Cited by 1,198Visual and Cognitive Learning ProcessesInnovative Teaching and Learning MethodsIntelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 39 of the 52 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Variability of worked examples and transfer of geometrical problem-solving skills: A cognitive-load approach.

Open access

Paas, Fred G. W. C., Van Merriënboer, Jeroen J. G.·1994·Journal of Educational Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-0663.86.1.122

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Four computer-based training strategies for geometrical problem solving in the domain of computer numerically controlled machinery programming were studied with regard to their effects on training performance, transfer performance, and cognitive load. A low- and a high-variability conventional condition, in which conventional practice problems had to be solved (followed by worked examples), were compared with a low- and a high-variability worked condition, in which worked examples had to be studied. Results showed that students who studied worked examples gained most from high-variability examples, invested less time and mental effort in practice, and attained better and less effort-demanding transfer performance than students who first attempted to solve conventional problems and then studied work examples. In complex cognitive domains such as mathematics, phys-ics, or computer programming, problem solutions can often be characterized by a hierarchical goal structure. The goal of these solutions can be attained only by successfully attaining all subgoals. Learning and performance of complex cogni-tive tasks are typically constrained by limited processing ca-

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0022-0663.86.1.122

Cites

39 of 39 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

The text we found for this paper looks like another document, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The text we found for this paper looks like another document, so the self-check wasn’t run.

Cognitive Load During Problem Solving: Effects on Learning
Sweller, J. (1988) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1016/0364-0213(88)90023-7 · Cited by 11,048
Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory
Shiffrin, R. M., & Schneider, W. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.127 · Cited by 7,335
Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention.
Schneider, W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.1.1 · Cited by 5,902
A capacity theory of comprehension: individual differences in working memory
Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1992) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.99.1.122 · Cited by 4,153
Handbook of perception and human performance
Boff, K. R., Kaufman, L., & Thomas, J. P. (1986) · Wiley eBooks · Cited by 4,033
Cognitive Load Theory and the Format of Instruction
Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (1991) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1207/s1532690xci0804_2 · Cited by 2,894
Controlled and automatic human information processing: I
Schneider, W. E., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1977) · Cited by 2,228
Training strategies for attaining transfer of problem-solving skill in statistics: A cognitive-load approach.
Paas, F. G. W. C. (1992) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.84.4.429 · Cited by 2,150
Self-citation
Self‐Explanations: How Students Study and Use Examples in Learning to Solve Problems
Chi, M. T. H., Bassok, M., Lewis, M. W., Reimann, P., & Glaser, R. (1989) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1302_1 · Cited by 1,714
Instructional control of cognitive load in the training of complex cognitive tasks
Paas, F. G. W. C., & Van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (1994) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/bf02213420 · Cited by 968
Self-citation

