CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 2,159Employee Performance and LeadershipJob Satisfaction and Organizational BehaviorLeadership and Management in Organizations

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 62 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Transformational leadership, transactional leadership, locus of control, and support for innovation: Key predictors of consolidated-business-unit performance.

Howell, Jane M., Avolio, Bruce J.·1993·Journal of Applied Psychology
DOI 10.1037/0021-9010.78.6.891
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The authors used measures of leadership, locus of control, and support for innovation to predict the consolidated-unit performance of 78 managers. Results revealed that 3 transformational-leadership measures were associated with a higher internal locus of control and significantly and positively predicted business-unit performance over a 1-year interval. Transactional measures of leadership, including contingent reward and management by exception (active and passive), were each negatively related to business-unit performance. Causal relationships between the transformational-leadership behaviors and unit performance were moderated by the level of support for innovation in the business unit

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0021-9010.78.6.891

Cites

62 of 62 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 2,159

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Howell, J. M., & Avolio, B. J.
Affiliations
Western University (CA)
ORCID
Avolio, Bruce J.
Venue
Journal of Applied Psychology
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
1993-12
Volume
78
Issue
6
Pages
891-902
ISSN
  • 0021-9010 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-1854
DOI
10.1037/0021-9010.78.6.891
OpenAlex
W2040473432
Cited by
2,159
References
62
Citations by year
2026: 21 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 84 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 86 · 2020: 121 · 2019: 81 · 2018: 91 · 2017: 111 · 2016: 106 · 2015: 143 · 2014: 117 · 2013: 109 · 2012: 128
FWCI
16.47
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Journal of Applied Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Employee Performance and Leadership
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Leadership and Management in Organizations
Keywords
transformational leadership, transactional leadership, locus of control, innovation support, business unit performance, contingent reward, management by exception, managerial leadership, performance prediction

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review