Predictors of behavioral regulation in kindergarten: household chaos, parenting, and early executive functions.
Open accessAbstract
Behavioral regulation is an important school readiness skill that has been linked to early executive function (EF) and later success in learning and school achievement. Although poverty and related risks, as well as negative parenting, have been associated with poorer EF and behavioral regulation, chaotic home environments may also play a role in understanding both early EF and later behavioral regulation at school age. To explore these relationships, a unique longitudinal and representative sample was used of 1,292 children born to mothers who lived in low-wealth rural America who were followed from birth into early elementary school. This study examined whether household chaos, which was measured across the first 3 years of life, predicted behavioral regulation in kindergarten above and beyond poverty-related variables. In addition, this study tested whether parent responsivity and acceptance behaviors, measured during the first 3 years of life, as well as EF skills, which were measured when children were 3 to 5 years of age, mediated the relationship between early household chaos and kindergarten behavioral regulation. Results suggested that household chaos disorganization indirectly predicted kindergarten behavioral regulation through intermediate impacts on parenting behaviors and children's early EF skills. These findings suggest the importance of early household chaos disorganization, the parenting environment, and early EF skills in understanding behavioral regulation above and beyond poverty-related risks.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Executive function undergirds self-regulatory skills that are important to academic and life success.
“Executive function was measured in this study because it undergirds self-regulatory skills that are important to academic and life success (Blair and Razza, 2007; Diamond, 2013; Vernon-Feagans et al., 2016); in fact, self-regulation at age 4 predicts health, wealth, and criminality outcomes at age 32 (Moffitt et al., 2011).”
From Montessori Preschool Elevates and Equalizes Child Outcomes: A Longitudinal Study (2017) · cites this paper as Vernon-Feagans et al., 2016
The opening passage (page not provided) describes executive-function skills as possible precursors to later behavioral regulation and links regulation with academic achievement. The Discussion (page not provided) reports that executive functions predicted kindergarten behavioral regulation. Our copy does not establish the broader claim about life success; the age-32 outcomes in the citing sentence are attributed to Moffitt et al., not to this paper. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788 · see citing works
Comparative fit indexes in structural models.
Bentler, P. M. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238 · Cited by 25,266 · see citing works
The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A research note
Goodman, R. (1997) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x · Cited by 14,908 · see citing works
Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach
Steiger, J. H. (1990) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2502_4 · Cited by 7,408 · see citing works
Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments.
Floyd, F. J., & Widaman, K. F. (1995) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.286 · Cited by 3,970 · see citing works
Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E., Nigg, J. T., Faraone, S. V., & Pennington, B. F. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.006 · Cited by 3,568 · see citing works
Blair, C., & Razza, R. P. (2007) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01019.x · Cited by 3,140 · see citing works
Executive function in preschoolers: A review using an integrative framework.
Garon, N., Bryson, S. E., & Smith, I. M. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.1.31 · Cited by 2,695 · see citing works
Links between behavioral regulation and preschoolers’ literacy, vocabulary, and math skills.
McClelland, M. M., Cameron, C. E., Connor, C. M., Farris, C. L., Jewkes, A. M., & Morrison, F. J. (2007) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.4.947 · Cited by 1,561 · see citing works
Bronfenbrenner, U., & Evans, G. W. (2000) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/1467-9507.00114 · Cited by 1,302 · see citing works
Deficits on subject-ordered tasks after frontal- and temporal-lobe lesions in man
Petrides, M., & Milner, B. A. (1982) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(82)90100-2 · Cited by 1,272 · see citing works
School Readiness and Self-Regulation: A Developmental Psychobiological Approach
Blair, C., & Raver, C. C. (2015) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015221 · Cited by 1,240 · cited 4× · see citing works
“…executive functions, poverty, school readiness Research has suggested that children’s early regulatory behaviors are foundational skills that promote better learning in school (Blair & Raver, 2015; McClelland, Acock, & Morrison, 2006; Rimm-Kaufman, Curby, Grimm, Nathanson, & Brock, 2009).”