Show all 52 references

Sorted by citations

Items 1,001–1,100 of 1,170

Variability of Practice
van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_415 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Immersed in Training
Kleygrewe, L. (2023) · doi:10.5463/thesis.312 · Cited by 1
Employing variation in the object of learning for the design-based development of serious games that support learning of conditional knowledge
Ruskov, M. (2014) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 1
Developing technical expertise in secondary technical schools in Ghana: The effect of powerful learning environments with and without ICT and the moderating effect of instructional conceptions.
Sarfo, F. K. (2005) · Lirias (KU Leuven)
Designing Instruction For Recovering Alcoholics: The Role Of Executive Function And Levels Of Guidance In Learning From Visually Complex Simulations
Gutkin, J. (2015) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York)
Generating Tailored Worked-Out Problem Solutions to Help Students Learn from Examples
Carenini, G., & Conati, C. (2005) · Text, speech and language technology · doi:10.1007/1-4020-3051-7_8
“, [Paas and Merrienboer 1994]).”
Formative feedback in a virtual patient simulator for clinical audiology training
Guard, L. M. (2013) · UC Research Repository (University of Canterbury) · doi:10.26021/6383
The empirics of contracts : theoretical and empirical observations on contract design
Hesen, G. G. (2009) · doi:10.26481/dis.20090515gh
Worked examples : effect of modified and conventional worked examples on assembly time, accuracy, and efficiency in a manufacturing environment
Dill, J. B. (2006) · USF Scholarship Repository (University of San Francisco)
Van cognitieve belastingstheorie naar onderwijspraktijk: het trainen van docenten
van Harsel, M. (2012) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Dynamic Selection of Learning Tasks According to the 4C/ID-Model.
van Merriënboer, J. J. G., Salden, R., Corbalan, G., Croock, M. B. M. D., Kester, L., & PAAS, F. G. W. C. (2005) · Association for Educational Communications and Technology Annual Meeting
Self-citation
The Effects of Whole-Task Presentation and Part-Task Practice on Problem Solving and Cognitive Load based on Learner's Previous Cognitive Skills
조수연, & 정선영 (2011) · Asian Journal of Education · doi:10.15753/aje.2011.12.2.008
Evaluating User Modality Preference Effect On Cognitive Load In A Multimedia
Scott, J. (2010) · Purdue e-Pubs (Purdue University System)
Beyond Interface Design: Considering Learner Cognition When Designing E-Learning Systems
Freeman, M. B., Alasraj, A., & Chandler, P. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7540-8_10
“The variability effect suggests that the variability of tasks will enlarge the cognitive load but meanwhile develop the effi ciency of learning [ 23 ].”
Background
An e-Education Platform for Teaching-Learning Processes that are Difficult to Visualize
López, J. M., Cerpa, N., & Leiva, Y. F. (2003) · IFIP advances in information and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-35617-4_22
Notice of Retraction: How Quality of Learning Is Promoted - The Studying Progress of Germane Cognitive Load
Yuan, H., & Liu, D. (2011) · Pacific-Asia Conference on Circuits, Communications and Systems · doi:10.1109/paccs.2011.5990357
Retracted
The Use of Computer Simulations for Cognitive Load Change and Acquisition of Knowledge and Skills in Geometrical Optics
Kaheru, S. J. M. (2014) · Unisa Institutional Repository (University of South Africa)
RAPID DYNAMIC ASSESSMENT OF EXPERTISE: A COMPARISON OF PERFORMANCE AND MENTAL EFFICIENCY MEASURES IN ACCORDANCE WITH COGNITIVE LOAD THEORY
Johnson, D. L. (2007) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
A Comparison of Two Teaching Methods for Pediatric Medication Administration: Multimedia and Text-Based Modules
Granados, R. (2013) · USF Scholarship Repository (University of San Francisco)
Analyzing the impact of elaborated worked example modeling in a computer simulation for promotion of schema acquisition
Brooks, D. W., & Meier, D. K. (2007)
Diverging perspectives: A school district's response to an instructional support application
Crose, S. L. (2009) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska)
