Re‐examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership
Abstract
A total of 3786 respondents in 14 independent samples, ranging in size from 45 to 549 in US and foreign firms and agencies, completed the latest version of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ Form 5X), each describing their respective leader. Based on prior literature, nine models representing different factor structures were compared to determine the best fit for the MLQ survey. The models were tested in an original set of nine samples, and then in a second replication set comprised of five samples. Results indicated the factor structure for the MLQ survey was best represented by six lower order factors and three correlated higher‐order factors.
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The Full-Range Leadership model includes empirically supported dimensions of transformational, transactional, and passive-avoidant leadership.
“Regarding inner context leadership, the Full-Range Leadership (FRL) model includes empirically supported dimensions of transformational leadership, transactional leadership, and passive-avoidant leadership (Avolio, Bass, & Jung, 1999).”
From The Roles of System and Organizational Leadership in System-Wide Evidence-Based Intervention Sustainment: A Mixed-Method Study (2016) · cites this paper as Avolio, Bass, & Jung, 1999
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- Authors
- Avolio, B. J., Bass, B. M., & Jung, D. I.
- Affiliations
- Binghamton University (US)
- San Diego State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Avolio, Bruce J.
- ORCID
- Avolio, Bruce J.
- Venue
- Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1999-12
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 441-462
- ISSN
- 0963-1798 (ISSN-L)
- 2044-8325
- OpenAlex
- W2039151696
- Cited by
- 3,034
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 88 · 2025: 132 · 2024: 143 · 2023: 168 · 2022: 182 · 2021: 167 · 2020: 167 · 2019: 153 · 2018: 159 · 2017: 198 · 2016: 146 · 2015: 182 · 2014: 146 · 2013: 159 · 2012: 168
- FWCI
- 31.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Employee Performance and Leadership
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Leadership and Management in Organizations
- Keywords
- transformational leadership, transactional leadership, Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, factor structure, higher-order factors, leadership assessment
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