InfluentialSocialization Mediators of the Relation between Socioeconomic Status and Child Conduct Problems
Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (1994) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00774.x · Cited by 954 · see citing works
Bringing order out of chaos: Psychometric characteristics of the confusion, hubbub, and order scale
Matheny, A. P., Wachs, T. D., Ludwig, J. L., & Phillips, K. (1995) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/0193-3973(95)90028-4 · Cited by 943 · see citing works
Ponitz, C. C., McClelland, M. M., Matthews, J. S., & Morrison, F. J. (2009) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015365 · Cited by 934 · see citing works
McClelland, M. M., Acock, A. C., & Morrison, F. J. (2006) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2006.09.003 · Cited by 762 · see citing works
The Role of Chaos in Poverty and Children's Socioemotional Adjustment
Evans, G. W., Gonnella, C., Marcynyszyn, L. A., Gentile, L., & Salpekar, N. (2005) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01575.x · Cited by 709 · cited 5× · see citing works
“One major study (Evans et al., 2005) examined the relations among poverty, household chaos, and later behavioral regulation.”
InfluentialRimm-Kaufman, S., Curby, T. W., Grimm, K. J., Nathanson, L., & Brock, L. L. (2009) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015861 · Cited by 691 · see citing works
Touch your toes! Developing a direct measure of behavioral regulation in early childhood.
Cameron Ponitz, C. E., McClelland, M. M., Jewkes, A. M., Connor, C. M., Farris, C. L., & Morrison, F. J. (2008) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2007.01.004 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Socialization Mediators of the Relation between Socioeconomic Status and Child Conduct Problems
Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (1994) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131407 · Cited by 599 · see citing works
Predictors of early growth in academic achievement: the head-toes-knees-shoulders task
McClelland, M. M., Cameron, C. E., Duncan, R., Bowles, R. P., Acock, A. C., Miao, A., & Pratt, M. E. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00599 · Cited by 597 · see citing works
Barkley, R. A. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.121.1.65 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Correlations Between Family Meals and Psychosocial Well-being Among Adolescents
Eisenberg, M. E., Olson, R., Neumark‐Sztainer, D., Story, M. T., & Bearinger, L. H. (2004) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.158.8.792 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Eisenberg, N., Guthrie, I. K., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Losoya, S. H., Murphy, B. C., Jones, S. L., Poulin, R., & Reiser, M. (2000) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00233 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Raver, C. C., Family Life Project Key Investigators, Blair, C., & Willoughby, M. (2013) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028343 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Self-citationExecutive function in early childhood: Longitudinal measurement invariance and developmental change.
Willoughby, M. T., Family Life Project Investigators, Wirth, R. J., & Blair, C. (2011) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0025779 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Self-citationHolmbeck, G. N., Johnson, S. Z., Wills, K. E., McKernon, W., Rose, B., Erklin, S., & Kemper, T. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.1.96 · Cited by 353 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Using multimethod measurement, including teacher-rated and child performance-based measures of behavioral regulation, strengthens findings when different measurements are in the same direction (Holmbeck et al., 2002).”
Holmbeck, G. N., Johnson, S. Z., Wills, K. E., McKernon, W., Rose, B. M., Erklin, S., & Kemper, T. S. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.70.1.96 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Bradley, R. H., Caldwell, B. M., & Rock, S. L. (1988) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130253 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Home Chaos: Sociodemographic, Parenting, Interactional, and Child Correlates
Dumas, J. E., Nissley‐Tsiopinis, J., Nordstrom, A. H., Smith, E. P., Prinz, R. J., & Levine, D. W. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3401_9 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
The effects of parental scaffolding on preschoolers' executive function.
Hammond, S. I., Müller, U., Carpendale, J. I. M., Bibok, M. B., & Liebermann, D. P. (2011) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025519 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Brody, G. H., & Flor, D. L. (1997) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.33.6.1000 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Willoughby, M. T., The Family Life Project Investigators, Blair, C., Wirth, R. J., & Greenberg, M. T. (2011) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0025361 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Self-citationHousehold chaos – links with parenting and child behaviour
Coldwell, J., Pike, A., & Dunn, J. (2006) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01655.x · Cited by 302 · see citing works
How do families help or hinder the emergence of early executive function?
Hughes, C. H., & Ensor, R. A. (2009) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cd.234 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Pathways to Problem Behaviors: Chaotic Homes, Parent and Child Effortful Control, and Parenting
Valiente, C., Lemery‐Chalfant, K., & Reiser, M. (2007) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00383.x · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Hughes, C. H., & Ensor, R. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2010.06.005 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Family instability and the problem behaviors of children from economically disadvantaged families.
Ackerman, B. P., Youngstrom, J. K., Youngstrom, E. A., Schoff, K. M., & Izard, C. E. (1999) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.35.1.258 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Self-regulation and academic achievement in the transition to school.
