosocially depriving institutions (54% of the sample) did not differ significantly from the remainder of the sample in inhibitory control or working memory, Wilks’ λ = .97, F(3, 67) = .60, ns.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductown data
Those medication groups did not differ significantly in working memory (F(2,71)=.22-.76, ns).
“or working memory, F(2,71)=.22–.76, ns”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductown data
The medication group comparisons were limited by small sample sizes within the groups taking medication.
“although results were limited by small sample size within the groups taking medication.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Post-adoption environmental differences may not have contributed to group differences in executive functioning.
“Therefore, post-adoption environmental differences may not have contributed to group differences in executive functioning.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Poor performance on inhibitory control and working memory tasks is consistent with the idea that prolonged early institutional deprivation may disrupt the development of fronto-striatal networks.
“Poor performance on these inhibitory control and working memory tasks is consistent with the idea that prolonged early institutional deprivation may disrupt the development of fronto-striatal networks.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The PI children in this study were adopted from institutions less severely depriving than those in previous studies.
- Rests on an assumption: The institutions of origin of the PI children tended toward psychosocial deprivation, meaning they provided adequate physical resources but lacked consistent responsive caregivers.
- Interpretationown data
Prematurity and birth weight may not explain PI group differences in executive functioning.
“although there was some indication that prematurity and birth weight may not explain PI group differences in executive functioning”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductown data
Birth data were not available for 39% of the PI sample.
“These birth data were not available for 39% of the PI sample”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
Group differences in inhibitory control and working memory task performance may reflect meaningful differences in PI children's level of hyperactivity-impulsivity in everyday settings.
“these results suggest that group differences in inhibitory control and working memory task performance may reflect meaningful differences in PI children’s level of hyperactivity-impulsivity in everyday settings.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
At least a third of the older-adopted PI children were potentially displaying attention problems similar to ADHD.
“at least a third of the older-adopted PI children were potentially displaying attention problems similar to ADHD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductnone given
This study could not completely rule out the influence of potential confounding risk factors, such as genetics and prenatal care.
“this study could not completely rule out the influence of potential confounding risk factors, such as genetics and prenatal care.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Because the PI sample was adopted solely from Russia or the former Soviet Union, the results may not be representative of children adopted from institutions worldwide.
“Because this PI sample was adopted solely from Russia or the former Soviet Union, the results may not be representative of children adopted from institutions worldwide.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Children adopted from Russia or the former Soviet Union may have an increased likelihood of prenatal alcohol exposure.
- Interpretationown data
Removal from the institution prior to 9 months of age may not be associated with an increased risk of later difficulties.
“whereas removal from the institution prior to 9 months of age may not be associated with an increased risk of later difficulties.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The PI children in this study were adopted from institutions less severely depriving than those in previous studies.
- Rests on an assumption: The institutions of origin of the PI children tended toward psychosocial deprivation, meaning they provided adequate physical resources but lacked consistent responsive caregivers.
- Rests on an assumption: Age at adoption is a valid proxy for duration of institutional exposure.
- Interpretationown data
Exposure for at least the first 14 months of life may result in later executive function difficulties.
“The current study suggests that exposure for at least the first 14 months of life may result in later executive function difficulties”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The PI children in this study were adopted from institutions less severely depriving than those in previous studies.
- Rests on an assumption: The institutions of origin of the PI children tended toward psychosocial deprivation, meaning they provided adequate physical resources but lacked consistent responsive caregivers.
- Rests on an assumption: Age at adoption is a valid proxy for duration of institutional exposure.
- Interpretationown data
Younger-adopted PI children may not differ significantly from typically-developing children.
“while younger-adopted PI children may not differ significantly from typically-developing children.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The PI children in this study were adopted from institutions less severely depriving than those in previous studies.
- Rests on an assumption: The institutions of origin of the PI children tended toward psychosocial deprivation, meaning they provided adequate physical resources but lacked consistent responsive caregivers.
- Rests on an assumption: Age at adoption is a valid proxy for duration of institutional exposure.
- Interpretationown data
Older-adopted PI children have an increased risk of persistent difficulties with inhibitory control and working memory.
“Findings from this study suggest that older-adopted PI children have an increased risk of persistent difficulties with inhibitory control and working memory”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The PI children in this study were adopted from institutions less severely depriving than those in previous studies.
- Rests on an assumption: The institutions of origin of the PI children tended toward psychosocial deprivation, meaning they provided adequate physical resources but lacked consistent responsive caregivers.
- Rests on an assumption: Age at adoption is a valid proxy for duration of institutional exposure.
- Premisecitation
Prior study designs, such as the BEIP and ERA studies, suggest that selective adoption is unlikely to explain age at adoption effects.
“prior study designs, such as those of the BEIP and ERA studies, suggest that selective adoption is unlikely to explain age at adoption effects (Fox, Almas, Degnan, Nelson, & Zeanah, 2011; Rutter et al., 2007).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Fox, Almas, Degnan, Nelson, & Zeanah, 2011
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Rutter et al., 2007 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Poorer performance on inhibitory control and working memory tasks may be associated with heightened hyperactivity-impulsivity in everyday contexts.