The Perception of 4C/ID Based Learning Materials: Two Studies into the Motivational Effects of Learning with Complex Tasks
Bastiaens, T. J., & Martens, R. L. (2007)
Taakafhankelijk versus bronafhankelijk. Het verschil in intrinsieke motivatie, leerprestaties en cognitieve belasting tussen twee verschillende manieren van samenwerkend leren.
van Dam, S. (2013) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
II carico cognitivo nel multimedia learning
Zipoli, V. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-88-470-1824-2_25
“Altre misure indirette sono le valutazioni dei pattern comportamentali, come le modalita di navigazione in ambienti multimediali [22], o di parametri fisiologici, come le variazioni della frequenza cardiaca [ 23 ] o del diametro pupillare [24].”
Background
Institute for Educational Psychology
Weinberger, A., Ertl, B., Fischer, F., & Mandl, H. (2003)
EFFECTS OF TASK-CENTERED vs. TOPIC-CENTERED INSTRUC TIONAL STRATEGY APPROACHES ON PROBLEM SOLVING - LEARNING TIN
Rosenberg‐Kima, R. B. (2012)
A Study of Semi-Hierarchical Organization in the Construction of Concept Maps Using the Framework of Cognitive Load Theory
Thain, D. (2012) · QSpace (Queen's University Library)
Title GeogDL : a Web-based approach to geography examination revision( Main article )
Hoe-Lian, D. G., & Lim, E. P. (2005)
Pengaruh Beban Kognitif Pembelajaran Multimedia dan Pengetahuan Awal terhadap Hasil Belajar Keterampilan Aplikasi Pengolah Angka
Syakur, A. (2015) · DISERTASI dan TESIS Program Pascasarjana UM
EFFECTIVENESS OF INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO LEARNING AND RETENTION IN MULTIMEDIA LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS
Zare, H., Sarmadı, M. R., Fardanesh, H., Feizi, A., & Mahboobi, T. (2012)
IMPACT OF SELF-EXPLANATION AND ANALOGICAL COMPARISON SUPPORT ON LEARNING PROCESSES, MOTIVATION, METACOGNITION, AND TRANSFER
Richey, J. E. (2015) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Research and development of online simulation learning and assessment management system
Weng, T.-S. (2009) · International Conference on Information and Automation
QUESTIONING CONVENTIONS: ARE PRODUCT CONVENTIONS TRADING OFF THE USABILITY OF PRODUCTS FOR SHORT TERM USER SATISFACTION
Young, B. G., Wodehouse, A., & Sheridan, M. (2015) · International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science Engineering and Education · doi:10.23947/2334-8496-2015-3-2-47-58
“…load on a individual, or that they do not impose irrelevant or unrelated cognitive loads on a user. www.ijcrsee.com Cognitive load (Paas, 1992, Paas et al., 1994, Paas and Van Merriënboer, 1994, Paas et al., 2003, Paas et al., 2004, Sweller et al., 1998) spans multiple dimensions and…”
Background
Novices' learning from the Internet : an exploration of navigation behaviours, learner-related factors, and mental effort
Desjarlais, M. (2011) · Brock University Digital Repository (Brock University)
How students find geographical analogues - Roles of individual’s knowledge and experience and the contents of target problems -
이종원, & 함경림 (2014) · The Journal of The Korean Association of Geographic and Environmental Education · doi:10.17279/jkagee.2014.22.3.71
Didaktische Implementierung und Evaluation von Blended-Learning im Bereich Marketing und Marktforschung.
Reichelt, M., Breitbarth, H., Gruschwitz, S., & Müller, A. (2014) · DeLFI Workshops
A PROBLÉMA ÉS A PROBLÉMAMEGOLDÓ GONDOLKODÁS
Pedagógia, M., & Kontra, J. (1996)
On the Impact of Multimedia Information Input on English Listening Decoding Based on Cognitive Load Theory
Tan, Z. (2016) · International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Informatics (AMEII) · doi:10.2991/ameii-16.2016.206
“Nowadays, the research of language decoding has become the focus of many scholars [4][5][6][7].”
Background
Designing and Delivering Technology Integration to Engage Students
Biesinger, K. D., & Crippen, K. J. (2010) · Advances in educational marketing, administration, and leadership book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-61520-899-9.ch016
Instructional Design in Digital Environments and Availability of Mental Resources
Low, R., Jin, P., & Sweller, J. (2012) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-1966-1.ch005
