Cited by 3,034Job Satisfaction and Organizational BehaviorEmployee Performance and LeadershipLeadership and Management in Organizations

Re‐examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership

Avolio, Bruce J., Bass, Bernard M., Jung, Dong I.·1999·Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology

Abstract

A total of 3786 respondents in 14 independent samples, ranging in size from 45 to 549 in US and foreign firms and agencies, completed the latest version of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ Form 5X), each describing their respective leader. Based on prior literature, nine models representing different factor structures were compared to determine the best fit for the MLQ survey. The models were tested in an original set of nine samples, and then in a second replication set comprised of five samples. Results indicated the factor structure for the MLQ survey was best represented by six lower order factors and three correlated higher‐order factors.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1348/096317999166789

Cites

32 of 32 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Avolio, B. J., Bass, B. M., & Jung, D. I.
Affiliations
  • Binghamton University (US)
  • San Diego State University (US)
Corresponding author
Avolio, Bruce J.
Venue
Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology
Publisher
Wiley
Published
1999-12
Volume
72
Issue
4
Pages
441-462
ISSN
  • 0963-1798 (ISSN-L)
  • 2044-8325
OpenAlex
W2039151696
Cited by
3,034
References
32
Citations by year
2026: 88 · 2025: 132 · 2024: 143 · 2023: 168 · 2022: 182 · 2021: 167 · 2020: 167 · 2019: 153 · 2018: 159 · 2017: 198 · 2016: 146 · 2015: 182 · 2014: 146 · 2013: 159 · 2012: 168
FWCI
31.21
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Employee Performance and Leadership
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Leadership and Management in Organizations
Keywords
transformational leadership, transactional leadership, Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, factor structure, higher-order factors, leadership assessment

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review