Does dissociation further our understanding of PTSD?
Abstract
Peritraumatic dissociation, and other dissociative reactions, refer to alterations in awareness in the context of a traumatic experience. This review provides an overview of the current conceptualization of dissociation, critiques methodological approaches to studying dissociation, and reviews the evidence for the purported relationship between dissociative reactions and posttraumatic stress disorder. The evidence challenges the notion that a linear relationship exists between dissociation and psychiatric morbidity. Future research should abandon the global construct of dissociation, and study the specific responses that involve altered awareness under experimental conditions.
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Emotional numbing is often considered a key symptom of dissociation.
“Emotional numbing is often considered a key symptom of dissociation (e.g., Bryant, 2007; Foa & Hearst-Ikeda, 1996).”
From Dissociation and memory fragmentation in post-traumatic stress disorder: An evaluation of the dissociative encoding hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as Bryant, 2007
Dissociation is a ubiquitous and normative phenomenon that occurs in well-adjusted healthy individuals as well as trauma survivors.
“Dissociation is a ubiquitous and normative phenomenon, occurring in well-adjusted, healthy individuals as well as trauma survivors (e.g., Bernstein & Putnam, 1986; Kihlstrom et al., 1994; Bryant, 2007).”
From Dissociation and memory fragmentation in post-traumatic stress disorder: An evaluation of the dissociative encoding hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as Bryant, 2007
Trait dissociation implies persistent post-trauma dissociation: a higher general tendency to dissociate may increase the likelihood of dissociating after a traumatic event and may contribute to greater memory fragmentation.
“Trait dissociation implies persistent post-trauma dissociation in that a higher general tendency to dissociate may indicate an increased likelihood to dissociate following a traumatic event and may contribute to higher memory fragmentation (e.g., Bryant, 2007; Ehlers & Clark, 2000).”
From Dissociation and memory fragmentation in post-traumatic stress disorder: An evaluation of the dissociative encoding hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as Bryant, 2007
The ASDI measures ASD and may confound peritraumatic and continued dissociation.
“Finally, the ASDI is a measure of ASD and may be confounding peritraumatic and continued dissociation (Bryant, 2007).”
From Dissociation and memory fragmentation in post-traumatic stress disorder: An evaluation of the dissociative encoding hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as Bryant, 2007
Many measures of dissociation exist, and there is no gold-standard measure.
“A variety of measures exist for dissociation, and there is not a “gold-standard” (Bryant, 2007; Foa & Hearst-Ikeda, 1996).”
From Dissociation and memory fragmentation in post-traumatic stress disorder: An evaluation of the dissociative encoding hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as Bryant, 2007
Self-report measures often assess dissociation that occurred months or years earlier, and retrospective reporting of trauma reactions is often inaccurate.
“Furthermore, self-report measures often assess dissociation that occurred months or years earlier, and retrospective reporting of trauma reactions are often inaccurate (e.g., Bryant, 2007).”
From Dissociation and memory fragmentation in post-traumatic stress disorder: An evaluation of the dissociative encoding hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as Bryant, 2007
A parsimonious explanation may be that both dissociation and fragmentation are better accounted for by a third factor such as arousal, time since trauma, disclosure, cognitive ability, or data-driven processing.
“A parsimonious explanation might be that both are better accounted for by a third factor, such as arousal, time since trauma, disclosure, cognitive ability, or data driven processing (Briere, 2006; Bryant, 2007; Ehlers & Clark, 2000; Zoellner & Bittinger, 2004).”
From Dissociation and memory fragmentation in post-traumatic stress disorder: An evaluation of the dissociative encoding hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as Bryant, 2007
Dissociation reactions are associated with later PTSD symptoms because of their association with extreme anxiety and hyperarousal at the time of the traumatic event.
“He suggests that dissociation reactions are associated with later PTSD symptoms because of their association with extreme anxiety and hyperarousal at the time of the traumatic event.”
From Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in persons with spinal cord injury (2012) · cites this paper as [51]
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- Authors
- Bryant, R. A.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Bryant, Richard A.
- ORCID
- Bryant, Richard A.
- Venue
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 183-191
- ISSN
- 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2034631437
- Cited by
- 143
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 8.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- dissociation, peritraumatic dissociation, post-traumatic stress disorder, dissociative reactions
- MeSH terms
- Acute Disease, Diagnosis, Differential, Dissociative Disorders, Humans, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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