Instructional Design in Digital Environments and Availability of Mental Resources for the Aged Subpopulation
Low, R., Jin, P., & Sweller, J. (2013) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-4422-9.ch059
Use of the isolated elements effect to teach observational gait analysis
Sass, K. J., Schuh, K. L., Alessi, S. M., Barlow, P. B., Moore, J. L., & Yack, H. J. (2016) · doi:10.17077/etd.bilmdkma
Online multimedia learning: Predicting learner media selections in the visual and verbal domains
Toomey, N. (2015)
The Effects of Worked Examples on CAD Performance and Learning Efficiency.
Barnes, S. R. (2011) · NCSU Libraries Repository (North Carolina State University Libraries)
Issues Surrounding Cognition, Distraction, Usability and Performance
Deegan, R. (2014)
Direction of Mathematics Education in Elementary School: Viewpoints from a Taiwanese Mathematics Teacher Educator
Tan, N.-C. (2009) · Korean Journal of Elementary Education · doi:10.20972/kjee.19.2.200901.153
Working Memory Capacity-Induced Errors in Childrenâs Analogical Reasoning: Implications for Learning Outcome
Ntim, S., & Okyere, M. (2015) · International Journal of Academic Research in Psychology · doi:10.6007/ijarp/v2-i1/1620 · Cited by 2
Influence of Motivational Message with Narration on Learner's Cognitive Load and Time-On-Task
RyuJeeheon, & 임지현 (2009) · 교과교육학연구 · doi:10.24231/rici.2009.13.2.323
PHYSICAL INTERACTION MAPPINGS: UTILIZING COGNITIVE LOAD THEORY IN ORDER TO ENHANCE PHYSICAL PRODUCT INTERACTION
Young, B. G., Wodehouse, A., & Sheridan, M. C. (2015) · Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde)
Professional Learning in Informal Online Environments: Examining Elementary Teachers’ Cognitive Processes and Learning Experiences as They Navigate a Professional Development Website
Beach, P.-J. K. (2015) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Immediate Versus Delayed Feedback In Simulation Based Training: Matching Feedback Delivery Timing To The Cognitive Demands Of Th
Bolton, A. E. (2006) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research
Does Learning from Examples Improve Tutored Problem Solving
Aleven, V. A. W. M. M., Renkl, A., Salden, R., & Wittwer, J. (2006) · eScholarship (California Digital Library)
Cognitive load assessment in computer based video training for the purposes of one-hand knot tying
Addison, R. (2016) · Memorial University Research Repository (Memorial University)
The Influence of Cognitive Loads (Low and High) of Multimedia in Direct Learning and Leraning Style to the Results of Reading Comprehension for the Second Grade of Senoir High School Students
Mufdalifah, Setyosarı, P., Widiati, U., et al. (2018) · Journals & Books Hosting (International Knowledge Sharing Platform)
The Design Principles of the Worked Examples.
Wu, C.-P., & ...ç†éŸ“, Ç. ⁄. (2013) · Tamkang University Institutional Repository (TKUIR)
The Effect of Pedagogical Agent's Nonverbal Communications on Affective Perception and Cognitive Efficiency
RyuJeeheon (2014) · The Korean Journal of Educational Methodology Studies · doi:10.17927/tkjems.2014.26.1.115
The Role of Task Types and Prior Word Knowledge in Incidental Vocabulary Learning
Sung, H. (2018) · Journal of the Korea English Education Society · doi:10.18649/jkees.2018.17.4.19
The effects of effort, interest, and rapport on Wisconsin card sorting test performance in schizophrenia
Roberts, D. L. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/qaak-4432
Using Error Anticipation Exercises as an Instructional Intervention in the Algebra Classroom.
McCann, N. (2019) · TUScholarShare (Temple University)
Trodden and Untrodden Paths: A Study of Cognitive Processes in Oral Responding and Questioning
Madadi, M., & Rezvani, R. (2019) · Journal of teaching language skills · doi:10.22099/jtls.2020.36556.2790 · Cited by 1
What Do I Know and Where Do I Go?
Nugteren, M. L. (2020) · doi:10.33540/85
Carga cognitiva e sua correlação com piscadas durante o uso de um simulador de cadeira de rodas
Salgado, D. P. (2020) · doi:10.14393/ufu.di.2020.626
أنشطة إثرائیة قائمة على نظریة العبء المعرفی لتنمیة مهارات التفکیر الجبری وتحسین مستویات تجهیز المعلومات لدى تلامیذ المرحلة الإعدادیة Enrichment Activities Based on The Cognitive Load Theory to Developing Algebraic Thinking Skills and Improve Levels of Information Processing for Preparatory School Pupils.