“Poorer performance on inhibitory control and working memory tasks may be associated with heightened hyperactivity-impulsivity in everyday contexts.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 25
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 26
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPost-institutionalized children may have underlying difficulties with executive processes such as inhibiting automatic responses and storing and processing information in working memory.
“Recent findings suggest that post-institutionalized (PI) children may have underlying difficulties with executive processes such as inhibiting automatic responses to goal-irrelevant stimuli and storing and processing information in working memory (Pollak et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Pollak et al., 2010 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Inhibitory Control and Working Memory in Post-Institutionalized ChildrenExecutive functioning is associated with activation in prefrontal cortex.
“Executive functioning is associated with activation in prefrontal cortex (Chambers, Garavan, & Bellgrove, 2009) and represents a unified latent construct that entails the coordination of several interrelated, but distinct, component skills including inhibitory control and working memory (Garon, Bryson, & Smith, 2008; Miyake et al., 2000).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Chambers, Garavan, & Bellgrove, 2009 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationProblems with inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity have been found in multiple studies of post-institutionalized children and shown to persist years after adoption.
“In particular, problems with inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity have been found in multiple studies of PI children and shown to persist years after adoption (Gunnar et al., 2007; Kreppner, O’Connor, & Rutter, 2001; MacLean, 2003; Rutter, Kreppner, & O’Connor, 2001; Stevens et al., 2008).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Inhibitory Control and Working Memory in Post-Institutionalized ChildrenDevelopment of inhibitory control and working memory is closely associated with the ability to regulate attention.
“Development of these specific skills is closely associated with the ability to regulate attention (Rueda, Posner, & Rothbart, 2005).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Rueda, Posner, & Rothbart, 2005 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Inhibitory Control and Working Memory in Post-Institutionalized ChildrenExecutive functioning represents a unified latent construct entailing coordination of interrelated but distinct component skills including inhibitory control and working memory.
“Executive functioning is associated with activation in prefrontal cortex (Chambers, Garavan, & Bellgrove, 2009) and represents a unified latent construct that entails the coordination of several interrelated, but distinct, component skills including inhibitory control and working memory (Garon, Bryson, & Smith, 2008; Miyake et al., 2000).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Inhibitory Control and Working Memory in Post-Institutionalized ChildrenComplex inhibitory control tasks require integration of multiple cognitive processes including working memory, so simple tasks may more purely reflect inhibitory control.
“Given that complex inhibitory control tasks require the integration of multiple cognitive processes, including working memory, simple tasks may more purely reflect inhibitory control (Best & Miller, 2010).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Best & Miller, 2010 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Inhibitory Control and Working Memory in Post-Institutionalized ChildrenImprovements in executive function skills often support emerging competencies in social, behavioral, and academic domains.
“Improvements in executive function skills often support emerging competencies in the social, behavioral, and academic domains (Hughes, 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hughes, 2011 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Inhibitory Control and Working Memory in Post-Institutionalized ChildrenWorking memory can be divided into verbal and visual-spatial systems, and these can be further subdivided into short-term storage/maintenance and updating/processing components.
“Working memory can be divided based on whether it refers to verbal or visual-spatial information, and these systems can be further subdivided into short-term storage/maintenance and updating/processing components (Alloway, Gathercole, & Pickering, 2006).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Alloway, Gathercole, & Pickering, 2006 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Inhibitory Control and Working Memory in Post-Institutionalized ChildrenPollak et al. found differences between post-institutionalized and non-institutional adopted groups on working memory despite the groups not differing significantly in birth weight.
“Pollak et al. (2010) found differences between PI and non-institutional adopted groups on working memory despite these groups not differing significantly in birth weight.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Pollak et al. (2010) source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSeveral Russian institutions provided adequate material resources but exposed children to frequent changes in caregivers and a lack of sensitive, responsive caregiving.
“Several Russian institutions were found to provide adequate material resources but expose children to frequent changes in caregivers and a lack of sensitive, responsive caregiving.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites St. Petersburg-USA Orphanage Research Team, 2005
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationUnder typical family rearing conditions, inhibitory control and working memory emerge in the first year of life and develop rapidly over early childhood.
“Under typical family rearing conditions, inhibitory control and working memory emerge in the first year of life and develop rapidly over the course of early childhood (Best & Miller, 2010; Garon, Bryson, & Smith, 2008; Hughes, 2011; Rueda, Posner, & Rothbart, 2005).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationTaken together, findings across studies indicate that post-institutionalized children adopted before 6-9 months do not differ from typically-developing children, whereas those adopted after 12-14 months have greater executive function problems.
“Taken together, findings across studies indicate that PI children adopted before 6–9 months do not differ from typically-developing children, whereas PI children adopted after 12–14 months have greater executive function problems.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn these institutions, caregivers rarely initiated social interactions, responded to infants' social bids, responded promptly to emotional distress, or provided warmth and affection.
“Caregivers rarely initiated social interactions, responded to infants’ social bids, responded promptly to emotional distress, or provided warmth and affection (Muhamedrahimov, 1999; see also Tirella et al., 2008).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Muhamedrahimov, 1999
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Tirella et al., 2008 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationStudies of general development have found that caregiver responsiveness and scaffolding support executive function development during early childhood.
