The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Lack of method variance in self-reported affect and perceptions at work: Reality or artifact?
Abstract
Une reanalyse factorielle des donnees de Spector (1987) met a l'epreuve la validite de sa conclusion critique par rapport a la realite des variances des methodes dans un type de recherche sur les organisations
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Additionally, variance partitioning showed that common method variance (CMV) was only 3.73 % of the variance in the model in Study 1a and only 17.6 % in Study 1b (below the criteria of 25 %), indicating that CMV is not a critical concern in either study (Williams et al., 1989).”
From Work hard or play hard: the effect of leisure crafting on opportunity recognition and venture performance (2023) · cites this paper as Williams et al., 1989
Citations
Cites
Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588 · Cited by 20,015
Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix.
Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0046016 · Cited by 17,116
Self-Reports in Organizational Research: Problems and Prospects
Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W. (1986) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920638601200408 · Cited by 17,102
Measurement of human service staff satisfaction: Development of the Job Satisfaction Survey
Spector, P. E. (1985) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf00929796 · Cited by 2,188
Kenny, D. A. (1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,376
Construct Validity: A Review of Basic Issues and Marketing Practices
Peter, J. P. (1981) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3150948 · Cited by 1,189
Book Review: Causal Models in Marketing
Phillips, L., & Bagozzi, R. P. (1980) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.2307/1251239 · Cited by 1,103
Hierarchically Nested Covariance Structure Models for Multitrait-Multimethod Data
Widaman, K. F. (1985) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662168500900101 · Cited by 1,037
Spector, P. E. (1987) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.72.3.438 · Cited by 956
Advances in factor analysis and structural equation models
Jöreskog, K. G., Sörbom, D., & Magidson, J. (1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 826
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 1,001
Molines, M., Sanséau, P., & Adamovic, M. (2017) · International Journal of Public Sector Management · doi:10.1108/ijpsm-02-2016-0043 · Cited by 30
Wang, Z., Xing, L., Song, L. J., & Moss, S. E. (2020) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2020.1837201 · Cited by 28
Thai, T. D.-H., Nguyen, T. T., Chen, W.-K., & Tang, A. D. (2023) · Baltic Journal of Management · doi:10.1108/bjm-06-2022-0240 · Cited by 24
Determining the Stationary Enablers of Resilient and Sustainable Supply Chains
Attia, E., Alarjani, A., Uddin, M., & Kineber, A. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15043461 · Cited by 19
Gabler, C. B., & Hill, R. P. (2015) · Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management · doi:10.1080/08853134.2015.1058167 · Cited by 28
Selvarajan, T. T., Singh, B., Cloninger, P. A., & Misra, K. (2019) · Organization Management Journal · doi:10.1080/15416518.2019.1574547 · Cited by 24
Lins, S., Greulich, M., Löbbers, J., Benlian, A., & Sunyaev, A. (2024) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2024.103920 · Cited by 23
Leader's ethical behavior: A precursor to employees' well-being through emotions management
Saleem, A., Bhutta, M. K. S., Abrar, M., Bari, M. W., & Bashir, M. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104453 · Cited by 52
Lee, S. B., & Suh, T. (2020) · Journal of Product & Brand Management · doi:10.1108/jpbm-02-2019-2239 · Cited by 26
Employee strengths use and innovative behavior: a moderated mediation model
Ding, H., Lin, X., & Su, W. (2020) · Chinese Management Studies · doi:10.1108/cms-05-2019-0191 · Cited by 26