سالم, ط. س. ع. ا., & سليمان, ن. م. (2020) · مجلة تربويات الرياضيات · doi:10.21608/armin.2020.121925
Ergonomics Society of the Human Factors and Human Factors: The Journal
Kalyuga, S., Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (2010)
Nomadic learners : an investigation of perceived affordances across formal and informal learning environments
Frisz-Conlon, A. M. (2021) · MOspace Institutional Repository (University of Missouri) · doi:10.32469/10355/85773
Strategies for Lessening the Cognitive Load of Graduate Students Engaged in Major Writing Projects
Matteson, S. M. (2021) · Advances in higher education and professional development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7267-2.ch013
The Effect of The Interaction between Worked – Examples Strategy with Self Explanations and Prior Knowledge in The Development of Scientific Concepts and Well –and ill-Structured Physical Problems Solving with First-Graders Secondary Students "Interpreta
Tolba, E. G. A. (2015) · The International Journal for Talent Development
Acquiring problem-solving skills in higher education
van Harsel, M. (2021) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · doi:10.33540/697
Social contextual influences on unhealthy food consumption : A psychological approach
van Rongen, S. (2021) · doi:10.18174/533356
The effects of nursing program simulation experience level and type of advanced organizer on clinical judgment performance, satisfaction, self-confidence, and perceived cognitive load of pre-licensure nursing students in simulation based learning
Barbour-Taylor, T. D. (2021)
Multimedia Learning with Cognitive Tutors
Koedinger, K. R., & Aleven, V. A. W. M. M. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108894333.046
Interactivity options for tutorials
Mestre, L. S. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-84334-688-3.50008-1
家系図の読み方--遺伝形式の推定のために(臨床遺伝学講座-2-)
又吉, 国., & 相馬, 広. (1982) · 臨床婦人科産科
Unpacking cognitive benefits of distributed complex visual displays for expert and novice scientists
Jang, J. (2013) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
The effects of situation variability in a simulation-based training for implicit innovation knowledgePreprint
Lysebetten, S. V., Anseel, F., & Sanchez, D. R. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/4cnb9
The Instruction Theory of van Merriënboer
(2020) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-4096-1.ch006
Index
Fincher, S. A., & Robins, A. V. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108654555.033
Working Memory Capacity-Induced Errors in Children’s Analogical Reasoning: Implications for Learning Outcome
Ntim, S. K., & Okyere, M. (2015) · International Journal of Academic Research in Psychology · doi:10.46886/ijarp/v2-i1/1620
Cognitivist Frameworks of Learning and Instruction
(2020) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-4096-1.ch003
Research on the Effect of Pre-problems on the Learning Effect of Declarative Knowledge in VR Videos
Huang, G., Chen, C., Shuangjie, D., et al. (2022) · International Conference on Information and Education Technology (ICIET) · doi:10.1109/iciet55102.2022.9778955
Designs of worked example to facilitate retention and transfer capability in derivatives of algebraic functions
Irfani, N., & Retnowati, E. (2022) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0096151 · Cited by 1
El ejemplo resuelto como instrumento de descarga cognitiva en la enseñanza de las Ciencias Sociales
Navarro, A. C., Instituto Escuela La Mina (Barcelona, E., Sabido-Codina, J., & de Barcelona, U. (2022) · Revista de Psicología y Educación - Journal of Psychology and Education · doi:10.23923/rpye2022.02.228
Literatur
Renkl, A. (1997) · Deutscher Universitätsverlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-663-08696-3_9
Two Perspectives on Physics Problem Solving and Their Relation to Adaptive Expertise
Kuo, E. (2023) · doi:10.1063/9780735425477_010 · Cited by 1
Using the Pedagogy of Worked Examples in Organic Chemistry
Rhile, I. J. (2023) · ACS symposium series · doi:10.1021/bk-2023-1448.ch006