“Studies of general development have found that caregiver responsiveness and scaffolding support executive function development during early childhood (Bernier, Carlson, & Whipple, 2010; Kochanska, Murray, & Harlan, 2000; Landry, Smith, & Swank, 2006).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataWithin the PI group adopted at 14 months or later, age at adoption was not significantly correlated with inhibitory control or working memory task performance or with parent-rated inattention or hyperactivity-impulsivity (r=.15-.29, ns).
“or the PI group adopted ≥ 14 months (r = .15–.29, ns).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataThe percentage of children taking stimulant medication at the time of testing did not differ between the post-institutionalized groups.
“The percentage of children taking stimulant medication at the time of testing did not differ between groups (see Table 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown dataAge at assessment was included as a covariate in the main analyses of task performance.
“Based on these preliminary analyses, age at assessment was included as a covariate in main analyses involving task performance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataMain analyses re-run omitting sub-blocks with percentage of inhibition below 13% showed no change in results.
“Main analyses were re-run omitting sub-blocks in which percentage of inhibition was < 13%, with no change in results.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe post-institutionalized and non-adopted children did not differ significantly in age at assessment or gender.
“The PI and NA children did not differ significantly in terms of age at assessment, F(2,203) = 1.22, ns, or gender, χ2(2,N=206) = 3.54, ns.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe probability of inhibition was very close to 50% in each group, suggesting that stop-signal reaction time was estimated accurately.
“The probability of inhibition was very close to 50% in each group suggesting that SSRT was estimated accurately.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThere were no differences between the post-institutionalized age-at-adoption groups in the number of boys versus girls or in child's age at assessment.
“As shown in Table 1, there were no differences between the groups in terms of the number of boys versus girls and child’s age at assessment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataPrematurity was significantly associated with low birth weight.
“As expected, prematurity was significantly associated with LBW, χ2(1, N=51)=31.63, p<.001.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe post-institutionalized groups did not differ significantly in percentage of accurate inhibition or stop-signal delay.
“In addition, the PI groups did not differ significantly in terms of percentage of accurate inhibition or stop-signal delay.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationThe CANTAB has acceptable to high concurrent validity and test-retest reliability and is differentially sensitive to disturbances in various brain systems.
“The CANTAB has been shown to possess acceptable to high levels of concurrent validity and test-retest reliability and to be differentially sensitive to disturbances in various brain systems (De Luca et al., 2003; Luciana & Nelson, 2002; Strauss, Sherman, & Spreen, 2006).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationThe short form of the WISC-IV had high reliability and validity in the standardization sample.
“This short form of the WISC-IV had high reliability (.92) and validity (.87) in the standardization sample (Sattler & Dumont, 2004).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sattler & Dumont, 2004
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataOlder-adopted PI children may have difficulty suppressing an already-initiated motor response and maintaining visual-spatial items in mind over short periods.
“These findings suggest that older-adopted PI children may have difficulty suppressing an already-initiated motor response and maintaining visual-spatial items in mind over short periods of time.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenThis study excluded PI children with parent-reported professional diagnoses of FASD.
“This study excluded PI children with parent-reported professional diagnoses of FASD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenThe sample size was small but within the range of studies using neurocognitive measures.
“The sample size was small but within the range of studies using neurocognitive measures.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationCaregiver responsiveness and scaffolding support the early development of executive functioning.
“studies indicating that caregiver responsiveness and scaffolding support the early development of executive functioning (Bernier, Carlson, & Whipple, 2010)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bernier, Carlson, & Whipple, 2010 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenFactors other than exposure to early institutional deprivation may have differentiated the PI and NA groups and possibly contributed to group differences in spatial working memory.
“factors other than exposure to early institutional deprivation may have differentiated the PI and non-adopted (NA) groups and possibly contributed to group differences in spatial working memory.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataBirth data were provided by adoptive parents.
“and were provided by adoptive parents.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationEarly adverse care is associated with executive function difficulties.
“and that early adverse care is associated with executive function difficulties (Pears et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Pears et al., 2010 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductreasoningChildren spanning a wide range of age at assessment were included to allow recruitment of enough children for both age at adoption groups.
“Children spanning a wide range of age at assessment were included in the study to allow us to recruit enough children for both age at adoption groups.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationPrior studies included PI children adopted from other areas of the world and/or excluded children with facial indicators of PAE and still found executive function deficits.
“Prior studies also included PI children adopted from other areas of the world (e.g., Asia, Latin America) and/or excluded children with facial indicators of PAE and still found executive function deficits (Bauer et al., 2009; Bos et al., 2009; Pollak et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenDifferences in testing conditions between the PI and NA groups could have influenced results.
“differences in testing conditions (e.g., different examiners, testing contexts, levels of fatigue) between the PI and NA groups could also have influenced results.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationPI children's difficulties with these tasks are consistent with animal models of early deprivation and with human neuroimaging studies linking early adverse care to structural and functional changes in fronto-striatal circuitry.