Morrison, F. J., Ponitz, C. C., & McClelland, M. M. (2010) · Child development at the intersection of emotion and cognition. · doi:10.1037/12059-011 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Exploring the Sensitivity of Horn's Parallel Analysis to the Distributional Form of Random Data
Dinno, A. (2009) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273170902938969 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Chronic Residential Crowding and Children's Well-Being: An Ecological Perspective
Evans, G. W., Lepore, S. J., Shejwal, B. R., & Palsane, M. N. (1998) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06174.x · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Chaos and its influence on children's development: An ecological perspective.
Evans, G. W., & Wachs, T. D. (2010) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12057-000 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Chaos, poverty, and parenting: Predictors of early language development
Vernon‐Feagans, L., Garrett-Peters, P., Willoughby, M. T., & Mills-Koonce, R. (2011) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2011.11.001 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Self-citationBrody, G. H., & Flor, D. L. (1997) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.33.6.1000 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Further examination of the immediate impact of television on children's executive function
Lillard, A. S., Drell, M. B., Richey, E. M., Boguszewski, K., & Smith, E. D. (2015) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0039097 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
"Moving On": Residential Mobility and Children's School Lives
Tucker, C. J., Marx, J. I., & Long, L. H. (1998) · Sociology of Education · doi:10.2307/2673244 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Vernon‐Feagans, L., & Cox, M. J. (2013) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/mono.12046 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly Childhood Housing Instability and School Readiness
Ziol‐Guest, K. M., & McKenna, C. C. (2013) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12105 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Pelham, W. E., Evans, S. W., Gnagy, E. M., & Greenslade, K. E. (1992) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.1992.12085615 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Is preschool executive function causally related to academic achievement?
Willoughby, M. T., Kupersmidt, J. B., & Voegler‐Lee, M. E. (2011) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2011.578572 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citationSpecifying the links between household chaos and preschool children's development
Martin, A. C., Razza, R. A., & Jeanne Brooks-gunn, B. (2011) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2011.605522 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
SES and CHAOS as environmental mediators of cognitive ability: A longitudinal genetic analysis
Hart, S. A., Petrill, S. A., Deckard, K. D., & Thompson, L. A. (2006) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.08.004 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Roy, A. L., McCoy, D. C., & Raver, C. C. (2014) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036984 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Test-retest reliability of a new executive function battery for use in early childhood
Willoughby, M. T., & Blair, C. (2011) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2011.554390 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationWachs, T. D., & Evans, G. W. (2010) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12057-001 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Anderson, S., Leventhal, T., & Dupéré, V. (2014) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888691.2014.924355 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Hardaway, C. R., Wilson, M. N., Shaw, D. S., & Dishion, T. J. (2011) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.765 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Brown, E. D., Ackerman, B. P., & Moore, C. A. (2013) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032886 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
The implications of early attentional regulation for school success among low-income children
Razza, R. A., Martin, A. C., & Jeanne Brooks-gunn, B. (2012) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2012.07.005 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Chaos and the macrosetting: The role of poverty and socioeconomic status.
Evans, G. W., Eckenrode, J. J., & Marcynyszyn, L. A. (2010) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12057-014 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Blankson, O'Brien, Leerkes, Calkins, C., & Marcovitch (2015) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · doi:10.13110/merrpalmquar1982.61.2.0264 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The role of the physical environment in the health and well-being of children.
Evans, G. W., Kliewer, W. L., & Martin, J. (1991) · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Whitesell, C. J., Teti, D. M., Crosby, B., & Kim, B. R. (2015) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000063 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The Routledge International Encyclopedia of Education
McCulloch, G., & Crook, D. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315830674 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Residential Mobility, Inhibitory Control, and Academic Achievement in Preschool
Schmitt, S. A., Finders, J. K., & McClelland, M. M. (2014) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2015.975033 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Children Living in Rural Poverty: The Role of Chaos in Early Development
Vernon‐Feagans, L., Garrett-Peters, P., Marco, A. D., & Bratsch‐Hines, M. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199769100.013.0025 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationChronic Residential Crowding and Children's Well-Being: An Ecological Perspective
Evans, G. W., Lepore, S. J., Shejwal, B. R., et al. (1998) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1132129 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
How demonstrated comprehension can get muddled in production.
Feagans, L. V., & Farran, D. C. (1981) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.17.6.718 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Dynamic developmental systems: Chaos and order.