Workplace ostracism, paranoid employees and service performance: a multilevel investigation
Al‐Atwi, A. A., Cai, Y., & Amankwah‐Amoah, J. (2021) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/jmp-01-2020-0008 · Cited by 23
Assessing the drivers and outcomes of behavioral self-leadership
Kalra, A., Agnihotri, R., Singh, R. K., Puri, S., & Kumar, N. (2020) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-11-2018-0769 · Cited by 23
Ding, H., & Quan, G. (2021) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/jocb.473 · Cited by 27
Jung, C. M., & Hur, W. (2022) · Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management · doi:10.1002/csr.2318 · Cited by 23
Lin, C., & Cheung, Y.-K. (2022) · Review of Managerial Science · doi:10.1007/s11846-022-00565-1 · Cited by 23
Influence of Trust Relationships with Suppliers on Manufacturer Resilience in COVID-19 Era
Yang, J., Liu, Y., & Jia, Y. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14159235 · Cited by 23
Can Masstige brands be introduced in the B2B markets? An exploratory study
Saha, V., Das, M., & Paul, J. (2023) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2023.07.009 · Cited by 26
Zhao, H., Yu, M., Fu, S., Cai, Z., Lim, E., & Tan, C. (2023) · Electronic Commerce Research and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.elerap.2023.101328 · Cited by 22
Koschate, M., Oethinger, S., Kuchenbrandt, D., & van Dick, R. (2012) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.1879 · Cited by 24
Alessandri, G., Vecchione, M., Tisak, J., & Barbaranelli, C. (2011) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2011.589272 · Cited by 23
L’effet de l’habilitation sur la performance adaptative des employés
Charbonnier‐Voirin, A., & Akremi, A. E. (2011) · Relations industrielles · doi:10.7202/1005109ar · Cited by 30
Zhou, J., & Li, Y. (2018) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/1548051817750543 · Cited by 23
Empowering leadership and meaningful work: the mediating role of learning goal orientation
Matsuo, M., Arai, K., & Matsuo, T. (2019) · International Journal of Training and Development · doi:10.1111/ijtd.12165 · Cited by 26
“Resources-Demands Ratio”: Translating the JD-R-Model for company stakeholders
Jenny, G. J., Bauer, G. F., Füllemann, D., Broetje, S., & Brauchli, R. (2019) · Journal of Occupational Health · doi:10.1002/1348-9585.12101 · Cited by 29
The Effects of Temporal Separation on the Relations between Self-Reported Work Stressors and Strains
Sánchez, J. I., & Viswesvaran, C. (2002) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428102005002003 · Cited by 23
Environmental complexity, importance, variability and scanning behavior of Hong Kong executives
Ebrahimi, B. P. (2000) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/s0969-5931(99)00039-6 · Cited by 23
Can salesperson guilt lead to more satisfied customers? Findings from India
Gabler, C. B., Agnihotri, R., & Itani, O. S. (2017) · Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing · doi:10.1108/jbim-12-2016-0287 · Cited by 24
It is your fault! How blame attributions of breach predict employees’ reactions
Costa, S. P., & Neves, P. (2017) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/jmp-01-2017-0023 · Cited by 26
Lu, W., Ren, W., & Guo, W. (2017) · Negotiation and Conflict Management Research · doi:10.1111/ncmr.12113 · Cited by 22
How initial and long-term commitment profiles shape entrepreneurial persistence over time
Valeau, P. J., Gabay‐Mariani, L., & Paillé, P. (2023) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114332 · Cited by 22
Parental Burnout, Negative Parenting Style, and Adolescents’ Development
Guo, X., Hao, C., Wang, W., & Li, Y. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14030161 · Cited by 22
Winning at a Losing Game? Side-Effects of Perceived Tournament Promotion Incentives in Audit Firms
Pruijssers, J. L., Heugens, P. P. M. A. R., & van Oosterhout, J. (2018) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-018-3991-2 · Cited by 22