“PI children’s difficulties with these tasks are consistent with animal models of early deprivation (Sanchez, Ladd, & Plotsky, 2001) and human neuroimaging studies showing links between early adverse care and structural and functional changes in fronto-striatal circuitry (Hart & Rubia, 2012; Nelson, Bos, Gunnar, & Sonuga-Barke, 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Sanchez, Ladd, & Plotsky, 2001 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Hart & Rubia, 2012 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Nelson, Bos, Gunnar, & Sonuga-Barke, 2011
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: The PI children in this study were adopted from institutions less severely depriving than those in previous studies.
- Rests on an assumption: The institutions of origin of the PI children tended toward psychosocial deprivation, meaning they provided adequate physical resources but lacked consistent responsive caregivers.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn typical development, the stop-signal and spatial span tasks recruit prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum, and these regions show differential recruitment with age until adulthood.
“in typical development, the stop-signal and spatial span tasks recruit prefrontal cortex as well as inferior parietal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum, which show differential recruitment with age until adulthood (Geier, Garver, Terwilliger, & Luna, 2009; Velanova, Wheeler, & Luna, 2009; see review, Luna, 2009).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationPrenatal alcohol exposure is linked with executive function deficits in children without institutional backgrounds.
“which is linked with executive function deficits in children without institutional backgrounds (Rasmussen & Bisanz, 2009).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Rasmussen & Bisanz, 2009 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenFew PI children were taking other psychoactive medications.
“although few PI children were taking other psychoactive medications”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenIt is possible that other psychoactive medications influenced task performance.
“it is also possible that these medications influenced task performance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenChildren with psychiatric diagnoses were not excluded from the PI group but were excluded from the NA group.
“Children with psychiatric diagnoses were not excluded from the PI group but were excluded from the NA group”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataFor the few PI children who spent some pre-adoption time with their birth families, data on the age at which this occurred were not available.
“For the few PI children who spent some pre-adoption time with their birth families, we did not have data on the age at which this occurred.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataSome PI children took stimulant medication on the day of testing, although this did not differ significantly between PI groups.
“Another limitation is that some PI children took stimulant medication on the day of testing, although this did not differ significantly between PI groups.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningPsychiatric diagnoses confound PI-NA comparisons and perhaps older- and younger-adopted PI comparisons.
“and therefore psychiatric diagnoses confound PI-NA comparisons and perhaps older- and younger-adopted PI comparisons.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe attribution of age at adoption effects to selective adoption of healthier children at younger ages cannot be ruled out in the current study.
“While the attribution of age at adoption effects to the selective adoption of healthier children at younger ages cannot be ruled out in the current study”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The non-adopted comparison group is comparable to the post-institutionalized children on factors other than age, gender, and absence of neurological or psychiatric disorders that affect spatial span performance.
“NA participants were typically-developing children reared in their birth families who completed the spatial span task as part of a separate study. This group had no reported history of neurological or psychiatric disorders in themselves or their first-degree relative.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The PI children in this study were adopted from institutions less severely depriving than those in previous studies.
“The PI children in this study were adopted from less severely depriving institutions than those represented in previous studies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The institutions of origin of the PI children tended toward psychosocial deprivation, meaning they provided adequate physical resources but lacked consistent responsive caregivers.
“Their institutions of origin tended toward the level of psychosocial deprivation, which generally refers to institutions that provide adequate physical resources but fail to provide a consistent set of responsive caregivers.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Children adopted from Russia or the former Soviet Union may have an increased likelihood of prenatal alcohol exposure.
“children adopted from this region may have an increased likelihood of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE)”
The paper relies on this without support.
Age at adoption is a valid proxy for duration of institutional exposure.
“Analyses were conducted to examine the validity of the age at adoption groups.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Deprivation exposure has been repeatedly associated with poorer EF during childhood and adolescence.
“Exposure to deprivation is consistently linked to reduced EF in childhood and adolescence (Bick et al., 2018; Hostinar et al., 2012; Merz et al., 2013; Wade, Fox, et al., 2019), as well as alterations in brain function and structure in the frontoparietal network that subserves EF (Berens et al., 2017; McLaughlin et al., 2019).”
From Family-based care buffers the stress sensitizing effect of early deprivation on executive functioning difficulties in adolescence (2023) · cites this paper as Merz et al., 2013
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- ConsistentF(2, 203) = 0.55reported n.s. · recomputed p = .578
“F(2,203)=.55, ns.”
- ConsistentF(3, 67) = 0.6reported n.s. · recomputed p = .617
“F(3, 67) = .60, ns.”