Sameroff, A. J. (2010) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12057-016 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Lakes, K. D. (2013) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2013.09.003 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Feagans, L. V., & Short, E. J. (1986) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.22.2.177 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Chaos and the diverging fortunes of American children: A historical perspective.
Lichter, D. T., & Wethington, E. (2010) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12057-002 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Wellbeing in children and families
Landry, S. H., & Cooper, C. L. (2014) · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Feagans, L. V., & Short, E. J. (1986) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.22.2.177 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Groups, F. T. G. A. L. S., Tiesler, C. M. T., Birk, M., Kohlböck, G., Koletzko, S., Bauer, C., Wichmann, H. ‐., Berg, A. V., Berdel, D., Krämer, U., et al. (2012) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-012-0522-y · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Muthén LK Muthén BO Mplus Users Guide 1998-2013 Los Angeles, CA Seventh Edition
- Wachs TD Corapci F Raeff C Benson J Environmental chaos, development and parenting across cultures. Social and cognitive development in the context of individual, social and cultural processes 2003 54 83 Routledge New York
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Resilience in Children: Developmental Perspectives
Masten, A. S., & Barnes, A. J. (2018) · Children · doi:10.3390/children5070098 · Cited by 705 · see citing works
Parental Behaviours Predicting Early Childhood Executive Functions: a Meta-Analysis
Valcan, D. S., Davis, H. L., & Pino‐Pasternak, D. (2017) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-017-9411-9 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Parenting and Child Development: A Relational Health Perspective
Frosch, C. A., Schoppe‐Sullivan, S. J., & O’Banion, D. (2019) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827619849028 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Marsh, S., Dobson, R., & Maddison, R. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08587-8 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
de Cock, E. S. A., Henrichs, J., Klimstra, T. A., Maas, A. J. B. M., Vreeswijk, C. M. J. M., Meeus, W., & van Bakel, H. J. A. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0679-7 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Montessori Preschool Elevates and Equalizes Child Outcomes: A Longitudinal Study
Lillard, A. S., Heise, M. J., Richey, E. M., Tong, X., Hart, A., & Bray, P. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01783 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“Executive function was measured in this study because it undergirds self-regulatory skills that are important to academic and life success (Blair and Razza, 2007; Diamond, 2013; Vernon-Feagans et al., 2016); in fact, self-regulation at age 4 predicts health, wealth, and criminality outcomes at age 32 (Moffitt et al.”
BackgroundMethodEdossa, A. K., Schroeders, U., Weinert, S., & Artelt, C. (2017) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025416687412 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Promoting Self-Regulation in Young Children: The Role of Parenting Interventions
Morawska, A., Dittman, C. K., & Rusby, J. C. (2019) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-019-00281-5 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Screen Time and Executive Function in Toddlerhood: A Longitudinal Study
McHarg, G., Ribner, A., Devine, R. T., & Hughes, C. H. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.570392 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
School-entry skills predicting school-age academic and social–emotional trajectories
Burchinal, M., Foster, T. J., Garber, K. L., Bratsch‐Hines, M., Blair, C., & Vernon‐Feagans, L. (2019) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2019.08.004 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationMiller‐Cotto, D., Smith, L. V., Wang, A. H., & Ribner, A. (2021) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2286 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Watson, L. R., Crais, E. R., Baranek, G. T., Turner‐Brown, L., Sideris, J. H., Wakeford, L., Kinard, J. L., Reznick, J. S., Martin, K., & Nowell, S. W. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3268-0 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Rosen, M. L., Amso, D., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2019) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100699 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
A systematic assessment of socioeconomic status and executive functioning in early childhood
John, A. M. S., Kibbe, M. M., & Tarullo, A. R. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2018.09.003 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Koşkulu‐Sancar, S., van de Weijer‐Bergsma, E., Mulder, H., & Blom, E. (2022) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2022.101063 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Automated sensing of daily activity: A new lens into development
de Barbaro, K. (2019) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21831 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Household chaos and screen media use among preschool-aged children: a cross-sectional study
Emond, J. A., Tantum, L. K., Gilbert‐Diamond, D., Kim, S. J., Lansigan, R. K., & Neelon, S. B. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-6113-2 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Devine, R. T., Bignardi, G., & Hughes, C. H. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01902 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Holmes, C. J., Brieant, A. E., Kahn, R. E., Deater-Deckard, K. D., & Kim‐Spoon, J. (2018) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-018-0921-7 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Garrett-Peters, P. T., Mokrova, I. L., Vernon‐Feagans, L., Willoughby, M. T., & Pan, Y. (2016) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2016.02.004 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationAnxious parents show higher physiological synchrony with their infants