Paper-Based vs. Digitalized Glossaries in Laboratory Scripts
Koenen, J., Mariot, L., & Tiemann, R. (2023) · The European Educational Researcher · doi:10.31757/euer.632
Does the Cognitive Reflection Test Work with Chinese College Students? Evidence from a Time-Limited Study
Li, Z., Yan, S., Liu, J., et al. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14040348
“In studies on intuition and analytical thinking, cognitive load [33] or time pressure are usually used to control participants’ intuitive answers.”
Background
Investigating the Effect of Interface Scaffolding and Example Design on Learning and Performance in a Code-Tracing Tutor
Jennings, J. (2024) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2024-15867
Cognitive Load: Categories and Measurements
Jiang, D. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-2317-1_4
Climate Pledges and Greenwashing: Information Provision Does Not WorkPreprint
Battocletti, V., Desiato, A., Romano, A., Sotis, C., & Tröger, T. H. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5233205
Integrated (Goal-Driven) Approach
Kalyuga, S., & Plass, J. L. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190078539.003.0005
Basics of Cognitive Load Theory (CLT)
Kalyuga, S., & Plass, J. L. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190078539.003.0002 · Cited by 1
Conclusions
Kalyuga, S., & Plass, J. L. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190078539.003.0008
Cognitive Complexity of User Inquiries in Digital Environments: Impact on Operator Response Quality
Демарева, В., Repjev, S., & Scherbakov, D. S. (2025) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-04958-2_17
Can Neuroeducation Enhance Cognitive Development and Learning Outcomes? Findings from a Longitudinal Study in Higher EducationPreprint
Kulal, A. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5678367
Cognitive Strategies in UML Class Diagram Interpretation: A Study of Load, Order, and Symbolic ConfusionPreprint
Khomokhoana, P. J., & Fouché, R. C. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8202764/v1
A Comparative Analysis of Cognitive Load Surrogates Using the Eye-Tracker in Code Comprehension
Gao, H., Medeiros, J., Lam, C., Hijazi, H., Madeira, H., & Carvalho, P. (2025) · IEEE International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering Workshops (ISSREW) · doi:10.1109/issrew67781.2025.00070
“Accurate measurement of cognitive load can lead to improved productivity and reduced errors [3].”
References
(2015) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-68123-136-520251015
Can modular examples and contextual interference improve transfer
Gane, B. D. (2006) · UPT. Syiah Kuala University Library (Syiah Kuala University)
Learning in complex tasks: A comparison of cognitvie load and dual space theories.
Howe, A. (2013) · UPT. Syiah Kuala University Library (Syiah Kuala University)

Authors: Paas, F. G. W. C., & Van Merriënboer, J. J. G.
Affiliations: Maastricht University (NL)
ORCID: Paas, Fred G. W. C.
Van Merriënboer, Jeroen J. G.
Venue: Journal of Educational Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1994-03
Volume: 86
Issue: 1
Pages: 122-133
ISSN: 0022-0663 (ISSN-L)
1939-2176
DOI: 10.1037/0022-0663.86.1.122
OpenAlex: W2116669434
Cited by: 1,198
References: 52
Citations by year: 2026: 69 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 89 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 68 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 62 · 2012: 59
FWCI: 7.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
research.utwente.nl
Licence: other-oa
Locations: Journal of Educational Psychology (publishedVersion)
University of Twente Research Information (publishedVersion, other-oa)
University of Twente Research Information (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning
Keywords: worked examples, transfer of learning, cognitive load, computer-based training, practice questions, cognitive effort, training performance

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-12 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Variability of worked examples and transfer of geometrical problem-solving skills: A cognitive-load approach.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks