Automaticity in anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder
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In this paper we examine the nature of automatic cognitive processing in anxiety disorders and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Rather than viewing automaticity as a unitary construct, we follow a social cognition perspective (Bargh, 1994) that argues for four theoretically independent features of automaticity: unconscious (processing of emotional stimuli occurs outside awareness), efficient (processing emotional meaning uses minimal attentional resources), unintentional (no goal is needed to engage in processing emotional meaning), and uncontrollable (limited ability to avoid, alter or terminate processing emotional stimuli). Our review of the literature suggests that most anxiety disorders are characterized by uncontrollable, and likely also unconscious and unintentional, biased processing of threat-relevant information. In contrast, MDD is most clearly typified by uncontrollable, but not unconscious or unintentional, processing of negative information. For the anxiety disorders and for MDD, there is no sufficient evidence to draw firm conclusions about efficiency of processing, though early indications are that neither anxiety disorders nor MDD are characterized by this feature. Clinical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed and directions for future research are offered. In particular, it is clear that paradigms that more directly delineate the different features of automaticity are required to gain a more comprehensive and systematic understanding of the importance of automatic processing in emotion dysregulation.
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ABs in attention-orienting may reflect both salience-driven and goal-directed processes, including reflexive orienting and strategic maintenance, suppression, or avoidance of threat.
“ABs in attention-orienting (e.g., on a visual probe task) may also reflect both salience-driven and goal-directed processes.”
From Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention: Cognitive-Motivational Framework and Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [35]
AB assessment methods include visual probe, spatial cueing, modified Stroop, flanker, and visual search tasks.
“AB assessment methods include visual probe, spatial cueing, modified Stroop, flanker, and visual search tasks [6,7,12,19,35,53-55,86,98-100].”
From Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention: Cognitive-Motivational Framework and Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [35]
Reviews of empirical evidence indicate that anxiety disorders are associated with automatic processing biases for threat information.
“Nevertheless, reviews of empirical evidence indicate that anxiety disorders are associated with automatic processing biases for threat information (Bar-Haim et al., 2007;Teachman, Joormann, Steinman, & Gotlib, 2012)”
From Anxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification (2016) · cites this paper as Teachman et al., 2012
The S-REF model cannot account for anxiety-related biases in automatic processing of threat.
“Thus, the model cannot account for anxiety-related biases in automatic processing of threat (for evidence of such biases, see reviews by Bar-Haim et al., 2007;Teachman et al., 2012).”
From Anxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification (2016) · cites this paper as Teachman et al., 2012
Recent reviews conclude that, despite some inconsistencies, overall evidence supports automatic ABs to threat in anxiety.
“Recent reviews conclude that, despite some inconsistencies, overall evidence supports automatic ABs to threat in anxiety (Bar-Haim et al., 2007;Teachman et al., 2012).”
From Anxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification (2016) · cites this paper as Teachman et al., 2012
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Examining emotion regulation in depression: A review and future directions
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- Authors
- Teachman, B. A., Joormann, J., Steinman, S. A., & Gotlib, I. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Virginia (US)
- University of Miami (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Teachman, Bethany A.
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-08
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 575-603
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3419810
- OpenAlex
- W2005204552
- Cited by
- 130
- References
- 305
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG033033, AG033033)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH075781, R01MH075781, MH59259, MH74849, R01MH074849, R01MH059259)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- automaticity, anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, unconscious processes, threat processing, negative information processing, emotional dysregulation, social cognition
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Cognition, Major Depressive Disorder, Emotions, Humans
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