Smith, C. G., Jones, E. J. H., Charman, T., Clackson, K., Mirza, F. U., & Wass, S. V. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720005085 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Testing the association between physical activity and executive function skills in early childhood
Willoughby, M. T., Wylie, A. C., & Catellier, D. (2018) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.03.004 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationFamily Chaos and Asthma Control
Weinstein, S. M., Pugach, O., Rosales, G. F., Mosnaim, G. S., Walton, S. M., & Martin, M. A. (2019) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2018-2758 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Losenno, K. M., Muis, K. R., Munzar, B., Denton, C. A., & Perry, N. E. (2020) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101869 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Micalizzi, L., Brick, L. A. D., Flom, M., Ganiban, J. M., & Saudino, K. J. (2019) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2019.01.007 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Towards an inclusive digital literacy: An experimental intervention study in a rural area of Brazil
Nogueira, V. B., Teixeira, D. G., de Lima, I. A. C. N., Moreira, M. V. C., de Oliveira, B. S. C., Pedrosa, I. M. B., Queiroz, J. W., & Jerônimo, S. M. B. (2021) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-021-10711-z · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Saltzman, J. A., Fiese, B. H., Bost, K. K., & McBride, B. A. (2017) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12254 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Building Resilience With the JoyPop App: Evaluation Study
MacIsaac, A., Mushquash, A. R., Mohammed, S., Grassia, E., Smith, S., & Wekerle, C. (2020) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/25087 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
de Ruig, N. J., de Jong, P. F., & Zee, M. (2023) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-023-09795-5 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Martin‐Biggers, J. T., Quick, V., Zhang, M., Jin, Y., & Byrd‐Bredbenner, C. (2017) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12540 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Dörr, L., & Perels, F. (2019) · lnternational Electronic Journal of Elementary Education · doi:10.26822/iejee.2019553341 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
A practical approach to obesity prevention: Healthy home habits
Fruh, S., Williams, S. G., Hayes, K. N., Hauff, C., Hudson, G. M., Sittig, S., Graves, R., Hall, H. R., & Barinas, J. L. (2021) · Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1097/jxx.0000000000000556 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Andrews, K., Dunn, J. R., Prime, H., Duku, E., Atkinson, L. R., Tiwari, A., & González, A. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00651-1 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The role of sleep in the relation between young children's mobile media use and effortful control
Nathanson, A. I., & Beyens, I. (2018) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12196 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Bai, J., Huang, H., & Ouyang, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.847785 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Strengthening Social Programs to Promote Economic Stability During Childhood
Hardy, B. L., Hill, H. D., & Romich, J. L. (2019) · Child Policy Nexus · doi:10.1002/sop2.4 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Marsh, S., Taylor, R. W., Galland, B. C., Gerritsen, S., Parag, V., & Maddison, R. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238977 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Houwen, S., Kamphorst, E., van der Veer, G., & Cantell, M. (2018) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2018.04.002 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Recognizing early childhood as a critical time for developing and supporting self-regulation
Perry, N. E. (2019) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-019-09213-8 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Residential Mobility Across Early Childhood and Children’s Kindergarten Readiness
Mollborn, S., Lawrence, E., & Root, E. D. (2018) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-018-0652-0 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Organized Chaos: Daily Routines Link Household Chaos and Child Behavior Problems
Larsen, K. L., & Jordan, S. S. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01645-9 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Ecological Instability and Children’s Classroom Behavior in Kindergarten
Fomby, P., & Mollborn, S. (2017) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-017-0602-2 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Household chaos as a context for intergenerational transmission of executive functioning
Brieant, A. E., Holmes, C. J., Deater-Deckard, K. D., King‐Casas, B., & Kim‐Spoon, J. (2017) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.05.001 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Metaferia, B. K., Futó, J., & Takács, Z. K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.646074 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Mindful Family Routines and the Cultivation of Executive Function Skills in Childhood
Semenov, A. D., & Zelazo, P. D. (2019) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000503822 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Parenting and Children's Executive Function Stability Across the Transition to School
