Observed and perceived parental overprotection in relation to psychosocial adjustment in preadolescents with a physical disability: The mediational role of behavioral autonomy
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to tes a mediational model of associations between parental overprotectiveness (OP), behavioral autonomy. and psychosocial adjustment in 68 families with 8- and 9-year-old preadolescents with spipa bifida and a demographically matched sample of 68 families with able-bodied children. Measures included questionnaire and observational assessments of parental OP; parent and child reports of behavioral autonomy; and parent, child, and teacher reports of preadolescent adjustment. On the basis of both questionnaire and observational measures of OP, mothers and fathers of children with spina bifida were significantly more overprotective than their counterparts in the able-bodied sample, although this group difference was partially mediated by children's cognitive ability. Across samples, mothers were more likely to be overprotective than fathers. Both questionnaire and observational measures of parental OP were associated with lower levels of preadolescent decision-making autonomy as well as with parents being less willing to grant autonomy to their offspring in the future. For the questionnaire measure of OP, and only for the spina bifida sample. the mediational model was supported such that parental OP was associated with less behavioral autonomy, which was, in turn, associated with more externalizing problems. Findings are discussed in relation to the literature on parenting, autonomy development, and pediatric psychology.
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Youth with chronic illnesses face a host of barriers and adversities, including social isolation, inability to engage in normal activities, parental attitudes, and behaviors (e.g., overprotection).
“In addition, youth with chronic illnesses face a host of barriers and adversities, including social isolation, inability to engage in normal activities, parental attitudes, and behaviors (e.g., overprotection), etc. [30,31].”
From Psychological and Psychiatric Comorbidities in Youth with Serious Physical Illness (2022) · cites this paper as [31]
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Holmbeck, G., & Devine, K. A. (2010) · Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/ddrr.90 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citationPetegem, S. V., Antonietti, J., Nunes, C. E., Kins, E., & Soenens, B. (2019) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-019-01126-8 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Lindsay, S., McDougall, C., Menna‐Dack, D., Sanford, R., & Adams, T. L. (2014) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2014.939775 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Colletti, C. J. M., Wolfe‐Christensen, C., Carpentier, M. Y., Page, M. C., McNall‐Knapp, R. Y., Meyer, W. H., Chaney, J. M., & Mullins, L. L. (2008) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.21577 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“behavior in children with spina bifida [26].”
Mullins, L. L., Wolfe-Christensen, C. B., Pai, A. L. H., Carpentier, M. Y., Gillaspy, S. R., Cheek, J., & Page, M. C. (2007) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsm044 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“Recent studies indeed suggest that parents of children with a chronic illness report more OP than parents of children without a chronic illness, and that such OP is related to adjustment difficulties in their children (Holmbeck et al., 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialŞar, V., Necef, I., Mutluer, T., Fatih, P., & Kurtça, T. T. (2020) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2020.1760171 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“Holmbeck et al. (2002) suggested that parental OP entailed excessive anxiety in parenting roles, infantilization, excessive physical and social contact.”
BackgroundAdolescent Predictors of Emerging Adulthood Milestones in Youth with Spina Bifida
Zukerman, J. M., Devine, K. A., & Holmbeck, G. N. (2010) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsq075 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationNewman, L., Browne‐Yung, K., Raghavendra, P., Wood, D., & Grace, E. (2016) · Information Systems Journal · doi:10.1111/isj.12106 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“Children with a disability tend to be overprotected compared with their able-bodied peers (Holmbeck et al., 2002; Sanders, 2006) so that parents may limit their child’s IT use as a safeguard.”
BackgroundMahone, E. M., Zabel, T. A., Levey, E. B., Verda, M., & Kinsman, S. L. (2002) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/chin.8.4.258.13510 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“…observed by parents of adolescents with MMH may also be related to research findings in the areas of family stress (Coakley, Holmbeck, Friedman, Greenley, & Thill, 2002), interpersonal attachment (Holmbeck & Faier-Routman, 1995), and diminished autonomy in this population (Holmbeck et al., 2002).”
BackgroundResultAttention and Executive Functions in Adolescents with Spina Bifida
Rose, B. M., & Holmbeck, G. N. (2007) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsm042 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“Refer to Holmbeck et al. (1997, 2002) for complete demographic information, including ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and family structure.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMullins, L. L., Fuemmeler, B. F., Hoff, A. L., Chaney, J. M., Pelt, J. C. V., & Ewing, C. A. (2004) · Children s Health Care · doi:10.1207/s15326888chc3301_2 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“Other researchers have aptly pointed out that clinicians may often overlook or diminish the importance of overprotection and perceptions of vulnerability in parents of children with chronic illness (Holmbeck et al., 2002; Thomasgard, Metz, Edelbrock, & Shonkoff, 1995).”
