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Transformational leadership, transactional leadership, locus of control, and support for innovation: Key predictors of consolidated-business-unit performance.
Abstract
The authors used measures of leadership, locus of control, and support for innovation to predict the consolidated-unit performance of 78 managers. Results revealed that 3 transformational-leadership measures were associated with a higher internal locus of control and significantly and positively predicted business-unit performance over a 1-year interval. Transactional measures of leadership, including contingent reward and management by exception (active and passive), were each negatively related to business-unit performance. Causal relationships between the transformational-leadership behaviors and unit performance were moderated by the level of support for innovation in the business unit
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“Transactional leaders do not individualize the needs of followers or focus on their personal development.”
From The Servant Leadership Survey: Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Measure (2011) · cites this paper as Howell and Avolio 1993
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Metadata
- Authors
- Howell, J. M., & Avolio, B. J.
- Affiliations
- Western University (CA)
- ORCID
- Avolio, Bruce J.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Psychology
- Published
- 1993-12
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 891-902
- ISSN
- 0021-9010 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1854
- OpenAlex
- W2040473432
- Cited by
- 2,159
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 84 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 86 · 2020: 121 · 2019: 81 · 2018: 91 · 2017: 111 · 2016: 106 · 2015: 143 · 2014: 117 · 2013: 109 · 2012: 128
- FWCI
- 16.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Employee Performance and Leadership
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Leadership and Management in Organizations
- Keywords
- transformational leadership, transactional leadership, locus of control, innovation support, business unit performance, contingent reward, management by exception, managerial leadership, performance prediction
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