- ConsistentF(2, 203) = 1.22reported n.s. · recomputed p = .297
“F(2,203) = 1.22, ns”
- Consistentχ²(2) = 3.54reported n.s. · recomputed p = .170
“χ2(2,N=206) = 3.54, ns.”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 31.63reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2(1, N=51)=31.63, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(1, 73) = 1.34reported n.s. · recomputed p = .251
“F(1,73)=1.34, ns”
- ConsistentF(1, 73) = 1.28reported n.s. · recomputed p = .262
“F(1,73)=1.28, ns”
- ConsistentF(2, 71) = 1.55reported n.s. · recomputed p = .219
“F(2,71)=1.55, ns”
- ConsistentF(3, 68) = 5.06reported p = .003 · recomputed p = .003
“F(3,68)=5.06, p = .003”
- ConsistentF(2, 201) = 8.83reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(2,201) = 8.83, p < .001”
- Consistentt(49) = 2.3reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .026
“t(49) = 2.30, p < .05”
- Consistentt(48) = 0.97reported n.s. · recomputed p = .337
“t(48) = .97, ns”
- Consistentt(49) = 1.41reported n.s. · recomputed p = .165
“t(49) = 1.41, ns”
- ConsistentF(2, 69) = 3.3reported p = .04 · recomputed p = .043
“F(2,69) = 3.30, p = .04”
- ConsistentF(1, 68) = 2.44reported p = .12 · recomputed p = .123
“F(1,68) = 2.44, p = .12”
- ConsistentF(1, 70) = 4.36reported p = .04 · recomputed p = .040
“F(1,70) = 4.36, p = .04”
- ConsistentF(1, 70) = 5.6reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .021
“F(1,70) = 5.60, p = .02”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Parent-rating test degrees of freedom do not match the PI group sizes
MinorThe reported one-sample t-test degrees of freedom imply 35 older-adopted and 38 younger-adopted respondents. The older group contains only 34 children, and the two implied respondent counts total 73 despite the paper stating that only one of the 75 PI children lacked a parent rating.
“PI children adopted ≥ 14 months had significantly higher T scores on the Inattentive and Hyperactive-Impulsive scales than those adopted ≤ 9 months (see Table 2) and the CPRS normative sample, one-sample t(34)=3.88–5.42, p<.001. PI children adopted ≤ 9 months did not differ significantly from the normative sample on the Inattentive or Hyperactive-Impulsive scales, one-sample t(37)=.67–1.68, ns.”
“There were 41 children adopted ≤ 9 months (range: 4–9 months) and 34 children adopted ≥ 14 months (range: 14–48 months).”
Cites
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734 · Cited by 15,798 · see citing works
Cohen, J. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.112.1.155 · Cited by 8,771 · see citing works
A compendium of neuropsychological tests: administration, norms, and commentary
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-2400 · Cited by 6,117 · see citing works
A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary
Levin, H. S. (1993) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1993.00540050007005 · Cited by 4,793 · see citing works
Executive function in preschoolers: A review using an integrative framework.
Garon, N., Bryson, S. E., & Smith, I. M. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.1.31 · Cited by 2,695 · see citing works
A Developmental Perspective on Executive Function
Best, J. R., & Miller, P. H. (2010) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01499.x · Cited by 2,692 · see citing works
Kochanska, G., Murray, K. T., & Harlan, E. T. (2000) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.220 · Cited by 1,993 · see citing works
Strauss, E., & Spreen, O. (2009) · Cited by 1,441 · see citing works
Impulsivity and Inhibitory Control
Logan, G. D., Schachar, R. J., & Tannock, R. (1997) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00545.x · Cited by 1,393 · see citing works
Bernier, A., Carlson, S. M., & Whipple, N. (2010) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01397.x · Cited by 1,388 · see citing works
SÁNCHEZ, M. M., LADD, C. O., & PLOTSKY, P. M. (2001) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579401003029 · Cited by 1,003 · see citing works
Cognitive Recovery in Socially Deprived Young Children: The Bucharest Early Intervention Project
Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., Marshall, P. J., Smyke, A. T., & Guthrie, D. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1143921 · Cited by 951 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Studies of children adopted from less severely depriving institutions have suggested a step-function at older ages of adoption, such as after 18–24 months (Gunnar and van Dulmen 2007; Merz and McCall 2010; Nelson et al. 2007).”
Landry, S. H., Smith, K. E., & Swank, P. R. (2006) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.4.627 · Cited by 950 · see citing works
Insights into the neural basis of response inhibition from cognitive and clinical neuroscience
Chambers, C. D., Garavan, H., & Bellgrove, M. A. (2009) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.016 · Cited by 938 · see citing works
Verbal and Visuospatial Short-Term and Working Memory in Children: Are They Separable?
Alloway, T. P., Gathercole, S. E., & Pickering, S. J. (2006) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00968.x · Cited by 938 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Working memory can be divided based on whether it refers to verbal or visual-spatial information, and these systems can be further subdivided into short-term storage/maintenance and updating/processing components (Alloway et al. 2006).”
CATTELL, J. M. (1923) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/000271622311000117 · Cited by 911 · see citing works
Why IQ is not a covariate in cognitive studies of neurodevelopmental disorders
DENNIS, M., FRANCIS, D. J., CIRINO, P. T., SCHACHAR, R., BARNES, M. A., & FLETCHER, J. M. (2009) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617709090481 · Cited by 875 · see citing works
The Development of Executive Attention: Contributions to the Emergence of Self-Regulation
Rueda, M. R., Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2005) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2802_2 · Cited by 813 · see citing works
Normative data from the CANTAB I: development of executive function over the lifespan
De Luca, C. R., Wood, S. J., Anderson, V., Buchanan, J.-A., Proffitt, T. M., Mahony, K., & Pantelis, C. (2003) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/jcen.25.2.242.13639 · Cited by 710 · see citing works
Neuroimaging of child abuse: a critical review
Hart, H., & Rubia, K. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00052 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
van IJzendoorn, M. H., Juffer, F., & Poelhuis, C. W. K. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.2.301 · Cited by 488 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Following adoption, marked improvements in physical, social, and cognitive development are generally observed (van Ijzendoorn et al. 2005).”