Every flow has its ebb: The impact of flow on work–family conflict and adjustment in global careers
Ramsey, J. R., & Lorenz, M. P. (2019) · Human Resource Management Journal · doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12234 · Cited by 22
It ain’t my business: a coping perspective on employee effortful security behavior
Xu, Z., & Guo, K. H. (2019) · Journal of Enterprise Information Management · doi:10.1108/jeim-10-2018-0229 · Cited by 22
Grotto, A. R., Mills, M. J., & Eatough, E. M. (2021) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-021-09754-3 · Cited by 23
Zhang, Y., Zhao, R., & Yu, X. (2021) · International Journal of Manpower · doi:10.1108/ijm-08-2020-0378 · Cited by 23
Safety first: The consequence of tourists' recreation safety climate
Cheng, T., Chen, M.-T., Hong, C.-Y., & Chen, T.-Y. (2021) · Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism · doi:10.1016/j.jort.2021.100471 · Cited by 22
Koveshnikov, A., Ehrnrooth, M., & Wechtler, H. M. (2022) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-02-2021-0097 · Cited by 23
Neupane, S., Leino‐Arjas, P., Nygård, C., Miranda, H., Siukola, A., & Virtanen, P. (2014) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-014-0957-2 · Cited by 22
Work‐family and interpersonal conflict as levers in the resource/demand‐outcome relationship
Ito, J. K., & Brotheridge, C. M. (2012) · Career Development International · doi:10.1108/13620431211269676 · Cited by 22
de la Sablonnière, R., Tougas, F., de la Sablonnière, É., & Debrosse, R. (2012) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430212445074 · Cited by 22
Naotunna, S., & Arachchige, B. J. H. (2016) · South Asian Journal of Human Resources Management · doi:10.1177/2322093716637167 · Cited by 23
Lander, M. W., Heugens, P. P. M. A. R., & van Oosterhout, J. (2016) · Journal of Professions and Organization · doi:10.1093/jpo/jow011 · Cited by 24
Hu, Y., Wang, M., Kwan, H. K., & Yi, J. (2019) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2019.1579244 · Cited by 28
Luo, B., Fang, W., Shen, J., & Cong, X. F. (2019) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.06.018 · Cited by 22
Carlson, J. R., Carlson, D. S., Hunter, E. M., Vaughn, R. L., & George, J. F. (2013) · Journal of Organizational and End User Computing · doi:10.4018/joeuc.2013040101 · Cited by 22
Bergkvist, L., & Rossiter, J. R. (2009) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 22
Stahl, G. K., Akkan, E., Reiche, B. S., Hajro, A., Zellmer-Bruhn, M. E., Lazarova, M. B., Richter, N., Caprar, D. V., Zikic, J., Björkman, I., et al. (2024) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/s41267-024-00683-w · Cited by 26
Tang, Y., Chen, Y., Arditi, D., & Fan-sheng, M. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2021.3064020 · Cited by 21
Marshall, S., Parker, P. D., Ciarrochi, J., Sahdra, B. K., Jackson, C. J., & Heaven, P. C. L. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.09.049 · Cited by 30
Lin, C., & Hsieh, C.-Y. (2022) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2022.2090091 · Cited by 24
Does motivation matter? How leader behaviors influence employee vigor at work
Yang, F., Chen, G., Yang, Q., & Huang, X. (2022) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-10-2021-0734 · Cited by 21
Ehrnrooth, M., Koveshnikov, A., Балабанова, Е. С., & Wechtler, H. M. (2023) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2022.2163418 · Cited by 24
Suh, T., & Lee, S. B. (2023) · Electronic Commerce Research · doi:10.1007/s10660-022-09661-6 · Cited by 24
Kineber, A. F., Oke, A. E., Hamed, M. M., Rached, E. F., & Elmansoury, A. (2023) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math11030504 · Cited by 21
When does control curb opportunistic behaviour: evidence from the construction industry
Tang, Y., Chen, Y., Yao, H., & Chen, Y. (2023) · Production Planning & Control · doi:10.1080/09537287.2023.2166882 · Cited by 21
