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Spider fearful individuals attend to threat, then quickly avoid it: Evidence from eye movements.
Open accessAbstract
According to cognitive models of anxiety, anxiety patients exhibit an early reflexive attentional bias toward threat stimuli, which may be followed by intentional avoidance of these stimuli. To determine the time course of attentional vigilance and avoidance, the authors conducted an eye-tracking study in which 22 highly spider fearful participants (SFs) and 23 nonanxious control participants (NACs) studied groups of 4 pictures (spider, butterfly, dog, and cat). The authors found that the very first fixation was on a spider picture more often in SFs than in NACs. However, SFs quickly moved their eyes away from the spider they had fixated first, yielding shorter gaze durations than NACs. Afterward, SFs exhibited shorter gaze durations on spiders than NACs for the rest of the 1-min presentation time. This early reflexive attentional bias toward threat followed by avoidance of threat may explain earlier failures to find attentional biases in anxiety.
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“In the case of SP, thanks to the use of eye-tracking technology, some studies have revealed that individuals with phobia present a hypervigilance–avoidance pattern characterised by accelerated detection of the feared stimulus, followed by rapid and sustained avoidance of it.23 25 26”
From Effectiveness of a projection-based augmented reality exposure system in treating cockroach phobia: Study protocol of a randomised controlled trial (2023) · cites this paper as [23]
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“Specifically, in the small animal phobia research field, studies that evaluated ocular movements during a free exploration task found the hypervigilance–avoidance pattern typically associated with patients with phobia.23 25 26”
From Effectiveness of a projection-based augmented reality exposure system in treating cockroach phobia: Study protocol of a randomised controlled trial (2023) · cites this paper as [23]
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“There is strong evidence in the field of anxiety disorders that people with anxiety preferentially attend to feared stimuli,22 23 and this attentional bias plays an important role in the aetiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders.24”
From Effectiveness of a projection-based augmented reality exposure system in treating cockroach phobia: Study protocol of a randomised controlled trial (2023) · cites this paper as [23]
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“Epoch-related indicators may be too indirect to reliably capture the orienting of gaze, despite two studies finding convergence between event- and epoch-related measures of orienting (Armstrong et al., 2010; Rinck & Becker, 2006).”
From Eye tracking of attention in the affective disorders: a meta-analytic review and synthesis (2012) · cites this paper as Rinck & Becker, 2006
In the citing paper
“For example, the present finding of decreased maintenance of gaze on threat in spider phobia was found to hold throughout the course of longer trials (9 s: Pflugshaupte et al., 2007; 60 s: Rinck & Becker, 2006).”
From Eye tracking of attention in the affective disorders: a meta-analytic review and synthesis (2012) · cites this paper as Rinck & Becker, 2006
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Metadata
- Authors
- Rinck, M., & Becker, E. S.
- Affiliations
- Technische Universität Dresden (DE)
- ORCID
- Becker, Eni S.
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 2006-05
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 231-238
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- OpenAlex
- W2075410555
- Cited by
- 231
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 17.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Ri 600/6-1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- spider phobia, anxiety, threat avoidance, gaze duration, eye movements, fixation patterns, cognitive models of anxiety, time course of attention
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Attention, Escape Reaction, Eye Movements, Fear, Humans, Phobic Disorders, Surveys and Questionnaires, Spiders
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