BackgroundInfluentialHullmann, S. E., Wolfe-Christensen, C. B., Ryan, J. L., Fedele, D. A., Rambo, P. L., Chaney, J. M., & Mullins, L. L. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-010-9213-4 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“children with chronic illnesses, and developmental outcomes, such as less behavioral autonomy in the future (e.g., Cappelli, McGrath, & MacDonald, 1989; Holmbeck et al., 2002).”
BackgroundHerbert, L., & Dahlquist, L. M. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-008-9130-y · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Correlates of Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Young Adults with Spina Bifida
Bellin, M. H., Zabel, T. A., Dicianno, B. E., Levey, E. B., Garver, K., Linroth, R., & Braun, P. (2009) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsp094 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“More recent research has highlighted relationships between over-protective parenting styles and depressive symptoms in preadolescents with SB (Holmbeck et al., 2002).”
Butner, J., Berg, C. A., Osborn, P. G., Butler, J. M., Godri, C., Fortenberry, K., Barach, I. M., Le, H., & Wiebe, D. J. (2009) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015363 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“…Although discrepancies have been a useful concept for understanding autonomy and parent– child relationships, research on discrepancies has been hampered by limitations in the methods commonly used to understand discrepancies between adolescent and parent reports (see Holmbeck et al., 2002).”
MethodFive Minute Speech Sample in developmental research: A review
Sher-Censor, E. (2015) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2015.01.005 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Perceived Parental Psychological Control and Eating-Disordered Symptoms
Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Vandereycken, W., Luyten, P., Sierens, E., & Goossens, L. (2008) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e318162aabf · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Parent–Adolescent Collaboration: An Interpersonal Model for Understanding Optimal Interactions
Beveridge, R. M., & Berg, C. A. (2007) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-006-0015-z · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“These control and submissive behaviors reflect authoritative parenting and represent a middle ground between permissive parenting (Baumrind, 1978) characterized by a lack of guidance (seen as 1–1, or 1–8 behaviors in the model) and submission (seen as 2–1, and 2–8 behaviors in the model), and authoritarian parenting s…”
BackgroundEmpelen, R. V., Jennekens‐Schinkel, A., van Rijen, P. C., Helders, P. J. M., & van Nieuwenhuizen, O. (2005) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/j.0013-9580.2005.27304.x · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Antle, B. J., Mills, W., Steele, C., Kalnins, I., & Rossen, B. E. (2007) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2007.00782.x · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Trajectories of autonomy development across the adolescent transition in children with spina bifida.
Friedman, D., Holmbeck, G. N., DeLucia, C., Jandasek, B. N., & Zebracki, K. (2009) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014279 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Significant moderation in the model suggests subgroups of children with spina bifida who, in particular, may need additional help in managing the adolescent transition and attaining the developmental competency of emotional and behavioral autonomy (Lerner & Galambos, 1998; Silverberg & Gondoli, 1996; Steinberg & Morri…”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationAkré, C., & Surı́s, J.-C. (2014) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyu040 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“For this specific population of adolescents, the struggle for autonomy is accentuated by the limits implied by their CI, the specific treatments needed [3] and frequently overprotective parents [5, 6].”
BackgroundDevelopment of the Comprehensive General Parenting Questionnaire for caregivers of 5-13 year olds
Sleddens, E. F. C., O’Connor, T. M., Watson, K. B., Hughes, S. O., Power, T. G., Thijs, C. T., de Vries, N. K., & Kremers, S. (2014) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-11-15 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Peer Victimization Experienced by Children and Adolescents Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing
Kouwenberg, M., Rieffe, C. J., Theunissen, S. C. P. M., & de Rooij, M. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052174 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“In line with findings from studies including parents of children with physical disabilities, we expect parents of DHH children to treat their children younger than their age and therefore have fewer expectations concerning their children’s competencies compared to parents of hearing children [26].”
BackgroundMaternal Trait Anxiety and Diabetes Control in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes
Cameron, L. D., Young, M. J., & Wiebe, D. J. (2007) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsl053 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“, 2005) and other pediatric conditions (Holmbeck et al., 2002; Power, Dahlquist, Thompson, & Warren, 2003).”