Helm, A. F., McCormick, S. A., Deater-Deckard, K. D., Smith, C. L., Calkins, S. D., & Bell, M. A. (2019) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2171 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Johnson, A. D., Martin, A., Partika, A. C., Phillips, D. A., Castle, S. L., & The Tulsa SEED Study Team* (2021) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12597 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Metaferia, B. K., Futo, J., Drew, R., & Takács, Z. K. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01104 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Coe, J. L., Davies, P. T., Hentges, R. F., & Sturge‐Apple, M. L. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418001736 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Neighborhood influences on early childhood behavioral problems: Child maltreatment as a mediator
Pei, F., Yoon, S., Maguire‐Jack, K., & Lee, M. Y. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105391 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Play it safe or play to learn: mindsets and behavioral self-regulation in kindergarten
Compagnoni, M., Karlen, Y., & Merki, K. M. (2019) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-019-09190-y · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Allee‐Herndon, K. A., & Roberts, S. K. (2019) · Journal of Research in Childhood Education · doi:10.1080/02568543.2019.1613273 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Kirlić, N., Colaizzi, J. M., Cosgrove, K. T., Cohen, Z. P., Yeh, H., Breslin, F. J., Morris, A. S., Aupperle, R. L., Singh, M. K., & Paulus, M. P. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13578 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Ge, T., & Wang, L. (2019) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.06.007 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Household chaos during infancy and infant weight status at 12 months
Khatiwada, A., Shoaibi, A., Neelon, B., Emond, J. A., & Benjamin‐Neelon, S. E. (2018) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.12395 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The Construction of Executive Function in Early Development: The Pragmatics of Action and Gestures
Rodríguez, C. (2022) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000526340 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Caughy, M. O., Mills, B. A., Brinkley, D. Y., & Owen, M. T. (2018) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12242 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
West, K. B., Shaffer, A. E., Wickrama, K. A. S., Han, Z. R., & Suveg, C. M. (2020) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22054 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Doebel, S., Michaelson, L. E., & Munakata, Y. (2019) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797619839045 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Family Routines Within Caregiver-Implemented Early Interventions: A Scoping Review
Romano, M. K., Lorio, C. M., Delehanty, A. D., Eugenio, J., Abarca, D. L., Trivedi, B., & Brown, J. A. (2022) · Journal of Early Intervention · doi:10.1177/10538151211062206 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-regulation mediates the relations between family factors and preschool readiness
Xie, S., & Li, H. (2021) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2021.10.005 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Wass, S. V., Greenwood, E., Esposito, G., Smith, C. G., Necef, I., & Phillips, E. (2024) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13960 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
John, A. M. S., & Tarullo, A. R. (2019) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2153 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Household Chaos, Maternal Emotional Responsiveness, and Child Eating Behavior: A Moderation Analysis
Saltzman, J. A., Bost, K. K., McBride, B. A., & Fiese, B. H. (2019) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000701 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Li, Z., Sturge-Apple, M. L., Jones-Gordils, H. R., & Davies, P. T. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421001188 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Mueller, I. M., Spinath, F. M., Friese, M., & Hahn, E. (2022) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12723 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Burchinal, M., Carr, R. C., Vernon‐Feagans, L., Blair, C., & Cox, M. J. (2018) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.07.002 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationGillespie, M. L., & Rao, U. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02296-z · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Giuliano, R. J., Roos, L. E., Farrar, J. D., & Skowron, E. A. (2018) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21608 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Household chaos: a risk factor for adverse child outcomes gains attention in public health
Emond, J. A. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08680-y · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Pathways from family violence exposure to disruptive behavior and suspension in elementary school
Loomis, A. M. (2020) · Journal of Family Trauma Child Custody & Child Development · doi:10.1080/26904586.2020.1734516 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Household chaos, parental responses to emotion, and child emotion regulation in middle childhood
Hong, Y., McCormick, S. A., Deater-Deckard, K. D., Calkins, S. D., & Bell, M. A. (2020) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12500 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-regulation as promotive for academic achievement in young children across risk contexts
Distefano, R., Grenell, A., Palmer, A. R., Houlihan, K., Masten, A. S., & Carlson, S. M. (2021) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2021.101050 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Wilhoit, S. A., Trentacosta, C. J., Beeghly, M., Boeve, J. L., Lewis, T. L., & Thomason, M. E. (2021) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12560 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Domoff, S. E., Borgen, A. L., Kim, S. J., & Emond, J. A. (2021) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1002/hbe2.322 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Developmental patterns of behavioural self-regulation and peer relations in early childhood