A sensorimotor paradigm for Bayesian model selection
Genewein, T., & Braun, D. A. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00291 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Assessment of Children: WISC-IV and WPPSI-III Supplement
Sattler, J. M. (2004) · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Developmental Changes in Cognitive Control through Adolescence
Luna, B. (2009) · Advances in Child Development and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-2407(09)03706-9 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Self-citationSpecificity and heterogeneity in children's responses to profound institutional privation
Rutter, M., Kreppner, J., & O'Connor, T. G. (2001) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.179.2.97 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Neurodevelopmental Effects of Early Deprivation in Postinstitutionalized Children
Pollak, S. D., Nelson, C. A., Schlaak, M. F., Roeber, B. J., Wewerka, S. S., Wiik, K. L., Frenn, K. A., Loman, M. M., & Gunnar, M. R. (2010) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01391.x · Cited by 418 · see citing works
The impact of institutionalization on child development
MACLEAN, K. (2003) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579403000415 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Luciana, M., & Nelson, C. A. (2002) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2203_3 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Behavior problems in postinstitutionalized internationally adopted children
GUNNAR, M. R., VAN DULMEN, M. H. M., & THE INTERNATIONAL ADOPTION PROJECT TEAM (2007) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579407070071 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Changes and challenges in 20 years of research into the development of executive functions
Hughes, C. (2011) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.736 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Rutter, M., Beckett, C., Castle, J., Colvert, E., Kreppner, J., Mehta, M., Stevens, S., & Sonuga-Barke, E. (2007) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405620701401846 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Can inattention/overactivity be an institutional deprivation syndrome?
Kreppner, J. M., O'Connor, T. G., Rutter, M., & English and Romanian Adoptees Study Team (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1012229209190 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Effects of early psychosocial deprivation on the development of memory and executive function
Bos, K. J. (2009) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.08.016.2009 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Colvert, E., Rutter, M., Kreppner, J., Beckett, C., Castle, J., Groothues, C., Hawkins, A., Stevens, S., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9232-x · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Stevens, S. E., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Kreppner, J. M., Beckett, C., Castle, J., Colvert, E., Groothues, C., Hawkins, A., & Rutter, M. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9185-5 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Nigg, J. T. (1999) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1021980002473 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Disinhibited social behavior among internationally adopted children
Bruce, J., Tarullo, A. R., & Gunnar, M. R. (2009) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579409000108 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Behavior Problems in Children Adopted from Psychosocially Depriving Institutions
Merz, E. C., & McCall, R. B. (2010) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9383-4 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Self-citationWAIMH handbook of infant mental health
Osofsky, J. D., & Fitzgerald, H. E. (2000) · Wiley eBooks · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Lewis, E. E., Dozier, M., Ackerman, J., & Sepulveda-Kozakowski, S. (2007) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.6.1415 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Hellerstedt, W. L., Madsen, N. J., Gunnar, M. R., Grotevant, H. D., Lee, R. M., & Johnson, D. E. (2008) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-007-0237-9 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Cerebellar volume and cognitive functioning in children who experienced early deprivation
Bauer, P. M., Hanson, J. L., Pierson, R. K., Davidson, R. J., & Pollak, S. D. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.06.014 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
V. THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL TOLL OF EARLY HUMAN DEPRIVATION
Nelson, C. A., Bos, K., Gunnar, M. R., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2011) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2011.00630.x · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Fox, N. A., Almas, A. N., Degnan, K. A., Nelson, C. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02355.x · Cited by 160 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…lower IQ scores, greater likelihood of receiving learning support services, and lower reading and math achievement scores than children reared in their biological homes and children adopted at young ages from non-institutional settings (Fox et al. 2011; Loman et al. 2009; Rutter et al. 2007).”