Friedman, D., Holmbeck, G., Jandasek, B. N., Zukerman, J. M., & Abad, M. (2004) · Journal of family psychology · doi:10.1037/0893-3200.18.4.609 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationInfluence of Caregiver Stress and Coping on Glycemic Control of Young Children With Diabetes
Stallwood, L. (2005) · Journal of Pediatric Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2005.04.003 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Mullins, L. L., Wolfe-Christensen, C. B., Chaney, J. M., Elkin, T. D., Wiener, L. S., Hullmann, S. E., Fedele, D. A., & Junghans, A. (2010) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsq080 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Hullmann, S. E., Wolfe-Christensen, C. B., Meyer, W. H., McNall‐Knapp, R. Y., & Mullins, L. L. (2010) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-010-9696-3 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“cifically, Holmbeck and colleagues [5] found that higher levels of parental overprotective behavior were significantly related to less autonomy as well as more externalizing behavior problems in children with spina bifida.”
Hoff, A. L., Mullins, L. L., Gillaspy, S. R., Page, M. C., Pelt, J. C. V., & Chaney, J. M. (2005) · Families Systems & Health · doi:10.1037/1091-7527.23.3.329 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Bridgett, D. J., Kanya, M. J., Rutherford, H. J. V., & Mayes, L. C. (2016) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000264 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“The PBI was selected because it has demonstrated reliability and validity, including convergence of reports among siblings and relations with observations of parenting behavior (e.g., Holmbeck et al., 2002; Parker et al., 1979; Parker, 1983).”
MethodGau, S. S., Chiu, Y., Soong, W., & Lee, M. (2008) · Journal of the Formosan Medical Association · doi:10.1016/s0929-6646(08)60114-x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Parenting paradox: Parenting after infant loss
Warland, J., O’Leary, J. M., McCutcheon, H., & Williamson, V. (2010) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2010.02.004 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Although bereaved parent overprotection and anxiety has not been specifically examined in the literature, these have been associated with a range of negative psychological sequelae in children, including externalising problems (Holmbeck et al., 2002), anorexia nervosa (Shoebridge and Gowers, 2000), as well as anxiety…”
BackgroundA framework for the youth with type 1 diabetes during the emerging adulthood transition
Hanna, K. M. (2012) · Nursing Outlook · doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2011.10.005 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Most writings have been on parental involvement and suggest that variations exist, with over-involvement an adaptive response for good management of chronic conditions, but not a way to foster development of self-responsibility.(58) Thus, supportive behaviors are conceptualized as: (1) those with the goal of maintaini…”
BRENNING, K. M., Soenens, B., Petegem, S. V., & Kins, E. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0744-2 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Although for a long time parental overprotection has only been studied at younger ages or in case of psychological or physical disability (Holmbeck et al. 2002; Parker 1983), societal changes (e.g., delayed onset of adulthood) have instigated an interest in studying overprotection in other…”
BackgroundThe perils of overprotective parenting: fathers' perspectives explored
BRUSSONI, M. J., & Olsen, L. L. (2012) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2011.01361.x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“…as the process by which parents attempt to help children achieve a positive outcome but results in a constraining and detrimental effect on children’s mental health, including increased psychological problems and reduced selfconfidence (Anderson & Coyne 1991; Holmbeck et al. 2002; Sanders 2006).”
Berg, C. A., Butner, J., Butler, J. M., King, P. S., Hughes, A. E., & Wiebe, D. J. (2012) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029427 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“However, more intrusive forms of involvement may undermine adolescents’ confidence in their own ability to manage illness (Holmbeck et al., 2002), especially for those adolescents who already feel competent in their abilities (Pomerantz et al., 2007).”
InfluentialThe Experience of Self-Management in Adolescent Women with Spina Bifida
Sawin, K. J., Bellin, M. H., Roux, G. M., Buran, C. F., & Brei, T. J. (2009) · Rehabilitation Nursing · doi:10.1002/j.2048-7940.2009.tb00245.x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-worth, perceived competence, and behaviour problems in children with cerebral palsy
Schuengel, C., Voorman, J. M., Stolk, J., Dallmeijer, A. J., Vermeer, A., & Becher, J. G. (2006) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638280600554652 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Parental overprotectiveness, which has been found to be elevated in parents of children with spina bifida [35] and which was found to be bivariately (but not multivariately) associated with self-worth in children with CP [10], would send the wrong message to children that they are not able on their own to stand up to…”
BackgroundThe Adolescent Research Participant: Strategies for Productive and Ethical Interviewing
Mack, R., Giarelli, E., & Bernhardt, B. A. (2009) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2008.07.009 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“There is some evidence that children with chronic conditions may experience overprotectiveness by their parents and caregivers (Holmbeck et al, 2002), and this can be an additional burden (Suris, 2003).”