Augmented reality experience: An examination of viewer responses to sports videos
Du, Z., Wang, T., Wang, F., & Wang, S. (2023) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.2280 · Cited by 26
How Do Perceptions of Virtual Worlds Lead to Enhanced Learning? An Empirical Investigation
Phang, C. W., & Kankanhalli, A. (2009) · National University of Singapore · Cited by 21
Creating a commercially compelling smart service encounter
Huang, T. (2017) · Service Business · doi:10.1007/s11628-017-0351-8 · Cited by 23
How leader networking, external monitoring, and representing are relevant for effective leadership
Hassan, S., Prussia, G. E., Mahsud, R., & YUKL, G. A. (2018) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-02-2018-0064 · Cited by 21
Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Employees Performance
Mekhala, R. S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-7727-7_7 · Cited by 21
Ryu, S., Kabadayi, S., & Chung, C. (2007) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.01.015 · Cited by 21
Velez, M. J., & Neves, P. (2017) · European Review of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.erap.2017.05.005 · Cited by 23
Moorman, C., Austin, T., Sr, F., Marketing, P., Scott, L., Jan-benedict, M., Webster, S. F., Rindfleisch, A., Malter, A. J., Ganesan, S., et al. (2012) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmr.49.3.i · Cited by 21
Ailawadi, K. L., Dant, R. P., & Grewal, D. (2004) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.511062 · Cited by 21
Developing a Single-Item General Self-Efficacy Scale: An Initial Study
Di, W., Nie, Y., Chua, B. L., Chye, S., & Teo, T. P. (2023) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/07342829231161884 · Cited by 20
Ohlert, S., Laibach, N., Harms, R., & Bröring, S. (2024) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.114993 · Cited by 22
Role of Self-Esteem in the Relationship between Stress and Ingratiation
Wu, K., Li, C., & Johnson, D. E. (2011) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/07.09.20.pr0.108.1.239-251 · Cited by 20
Development and measurement properties of the Chinese breastfeeding self-regulation questionnaire
Lau, C. Y. K., Fong, D., Choi, A. Y. Y., Ng, J. W. Y., Sing, C., & Tarrant, M. (2016) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2016.10.012 · Cited by 20
Job satisfaction and union participation in China
Hu, E., Zhang, M., Shan, H., Zhang, L., & Yue, Y. (2018) · Employee Relations · doi:10.1108/er-10-2017-0245 · Cited by 21
Ding, H., Yu, E., & Li, Y. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01029-z · Cited by 20
Predictors of applicant attraction among Gen-X and millennials: evidence from an emerging economy
Dutta, D., & Mishra, S. K. (2021) · International Journal of Manpower · doi:10.1108/ijm-04-2020-0169 · Cited by 20
Sanchez-Ruiz, P., Wood, M. S., Michaelis, T. L., & Suarez, J. (2023) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2023.106339 · Cited by 20
Wang, S., Yuan, C., Liu, Y., & Moon, H. (2024) · Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics · doi:10.1108/apjml-07-2023-0631 · Cited by 20
Chu, M., Fang, Z., Mao, L., Ma, H., Lee, C., & Chiang, Y. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104200 · Cited by 20
Tourist experience and destination evangelism: the mediating role of inspiration
Anubha, A. (2024) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2024.2409861 · Cited by 23
Li, C. (2013) · Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l Administration · doi:10.1002/cjas.1245 · Cited by 20
Montani, F., Odoardi, C., & Battistelli, A. (2014) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-014-9371-8 · Cited by 20
Validation of a single-item stem for collective efficacy measurement in sports teams
Bruton, A. M., Mellalieu, S. D., & Shearer, D. A. (2015) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2015.1054853 · Cited by 20
Can absent leadership be positive in team conflicts?
