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The relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: A 2-year prospective evaluation
Abstract
Previous research established that 78% of a sample of motor vehicle accident survivors initially diagnosed with acute stress disorder (ASD) were subsequently diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at 6 months posttrauma. Although the previous study provided initial evidence for the utility of the ASD diagnosis, the relationship between ASD and PTSD was assessed over a relatively short period. The present study reassessed that original sample 2 years following the trauma to establish the longer term relationship between ASD and PTSD. ASD was diagnosed in 13% of participants, and 21% were diagnosed with subsyndromal ASD. In terms of participants who participated in all 3 assessments, 63% who met the criteria for ASD, 70% who met the criteria for subsyndromal ASD, and 13% who did not meet the criteria for ASD were diagnosed with PTSD at 2 years posttrauma. These findings indicate the importance of considering multiple pathways to the development of PTSD.
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“Individuals with high acute PTSD symptoms are at increased risk to subsequently be diagnosed with PTSD (60,61).”
From Intranasal Oxytocin to Prevent Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Emergency Department Patients (2017) · cites this paper as [61]
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“…80% of people who initially display ASD will subsequently develop PTSD 6-months later (Brewin, Andrews, Rose, & Kirk, 1999; Bryant & Harvey, 1998; Harvey & Bryant, 1998a, 1998b; Holeva, Tarrier, & Wells, 2001) and over 70% will still have PTSD 2 years later (Harvey & Bryant, 1999, 2000a, 2000b).”
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“However, recently, researchers concluded that dissociation symptoms are useful in predicting posttraumatic stress disorder but that is not a necessary condition ( Harvey & Bryant, 1999 ).”
BackgroundA review of acute stress disorder in DSM-5
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Self-citationDoes dissociation further our understanding of PTSD?
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“The predictive value of ASD is questioned, however, by findings that significant proportions of people who do not meet the dissociative criterion of ASD also develop PTSD [4,6].”
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ResultUnusual sleep experiences, dissociation, and schizotypy: Evidence for a common domain
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Self-citationA novel surveillance approach for disaster mental health
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“Previous work has shown that acute emotional responses are associated with the development of PTSD and depression after disasters ( Harvey & Bryant, 1999 ).”
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“…have found that approximately three-quarters of trauma survivors who display ASD subsequently develop PTSD (Brewin et al., 1999; Bryant & Harvey, 1998; Difede et al., 2002; Harvey & Bryant, 1998a, 1999, 2000b; Holeva, Tarrier, & Wells, 2001; Kangas, Henry, & Bryant, 2005; Murray et al., 2002;).”
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“This is somewhat surprising given that the early development of depression and anxiety symptoms has been associated with the later development of PTSD (Freedman et al., 1999; Harvey and Bryant, 1999).”
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“Evidence is growing that symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related conditions are highly prevalent in the immediate aftermath of severe stressors, such as sexual assault (Rothbaum et al 1992), other forms of violence (Birmes et al 2001; Brewin et al 1999), injury-causing accidents (Harvey and Bryant…”
BackgroundThe relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in injured children
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“post-accident had initially been diagnosed with ASD (3).”
BackgroundEmpirical Limits for the Forensic Assessment of PTSD Litigants.
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“Disorganization of memory and thought is indicative of poor posttrauma adjustment([52,53]) and has been attributed to excessive anxiety interfering with memory encoding.”