BackgroundHechler, T., Kosfelder, J., Vocks, S., Mönninger, T., Blankenburg, M. R., Dobe, M., Gerlach, A. L., Denecke, H., & Zernikow, B. (2010) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2009.09.002 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Family Functioning in Children and Adolescents with Spina Bifida
Holmbeck, G. N., Greenley, R. N., Coakley, R. M., Greco, J. R., & HAGSTROM, J. (2006) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-200606000-00012 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“On the other hand, group differences on these variables appear to be mediated by child cognitive ability, such that children with spina bifida tend to have lower IQs, and children with lower IQs tend to have parents who are more controlling.(29) Severity of illness was related to parental and family adjustment in seve…”
BackgroundSelf-citationA systematic review of parenting interventions for child chronic health conditions
Mitchell, A. E., Morawska, A., & Mihelic, M. (2019) · Journal of Child Health Care · doi:10.1177/1367493519882850 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“For example, parents can be reluctant to discipline their child (Holmbeck et al., 2002), tend to be more inconsistent in their discipline (Walker et al.”
BackgroundModifiable Parent Factors Associated with Child and Adolescent School Refusal: A Systematic Review
Chockalingam, M., Skinner, K., Melvin, G. A., & Yap, M. B. H. (2022) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-022-01358-z · Cited by 59 · see citing works
A Concept Analysis: Assuming Responsibility for Self-Care among Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes
Hanna, K. M., & Decker, C. L. (2009) · Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6155.2009.00218.x · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“The focus on autonomy is also consistent with adolescent developmental literature in which autonomy is viewed as an important aspect of development for adolescents in general (Steinberg, 1990), but especially for those with chronic conditions (Holmbeck et al., 2002).”
BackgroundPsihogios, A. M., Kolbuck, V. D., & Holmbeck, G. N. (2015) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsv044 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationParent–Child Relationships in Diverse Contexts
Bush, K. R., & Peterson, G. W. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3987-5_13 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Clinical adolescent psychology: What it is, and what it needs to be.
Steinberg, L. D. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.70.1.124 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Chew, J., Carpenter, J. S. W., & Haase, A. M. (2019) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.12648 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Differences/Disorders of Sex Development: Medical Conditions at the Intersection of Sex and Gender
Sandberg, D. E., & Gardner, M. (2022) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-101412 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Berg, C. A., Skinner, M. A., Ko, K. J., Butler, J. M., Palmer, D. L., Butner, J., & Wiebe, D. J. (2009) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015556 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Our results suggest that collaborative coping is not perceived as effective when adolescents appraise the stressful event as their own, potentially because such involvement may be perceived as intrusive and overprotective (Holmbeck et al., 2002).”
BackgroundParental Protection of Extremely Low Birth Weight Children at Age 8 Years
Wightman, A., Schluchter, M., Drotar, D., Andreias, L., Taylor, H., Klein, N. K., Wilson-Costello, D., & Hack, M. (2007) · Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e3180330915 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Kapetanovic, S., Bohlin, M., Skoog, T., & Gerdner, A. (2017) · Journal of Family Studies · doi:10.1080/13229400.2017.1367713 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Independent of culture or intellectual ability (Holmbeck et al., 2002), early adolescence is a period of disequilibrium in the family context, where the child is on a merge toward an autonomous stage of life, often questioning parental rules and routines, pushing for more symmetrical relationship…”
BackgroundSystematic review of the link between maternal anxiety and overprotection
Jones, L. B., Hall, B., & Kiel, E. J. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.065 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Parent-child interactions during the initial weeks following brain injury in young children.