Yang, I., & Li, M. (2017) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/ijcma-12-2015-0083 · Cited by 26
How perceptions of firm environmental and social values influence frontline employee outcomes
Gabler, C. B., Landers, V. M., & Rapp, A. A. (2020) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/jsm-10-2019-0376 · Cited by 20
Estimation and Uses of the Proportion of Method Variance for Multitrait-Multimethod Data
Conway, J. M. (1998) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/109442819812003 · Cited by 20
Teng, E., Zhang, L., & Qiu, Y. (2018) · Economic and Industrial Democracy · doi:10.1177/0143831x17744026 · Cited by 23
An examination of individual and organizational factors related to emotional labor
Gosserand, R. H. (2003) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.2079 · Cited by 25
Li, J., Li, L., Zhi, Y., & Tian, X. (2024) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/s41267-024-00730-6 · Cited by 20
An Empirical Assessment of Measurement Error in Health-Care Survey Research
Mishra, D. P. (2000) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/s0148-2963(98)00088-5 · Cited by 19
Auh, S., Bowen, D. E., Aysuna, C., & Mengüç, B. (2016) · Journal of Service Research · doi:10.1177/1094670516648385 · Cited by 19
An Evaluation of Common Method Variance-Bias in Psychology
Karimi, L., & Meyer, D. (2019) · International Journal of Psychological Studies · doi:10.5539/ijps.v11n3p83 · Cited by 22
Maâlaoui, A., Tornikoski, E. T., Partouche‐Sebban, J., & Safraou, I. (2019) · Journal of Small Business Management · doi:10.1080/00472778.2019.1659684 · Cited by 21
Bashir, M., Shaheen, K., Saleem, S., Bhutta, M. K. S., Abrar, M., & Zhao, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02595 · Cited by 21
Lin, C., Liu, C., & Chan, H.-T. (2021) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-04-2020-0296 · Cited by 19
Exploring the role of brand–sustainability–self-congruence on consumers' evaluation of luxury brands
Kumagai, K. (2022) · Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics · doi:10.1108/apjml-05-2022-0380 · Cited by 19
Oke, A. E., Kineber, A. F., Olanrewaju, O. I., Omole, O., Singh, P. S. J., Samsurijan, M. S., & Ramli, R. A. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15010468 · Cited by 19
Ding, H., Liu, J., & Yu, E. (2023) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-07-2022-0485 · Cited by 29
Elseknidy, M., Kineber, A. F., Oke, A. E., Elshaboury, N., Abunada, Z., Zamil, A. M. A., Alhusban, M., & Ilori, S. A. (2024) · International Journal of Engineering Business Management · doi:10.1177/18479790241299634 · Cited by 19
Liu, Y., Xue, J., & Li, Y. (2019) · Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing · doi:10.1108/jbim-01-2018-0057 · Cited by 20
High-Performance Work Systems and Well-Being: Mediating Role of Work-to-Family Interface
Babic, A., Stinglhamber, F., & Hansez, I. (2019) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb.473 · Cited by 19
Day, D. V., & Bedeian, A. G. (1991) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/0001-8791(91)90016-f · Cited by 19
Brooks, D. R., Getz, K., Brennan, A. T., Pollack, A. Z., & Fox, M. P. (2018) · Current Epidemiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s40471-018-0147-y · Cited by 19
Comparing the Sample-Weighted and Unweighted Meta-Analysis: An Applied Perspective
Fuller, J. B., & Hester, K. (1999) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920639902500602 · Cited by 19
Metadata
- Authors
- Williams, L. J., Cote, J. A., & Buckley, M. R.
- Affiliations
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Washington State University (US)
- University of Oklahoma (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Psychology
- Published
- 1989-06
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 462-468
- ISSN
- 0021-9010 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1854
- OpenAlex
- W1989362746
- Cited by
- 1,616
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 106 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 89 · 2023: 116 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 91 · 2020: 87 · 2019: 83 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 96 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 80 · 2014: 80 · 2013: 62 · 2012: 61
- FWCI
- 15.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
- Keywords
- method variance, self-reported affect, job perception, reanalysis, factor analysis, measurement validity, organizational analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review