Pears, K. C., Fisher, P. A., Bruce, J., Kim, H. K., & Yoerger, K. (2010) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01491.x · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Early adversity and neural correlates of executive function: Implications for academic adjustment
McDermott, J. M., Westerlund, A., Zeanah, C. H., Nelson, C. A., & Fox, N. A. (2012) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.09.008 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Postinstitutionalized Children’s Development: Growth, Cognitive, and Language Outcomes
Loman, M. M., Wiik, K. L., Frenn, K. A., Pollak, S. D., & Gunnar, M. R. (2009) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e3181b1fd08 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Development of Working Memory Maintenance
Geier, C. F., Garver, K., Terwilliger, R., & Luna, B. (2009) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.90562.2008 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citationRasmussen, C., & Bisanz, J. (2009) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040802385400 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Velanova, K., Wheeler, M. E., & Luna, B. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1579-09.2009 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-citationCrosbie, J., Pérusse, D., Barr, C. L., & Schachar, R. J. (2007) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.05.002 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Outcomes of children adopted from Eastern Europe
Miller, L., Chan, W., Tirella, L., & Perrin, E. (2009) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025408098026 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Beckett, C., Castle, J., Rutter, M., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. (2010) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2010.00553.x · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Merz, E. C., & McCall, R. B. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02335.x · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationLanguage and cognitive outcomes in internationally adopted children
Eigsti, I.-M., Weitzman, C., Schuh, J., de Marchena, A., & Casey, B. J. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579411000204 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Children Without Permanent Parents: Research, Practice, and Policy
Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Bos, K. J., Bunkers, K. M., Dobrova‐Krol, N. A., Engle, P. L., Fox, N. A., Gamer, G. N., Goldman, P., Groark, C. J., Greenberg, A., et al. (2012) · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationTime use in Russian Baby Homes
Tirella, L. G., Chan, W., Cermak, S. A., Litvinova, A., Salas, K. C., & Miller, L. C. (2008) · Child: Care, Health and Development · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2007.00766.x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Biological perspectives on the effects of early psychosocial experience
Marshall, P. J., & Kenney, J. W. (2009) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2009.05.001 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Early Institutionalization: Neurobiological Consequences and Genetic Modifiers
Sheridan, M. A., Drury, S. S., McLaughlin, K. A., & Almas, A. N. (2010) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-010-9152-8 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Parent-Reported Executive Functioning in Postinstitutionalized Children: A Follow-Up Study
Merz, E. C., McCall, R. B., & Groza, V. K. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.764826 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationSonuga‐Barke, E. J. S., & Rubia, K. (2008) · Child: Care, Health and Development · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2008.00863.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Deficits in oculomotor performance in pediatric epilepsy
Asato, M. R., Nawarawong, N. N., Hermann, B. P., Crumrine, P. K., & Luna, B. (2010) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02787.x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationKANER, S., Büyüköztürk, Ş., İşeri, E., Ak, A., & Özaydın, L. (2011) · Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi / Turkish Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Potential Selective Responding in a Parent Questionnaire Study of Post-Institutionalized Children
Hawk, B. N., Wright, A., Julian, M. M., Rosas, J. M., Merz, E. C., & McCall, R. B. (2013) · Adoption Quarterly · doi:10.1080/10926755.2013.787481 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 65 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Conners, K. C. (2000). Conners’ Parent Rating Scale-Revised(L). NY: Multi-Health Systems.
- Gioia, G. A., Isquith, P. K., Guy, S. C., & Kenworthy, L. (2000). The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
- Gunnar, M. R. (2001). Effects of early deprivation: Findings from orphanage-reared infants and children. In Nelson, C.A. (Ed.) Handbook of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience: Bradford Books.
- St. Petersburg-USA Orphanage Research Team. (2005). Characteristics of children, caregivers, and orphanages for young children in St. Petersburg, Russian Federation. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology: Child Abandonment, Special Issue.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Herzberg, M. P., & Gunnar, M. R. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116493 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Johnson, D., Policelli, J., Li, M., Dharamsi, A., Hu, Q., Sheridan, M. A., McLaughlin, K. A., & Wade, M. (2021) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2511 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Rapid infant prefrontal cortex development and sensitivity to early environmental experience
Hodel, A. S. (2018) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2018.02.003 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Sensitive periods in executive function development
Thompson, A., & Steinbeis, N. (2020) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.08.001 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Memory and executive functioning in 12‐year‐old children with a history of institutional rearing
Bick, J., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2018) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12952 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Child violence experiences in institutionalised/orphanage care
Sherr, L., Roberts, K. J. S., & Gandhi, N. (2017) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2016.1271951 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Executive Function in Previously Institutionalized Children
Merz, E. C., Harlé, K. M., Noble, K. G., & McCall, R. B. (2016) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12170 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationInhibitory control in trauma-exposed youth: A systematic review
van der Bij, J., den Kelder, R. O., Montagne, B., & Hagenaars, M. A. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.06.001 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
McCall, R. B., Groark, C. J., Hawk, B. N., Julian, M. M., Merz, E. C., Rosas, J. M., Muhamedrahimov, R. J., Игоревич, П. О., & Nikiforova, N. V. (2018) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-018-0270-9 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationHerzberg, M. P., Hodel, A. S., Cowell, R. A., Hunt, R. H., Gunnar, M. R., & Thomas, K. M. (2018) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.08.022 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Barone, L., Dellagiulia, A., & Lionetti, F. (2016) · Child Abuse Review · doi:10.1002/car.2365 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Regulatory skill as a resilience factor for adults with a history of foster care: A pilot study