Wade, S. L., Taylor, H. G., Walz, N. C., Salisbury, S. R., Stancin, T., Bernard, L. A., Oberjohn, K. S., & Yeates, K. O. (2008) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/0090-5550.53.2.180 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Existing research suggests that changes in parenting behaviors and parent–child interactions may be brought about by parental distress resulting from the child’s condition (Quittner, Opipari, Regoli, & Jacobsen, 1992), by parental perceptions of the child (Holmbeck et al., 2002; Stern, Karraker, Sopko, & Norman, 2000)…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCallus, A., Bonello, I., Mifsud, C., & Fenech, R. (2019) · Disability & Society · doi:10.1080/09687599.2018.1547186 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Luyckx, K., Goossens, E., Missotten, L. C., & Moons, P. (2011) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e3182331e99 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Transition in young adults with spina bifida: a qualitative study
Ridosh, M. M., Braun, P., Roux, G. M., Bellin, M. H., & Sawin, K. J. (2011) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2011.01329.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Huang, I., Brinkman, T. M., Mullins, L. L., Pui, C., Robison, L. L., Hudson, M. M., & Krull, K. R. (2018) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.4769 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“When caring for children with cancer, parents may adopt a protective or indulgent strategy in response to perceived health vulnerability.(12) In fact, after a diagnosis of leukemia, 30% to 40% of parents used preventive‐focused parenting strategy with pessimistic communication and restraints on the child's activities.”
BackgroundEfficacy of digital health interventions in youth with chronic medical conditions: A meta-analysis
Domhardt, M., Schröder, A., Geirhos, A., Steubl, L., & Baumeister, H. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100373 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“, 2012), reduced quality of life (QoL; Holmbeck et al., 2002) or symptoms of depression (Pinquart and Shen, 2011) and anxiety (Cobham et al.”
BackgroundA Camp-based Intervention Targeting Independence Among Individuals with Spina Bifida
O’Mahar, K. M., Holmbeck, G. N., Jandasek, B. N., & Zukerman, J. M. (2009) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsp125 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationMother Child Appraised Involvement in Coping with Diabetes Stressors and Emotional Adjustment
Berg, C. A., Wiebe, D. J., Beveridge, R. M., Palmer, D. L., Korbel, C., Upchurch, R., Swinyard, M. T., Lindsay, R., & DONALDSON, D. L. (2007) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsm043 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“However, overinvolvement or intrusive involvement in the form of control may be increasingly detrimental with age (Anderson & Coyne, 1991; Holmbeck et al., 2002; Wiebe et al., 2005), as it is more likely to communicate a message of incompetence and inefficacy (Pomerantz & Eaton, 2000).”
BackgroundParenting behaviors and the well-being of children with a chronic physical condition.
Crandell, J., Sandelowski, M., Leeman, J., Havill, N. L., & Knafl, K. A. (2017) · Families Systems & Health · doi:10.1037/fsh0000305 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The Experience of Parenting an Adolescent with Spina Bifida
Sawin, K. J., Bellin, M. H., Roux, G. M., Buran, C. F., Brei, T. J., & Fastenau, P. S. (2003) · Rehabilitation Nursing · doi:10.1002/j.2048-7940.2003.tb02057.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“However, even in these close, positive relationships, adolescents with SB reported overprotectiveness, which may delay adolescent development (Blum et al., 1991; Holmbeck et al., 2002).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDevine, K. A., Wasserman, R. M., Gershenson, L., Holmbeck, G. N., & Essner, B. S. (2010) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsq093 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationEllis, D. A., Templin, T., Naar‐King, S., & Frey, M. A. (2008) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsn044 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Aging Families and the Demographics of Family Financial Support of Adults With Disabilities
Fujiura, G. T. (2009) · Journal of Disability Policy Studies · doi:10.1177/1044207309350560 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“, 2007), psychosocial adaptation (Holmbeck et al., 2002), family composition (Mitchell, 2007), quality of life (Jiyeon, Turnbull, & Turnbull, 2002), among other topics.”
BackgroundBerg, C. A., Schindler, I., & Maharajh, S. (2008) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013641 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“The adolescent’s view of the decreased need for collaboration as a cognitive tool may affect views of the interpersonal enjoyment of collaboration, as collaboration may increasingly be viewed as intrusive (Holmbeck et al., 2002).”
BackgroundParental perspectives and challenges in inclusive education in Singapore
Wong, M. E., Poon, K. K., Kaur, S., & Ng, Z. J. (2014) · Asia Pacific Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/02188791.2013.878309 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Parental child-rearing attitudes are associated with functional constipation in childhood
Dijk, M. D. V.-V., de Vries, G., Last, B. F., Benninga, M. A., & Grootenhuis, M. A. (2014) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2014-305941 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Morawska, A., Mitchell, A. E., Burgess, S., & Fraser, J. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.06.001 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Parent and family factors impact on illness onset (Mrazek et al., 1999), and disease course (Rohan et al., 2014), and parents of chronically ill children engage in different parenting practices compared to parents of healthy children (Holmbeck et al., 2002; Pinquart, 2013).”
