The DOI matches its Crossref record; 62 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Transformational leadership, transactional leadership, locus of control, and support for innovation: Key predictors of consolidated-business-unit performance.
Abstract
The authors used measures of leadership, locus of control, and support for innovation to predict the consolidated-unit performance of 78 managers. Results revealed that 3 transformational-leadership measures were associated with a higher internal locus of control and significantly and positively predicted business-unit performance over a 1-year interval. Transactional measures of leadership, including contingent reward and management by exception (active and passive), were each negatively related to business-unit performance. Causal relationships between the transformational-leadership behaviors and unit performance were moderated by the level of support for innovation in the business unit
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Transactional leaders do not individualize the needs of followers or focus on their personal development.”
From The Servant Leadership Survey: Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Measure (2011) · cites this paper as Howell and Avolio 1993
Citations
Cites
Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3151312 · Cited by 109,314
Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224378101800104 · Cited by 109,190
Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.
Rotter, J. B. (1966) · Psychological Monographs: General and Applied · doi:10.1037/h0092976 · Cited by 21,937
Structural Equations with Latent Variables.
Clogg, C. C., & Bollen, K. A. (1991) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2072165 · Cited by 17,475
Psychometric theory (2nd ed.).
Sitgreaves, R. (1979) · Contemporary Psychology · doi:10.1037/018882 · Cited by 14,384
Longshore, J. M., & Bass, B. M. (1987) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258081 · Cited by 12,424
Analysis of a complex of statistical variables into principal components.
Hotelling, H. (1933) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0071325 · Cited by 9,691
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (1990) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/1048-9843(90)90009-7 · Cited by 5,628
YUKL, G. A. (1981) · Cited by 5,266
Reliability and Validity Assessment
Kurian, G. T. (2011) · CQ Press eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781608712434.n1341 · Cited by 5,046
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ethical leadership: A review and future directions
Brown, M. E., & Treviño, L. K. (2006) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.10.004 · Cited by 4,029
Two decades of research and development in transformational leadership
Bass, B. M. (1999) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/135943299398410 · Cited by 3,254
Personality and leadership: A qualitative and quantitative review
Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Ilies, R., & Gerhardt, M. W. (2002) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.765 · Cited by 3,190
Avolio, B. J., Bass, B. M., & Jung, D. I. (1999) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1348/096317999166789 · Cited by 3,034
Self-citationPredicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership.
Bass, B. M., Avolio, B. J., Jung, D. I., & Berson, Y. (2003) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.207 · Cited by 3,026
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Howell, J. M., & Avolio, B. J.
- Affiliations
- Western University (CA)
- ORCID
- Avolio, Bruce J.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Psychology
- Published
- 1993-12
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 891-902
- ISSN
- 0021-9010 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1854
- OpenAlex
- W2040473432
- Cited by
- 2,159
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 84 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 86 · 2020: 121 · 2019: 81 · 2018: 91 · 2017: 111 · 2016: 106 · 2015: 143 · 2014: 117 · 2013: 109 · 2012: 128
- FWCI
- 16.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Employee Performance and Leadership
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Leadership and Management in Organizations
- Keywords
- transformational leadership, transactional leadership, locus of control, innovation support, business unit performance, contingent reward, management by exception, managerial leadership, performance prediction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