Johnson, A. J., & Tottenham, N. (2014) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21227 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Golm, D., Sarkar, S., Mackes, N. K., Fairchild, G. F., Mehta, M. A., Rutter, M. L., ERA Young Adult Follow Up study team, & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720001294 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Wretham, A. E., & Woolgar, M. (2017) · Adoption & Fostering · doi:10.1177/0308575917730295 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Executive function and early adversity in internationally adopted children
Peñarrubia, M., Palacios, J., & Román, M. (2019) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104587 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Early Family Relationships Predict Children’s Emotion Regulation and Defense Mechanisms
Lindblom, J., Punamäki, R., Flykt, M. S., Vänskä, M., Nummi, T., Sinkkonen, J., Tiitinen, A. E., & Tulppala, M. (2016) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244016681393 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
McCall, R. B., Muhamedrahimov, R. J., Groark, C. J., Palmov, O. I., Nikiforova, N. V., Salaway, J., & Julian, M. M. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579415000425 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly Neglect and the Development of Aggression in Toddlerhood: The Role of Working Memory
Demeusy, E. M., Handley, E. D., Rogosch, F. A., Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2018) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559518778814 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Stinson, E. A., Sullivan, R. M., Navarro, G. Y., Wallace, A. L., Larson, C. L., & Lisdahl, K. M. (2024) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101378 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Paine, A. L., Burley, D. T., Anthony, R., van Goozen, S. H. M., & Shelton, K. H. (2020) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2020.1776241 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Transcriptomic signature of early life stress in male rat prefrontal cortex
Green, N. F. O., Maniam, J., Riese, J., Morris, M. J., & Voineagu, I. (2021) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100316 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Wade, M., McLaughlin, K. A., Buzzell, G. A., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Nelson, C. A. (2023) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13863 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Impact of stress in childhood: Psychobiological alterations
Banqueri, M., Méndez, M., & Arias, J. L. (2017) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2016.264 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Practice and Policy Regarding Child Neglect: Lessons from Studies of Institutional Deprivation
Zeanah, C. H., & King, L. S. (2022) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121020-031658 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Sand, H., Sticca, F., Wehrle, F., Eichelberger, D., Simoni, H., Jenni, O., & Lannen, P. (2024) · International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106917 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Gorter, B. G., Helder, E. J., Oh, Y. I., & Gunnoe, M. L. (2017) · Adoption Quarterly · doi:10.1080/10926755.2017.1349699 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
False Belief Performance of Children Adopted Internationally
Hwa-Froelich, D. A., Matsuo, H., & Jacobs, K. (2016) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2016_ajslp-15-0152 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Merz, E. C., & Noble, K. G. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118937334.ch7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationAn, I., Zhukova, M., Ovchinnikova, I. V., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2020) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cad.20329 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Alba, L. A., Flannery, J., Shapiro, M., & Tottenham, N. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579419000452 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Cárdenas, E. F., Hill, K. E., Estes, E., Ravi, S., Molnar, A. E., Humphreys, K. L., & Kujawa, A. (2023) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2023.2196397 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Institutional deprivation and neurobehavioral development in infancy
Doom, J. R., & Gunnar, M. R. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118931684.ch9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A matter of habit? Stressful life events and cognitive flexibility in 15-month-olds
Tisborn, K., Kumsta, R., Zmyj, N., & Seehagen, S. (2023) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2023.101810 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Perry, N. B., & Donzella, B. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423000421 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cohen‐Gilbert, J. E., Stein, E., Gunnar, M. R., & Thomas, K. M. (2016) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431616675975 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The effects of disruptions in care on wellbeing in orphans
Gray, C. L. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/xjnr-7z18 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hall, S., Hawkins, K., Laws, G. C., Akitt, T., Simon, A., Davies, C. H., Whittington, M. A., & Cunningham, M. O. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/298612
Baynes, K. T., & O’Connor, T. G. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57196-6_13
Troubles de l’attachement chez le jeune enfant
Guédeney, A., & Guédeney, N. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-77630-4.00005-3
O uso do jogo digital MENTALPLUS® para o rastreio na identificação de dificuldades de aprendizagem
Pittoliv, C. M. M., Matthiesen, C. A. T., Castro, L. A. D. M., de Camargo, J. R., & Valentin, L. S. S. (2019) · Revista Científica da FHO|Uniararas · doi:10.55660/revfho.v7i1.28
Sayer, V., & Bedwell, S. A. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06538-9
Intergenerational Effects of Stress – A Focus on Learning and Memory
Vasquez, L. S., Stack, S., Taylor, W. W., & Dias, B. G. (2025) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2025_578
- Authors
- Merz, E. C., McCall, R. B., Wright, A. J., & Luna, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Merz, Emily C.
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
- Published
- 2013-03-22
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 879-890
- ISSN
- 0091-0627 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2835
- PMC
- PMC3708995
- OpenAlex
- W2069090583
- Semantic Scholar
- 8c6b43ed13c3d921315a146aa574c1d1d253167e
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 7.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD039017, R01HD050212, HD39017, HD050212)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- institutional deprivation, inhibitory control, working memory, adoption, age at adoption, stop-signal task, spatial span, psychosocial deprivation, cognitive development
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adoption, Attention, Child, Child Development, Child, Institutionalized, Cognition, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Psychosocial Deprivation, Russia, United States, Multivariate Analysis, Case-Control Studies, Orphanages, Child, Orphaned
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-05.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-05.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