Burke, K., Zatto, B., & Hoglund, W. L. G. (2023) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2023.06.001 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Fisher, J. H., & Brown, J. L. (2018) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-018-0861-2 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Garrett-Peters, P. T., The Family Life Project Key Investigators, Mokrova, I. L., Carr, R. C., & Vernon‐Feagans, L. (2019) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000720 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationWass, S. V., Amadó, M. P., & Ives, J. (2022) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101102 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Ernst, J. A., Sobel, D. M., & Neil, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2022.1011912 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Dörr, L., & Perels, F. (2019) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2019.1595608 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Lee, D. B., Assari, S., Miller, A. L., Hsieh, H., Heinze, J. E., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01411-x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Hails, K. A., Zhou, Y., & Shaw, D. S. (2019) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-019-00279-z · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Willoughby, M. T., Williams, J., Mills-Koonce, W. R., & Blair, C. B. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579419001135 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly executive and school functioning: Protective roles of home environment by income
Murphy, Y. E., Zhang, X., & Gatzke‐Kopp, L. M. (2021) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2021.101369 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Schneider, J. M., Behboudi, M. H., & Maguire, M. J. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14040392 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Adverse Housing Conditions and Early‐Onset Delinquency
Jackson, D. B., Newsome, J., & Lynch, K. R. (2017) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12153 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Assessing young children’s self-regulation in school contexts
Hutchinson, L. R., Perry, N. E., & Shapka, J. D. (2021) · Assessment in Education Principles Policy and Practice · doi:10.1080/0969594x.2021.1951161 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Chaotic home environment is associated with reduced infant processing speed under high task demands
Tomalski, P., Marczuk, K., Pisula, E., Malinowska, A., Kawa, R., & Niedźwiecka, A. (2017) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2017.04.007 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Influence of the environment on the early development of attentional control
Moyano, S., Rico‐Picó, J., Conejero, Á., Hoyo, Á., Ballesteros, M. Á., & Rueda, M. R. (2023) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2023.101842 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Influence of home chaos on preschool migrant children’s resilience: A moderated mediation model
Zhao, J., Cui, H., Zhou, J., & Zhang, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1087710 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Children’s executive function development and school socio-economic and racial/ethnic composition
Ready, D. D., & Reid, J. L. (2018) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.08.002 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Coe, J. L., Parade, S. H., Seifer, R., Frank, L., & Tyrka, A. R. (2019) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-019-00093-9 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Associations Among Household Chaos, School Belonging and Risk Behaviors in Adolescents
Delker, E., East, P. L., Blanco, E., Wu, V. H., Encina, P., Lozoff, B., Delva, J., & Gahagan, S. (2020) · The Journal of Primary Prevention · doi:10.1007/s10935-020-00592-2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Cioffi, C. C., Leve, L. D., Natsuaki, M. N., Shaw, D. S., Reiss, D., & Neiderhiser, J. M. (2019) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2147 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The Influence of Parental Skills on Children Executive Performance in the Chilean Context
Bernal-Ruiz, F., Ortega, A., & Vera, M. R. (2020) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-020-01827-w · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Moyano, S., Conejero, Á., Fernández, M., Serrano, F., & Rueda, M. R. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1069478 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Baxter, K. A., Nambiar, S., Penny, R. A., Gallegos, D., & Byrne, R. (2024) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2024.02.016 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Marsh, S., Gerritsen, S., Taylor, R. W., Galland, B. C., Parag, V., & Maddison, R. (2019) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/12792 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Turnbull, K. L. P., DeCoster, J., Downer, J. T., & Williford, A. P. (2024) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2024.07.001 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Vernon-Feagans, L., The Family Life Project Key Investigators, Willoughby, M., & Garrett-Peters, P.
- Affiliations
- RTI International (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- ORCID
- Willoughby, Michael
- Venue
- Developmental Psychology
- Published
- 2016-03
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 430-441
- ISSN
- 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0599
- PMC
- PMC4760868
- OpenAlex
- W2409961019
- Cited by
- 231
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 100.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (PO1HD039667)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- behavioral regulation, executive function, household chaos, parenting, poverty, school readiness, kindergarten, early childhood, rural children, mediation, family environment
- MeSH terms
- Child Behavior, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Family Characteristics, Female, Humans, Male, Social Environment, Parenting, Executive Function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