BackgroundFedele, D. A., Mullins, L. L., Wolfe-Christensen, C. B., & Carpentier, M. Y. (2011) · Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology · doi:10.1097/mph.0b013e3182025221 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Taken together, these finding are consistent with earlier research indicating that maternal and child adjustment are linked(23) and cross-sectional research showing relationships between parental overprotection, perceived child vulnerability, parenting stress, and subsequent childadjustment outcomes.(5,8,9,14,18) Furt…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPsihogios, A. M., & Holmbeck, G. N. (2013) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jst047 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationPetegem, S. V., Sznitman, G. A., Darwiche, J., & Zimmermann, G. (2021) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12709 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Vera, J., Granero, R., & Ezpeleta, L. (2011) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-011-0272-z · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Beato, A. F., Pereira, A. I., Barros, L., & Muris, P. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0337-x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“2013) and is characterized by excessive parental shielding (Holmbeck et al. 2002) and constant supervision of the child (Thomasgard and Metz 1993).”
Interactions With Parents and Friends Among Chronically Ill Children: Examining Social Networks
Herzer, M., Umfress, K., Aljadeff, G., Ghai, K., & Zakowski, S. G. (2009) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e3181c21c82 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Stepansky, M. A., Roache, C. R., Holmbeck, G. N., & Schultz, K. (2009) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsp054 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“higher levels of intrusive parenting (Holmbeck et al., 2002).”
Self-citationKaugars, A. S., Zebracki, K., Kichler, J., Fitzgerald, C., Greenley, R. N., Alemzadeh, R., & Holmbeck, G. N. (2010) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsq106 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationHanna, K. M., DiMeglio, L. A., & Fortenberry, J. D. (2005) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsi036 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“This is important for adolescents because overprotective parents inhibit their development of general autonomy (Holmbeck et al., 2002) and diabetes management autonomy (Anderson Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jpepsy/article-abstract/30/3/257/893621 by guest on 27 July 2018 & Coyne, 1991).”
BackgroundPeeters, M. A. C., Hilberink, S. R., & van Staa, A. (2014) · Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.3233/prm-140272 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Parental perceptions of child vulnerability in a community-based sample
Houtzager, B. A., Möller, E. L., Maurice‐Stam, H., Last, B. F., & Grootenhuis, M. A. (2014) · Journal of Child Health Care · doi:10.1177/1367493514530954 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“…children such as psychosomatic complaints, separation anxiety, impaired peer relationships and school underachievement and can lead to overprotective behaviour in parents, possibly resulting in lowered autonomy in the child (Green and Solnit, 1964; Holmbeck et al., 2002; Thomasgard and Metz, 1995).”
Building a transitional care checklist in rheumatology: A Delphi-like survey
Akré, C., Surı́s, J.-C., Bélot, A., Couret, M., Dang, T.-T., Duquesne, A., Fonjallaz, B., Georgin‐Lavialle, S., Larbre, J.-P., Mattar, J., et al. (2017) · Joint Bone Spine · doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2017.09.003 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Trajectories of family processes across the adolescent transition in youth with spina bifida.
Jandasek, B. N., Holmbeck, G. N., DeLucia, C., Zebracki, K., & Friedman, D. (2009) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016116 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationChronic Anterior Uveitis in Children: Psychosocial Challenges for Patients and Their Families
Parker, D. M., Angeles‐Han, S. T., Stanton, A. L., & Holland, G. N. (2018) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2018.03.028 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Kirk, K., Fedele, D. A., Wolfe-Christensen, C. B., Phillips, T. M., Mazur, T., Mullins, L. L., Chernausek, S. D., & Wisniewski, A. B. (2010) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2010.10.005 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
- Authors
- Holmbeck, G. N., Johnson, S. Z., Wills, K. E., McKernon, W., Rose, B., Erklin, S., & Kemper, T.
- Affiliations
- Loyola University Chicago (US)
- ORCID
- Holmbeck, Grayson N.
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 2002
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 96-110
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- OpenAlex
- W2135416944
- Cited by
- 353
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 10.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Psychosocial Factors Impacting Youth
- Keywords
- parental overprotection, behavioral autonomy, psychosocial adjustment, preadolescents, spina bifida, physical disability, externalizing problems, cognitive ability, gender differences in parenting, mediation, decision-making autonomy, parenting
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Social Adjustment, Spinal Dysraphism, Parenting, Observation, Children with Disabilities, Disabled Children, Personal Autonomy
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