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Verhaeghe, P., & Vanheule, S. (2005) · Psychoanalytic Psychology · doi:10.1037/0736-9735.22.4.493 · Cited by 34
“In most cases, the victim experiences an acute stress disorder (according to the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [DSM–IV], 308.3; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) immediately after the event, with a minimum duration of 2 days and maximum duration of 4 weeks, but the s…”
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Family‐centred care and traumatic symptoms in parents of children admitted to PICU
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“…have addressed the extent to which ASD within the initial month after trauma exposure predicts subsequent PTSD (Brewin et al, 1999; Bryant and Harvey, 1998; Difede et al, 2002; Harvey and Bryant, 1998, 1999, 2000; Holeva et al, 2001; Murray et al, 2002; Schnyder et al, 2001; Staab et al, 1996).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTHE INFLUENCE OF LITIGATION ON MAINTENANCE OF POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
Bryant, R. A., & Harvey, A. G. (2003) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000055080.96195.ee · Cited by 31
Self-citationWang, L., Li, Z., Shi, Z., Zhang, Y., & Shen, J. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.01.027 · Cited by 29
“…of studies investigating the relationship between PTSD and ASD have indicated that approximately three-quarters of those trauma survivors who display ASD symptoms subsequently develop PTSD (Brewin, Andrews, Rose, & Kirk, 1999; Harvey & Bryant, 1998, 1999, 2000; Holeva, Tarrier, & Wells, 2001).”
BackgroundReactions to Combat Stress in Israeli Veterans Twenty Years After the 1982 Lebanon War
Solomon, Z., Shklar, R., Singer, Y., & Mikulincer, M. (2006) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000249060.48248.ba · Cited by 29
“However, in recent years, the introduction of ASD in DSM-IV has been followed by a growing number of prospective studies (e.g., Harvey and Bryant, 1999) assessing the relationship between ASD and PTSD.”
BackgroundMental disorders resulting from road traffic accidents
Blanchard, E. B., & Veazey, C. H. (2001) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00001504-200103000-00008 · Cited by 28
Psychopathy and Traumatic Stress
Pham, T. H. (2012) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2012.26.2.213 · Cited by 25
In the Aftermath of Trauma: Normative Reactions and Early Interventions
Bryant, R. A. (2004) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470713570.ch10 · Cited by 25
Self-citationFrom the Frontline to the Homefront: The Experience of Israeli Veterans
Solomon, Z. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.589391 · Cited by 27
Mental Health Treatments In The Wake Of Disaster
Bryant, R. A., & Litz, B. T. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511730030.019 · Cited by 23
Self-citationPredictors of acute stress disorder severity
Suliman, S., Troeman, Z., Stein, D. J., & Seedat, S. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.01.041 · Cited by 23
Speckhard, A. (2003) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/0735-7028.34.2.151 · Cited by 23
Disaster Mental Health Research:
Neria, Y., Galea, S., & Norris, F. H. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511730030.035 · Cited by 24
Posttraumatic Disorders Following Injury: Assessment and Other Methodological Considerations
O'Donnell, M. L., Creamer, M. C., Bryant, R. A., Schnyder, U., & Shalev, A. Y. (2006) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-25610-5_4 · Cited by 21
“Among prospective studies, there are findings that reveal ASD as a strong predictor of PTSD ( Harvey & Bryant, 1999c ).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDepression and anxiety disorders in a sample of facial trauma: A study from Iran
Nassab, S. A. H. G., Samieirad, S., Vakilzadeh, M. M., Habib-Aghahi, R., & Hashemipour, M. A. (2016) · Medicina oral, patología oral y cirugía bucal · doi:10.4317/medoral.21068 · Cited by 21
“(18) and Harvey and Bryant (19) have shown the incidence of depression, initial development of depression and anxiety symptoms and HADS -”
BackgroundInfluentialSowan, W., & Baziliansky, S. (2024) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.3021 · Cited by 17
Demarble, J. B., Fortin, C. A., D’Antono, B., & Guay, S. (2017) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260517693000 · Cited by 19
“Sensitivity and specificity are also very good (91% and 93%, respectively; Harvey & Bryant, 1999).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Harvey, A. G., & Bryant, R. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 1999
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 985-988
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- OpenAlex
- W2091631492
- Cited by
- 191
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 13.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- acute stress disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, motor vehicle accidents, trauma survivors
- MeSH terms
- Acute Disease, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, Reproducibility of Results
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