Optimism and Pessimism as Mediators of the Relations Between Self-Discrepancies and Distress Among Asian and European Americans
Abstract
The authors examined the role of undesired self-discrepancies in predicting emotional distress among Asian and European Americans, whether undesired self-discrepancies are stronger predictors of distress for Asian than for European Americans, and whether optimism and pessimism mediate the relations between ideal, ought, and undesired self-discrepancies and emotional distress. Self-identified Asian/ Asian American (n = 140) and European American (n = 189) college students completed measures of self-discrepancies, optimism/pessimism, social anxiety, and depressive symptoms. Results show that for both Asian Americans and European Americans, greater similarity to the undesired self is equally predictive of symptoms of depression, whereas distance from the undesired self is more predictive of social anxiety for Asian Americans than for European Americans. Furthermore, pessimism fully mediates the relations between undesired self-discrepancies and depressive symptoms for both Asian Americans and European Americans, although pessimism was a stronger predictor of depression for European Americans than for Asians/Asian Americans.
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Self-discrepancy and neuroticism have a considerable impact on treatment success in CBT VRET.
“The efficacy of CBT VRET is often unpredictable owing to individual psychological constructs; self-discrepancy and neuroticism have a considerable impact on treatment success [142,143].”
From SAFEvR MentalVeRse.app: Development of a Free Immersive Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia and Claustrophobia (2024) · cites this paper as [143]
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- Authors
- Hardin, E. E., & Leong, F. T. L.
- Affiliations
- Texas Tech University (US)
- University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Counseling Psychology
- Published
- 2005-01
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 25-35
- ISSN
- 0022-0167 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2168
- OpenAlex
- W2013254577
- Cited by
- 61
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 6.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Counseling Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- self-discrepancy, optimism, pessimism, emotional distress, depressive symptoms, social anxiety, ideal self, ought self, Asian Americans, European Americans, cross-cultural comparison, mediation
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