Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process.

“Individuals who are raised by sensitive and responsive caregivers tend to develop secure attachment style, and as adults are more likely to be in satisfying close relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Attachment Questionnaire-Child version (AQC): The AQC (Muris, Meesters, Merckelbach, & Hulsenbeck, 2000) is an age-downward adaptation of Hazan and Shaver (1987) instrument for measuring attachment patterns.”

“Parental and romantic attachment in emerging adults Hazan and Shaver (1987) were the first to conceptualize romantic love from an attachment perspective.”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) defined secure adults as individuals who have a positive self-perception and positive perception of others.”

“Since its introduction, attachment theory has been extended to create a framework for studying romantic love in adulthood (Hazan and Shaver 1987; Shaver et al. 1988).”

“Based on Ainsworth and colleagues’ (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978) three patterns of parent–infant attachment (e.g., secure, anxious/ambivalent, and avoidant), Hazan and Shaver (1987) developed three descriptions of adult romantic attachment.”

“…generally engage in physically proximal and responsive behaviors (Feeney & Collins, 2001; Guerrero, 1996; Tuckers & Anders, 1996), perhaps due to their “altruistic motives” of helping others get well, regardless of the ill person’s imperfections (Collins et al., 2004; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Individuals higher in avoidant attachment may have learned that others are not completely reliable (Hazan & Shaver, 1987); they might prefer not to open up to others (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2012) and might avoid situations that encourage intimacy, physical contact, communication, and reliance…”

“In the pre-emergence stage, that entails opportunityrecognition and venture-formation activities, an entrepreneur’s emotional attachment to a venture can often be described as anxious-ambivalent: passion, that reflects a drive and motivational energy, is intensified but intimacy and commitment manifest at a considerab…”

“On the other hand, Hazan and Shaver (1987) define secure, avoidant and anxious attachment.”

“According to adult attachment theory, internal working models are formed during early childhood and act as prototypes for relationships in and outside the family later in life (Bowlby, 1982; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“…have also been referred to in the literature as attachment styles from a typological perspective ( in this regard, the distribution of romantic attachment styles mirrors the distribution of attachment styles described in infancy and adulthood; Feeney & Noller, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ).”

“…of children from the system before they are developmentally prepared for independence, and legislation that fails to include a family focus all contribute to psychosocial and health risks of youth in the foster care system (Dworsky, Napolitano, & Courtney, 2013; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Jones, 2012).”

“Most of the empirical studies published to date about individual differences in attachment styles ( Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ; Shaver & Hazan, 1993 ) have been conducted using self-report measures, linking these styles to cognition, affect, and behavior in interpersonal settings (for review, see Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007…”

“The study of Hazan and Shaver (1987) marked a major turning point for the self-report attachment measures within this tradition and resulted in the Attachment Style Questionnaire.”

“Thus, based on Hazan and Shaver [31], attachment theory refers to “the idea that social development involves the continual construction, revision, integration, and abstraction of mental models, portraying theoretically integrative concepts as attitude and physiological arousal” (p.”

“…and childhood, the literature has grown steadily to encompass the study of attachment in adulthood (Cassidy & Shaver, 1999), largely within the context of young adult romantic relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987) and, increasingly, in the arena of clinical work (See Volume 6, No. 3, this Journal).”

“These working models are developed and refined over time by experiences in close relationships and influence how individuals perceive and react to their adult romantic partners as well [4].”

“An insecure attachment style may result in difficulties in forming and maintaining personal relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) conceptualize romantic love as an attachment process.”

“…theory, particularly the notion of stalking as a pathology of attachment (Meloy, 1998, 2007), appears very frequently (Davis et al., 2012; Dutton & Winstead, 2006, 2011; Hazan & Shaver, 1987, 1990, 1994; Storey et al., 2009; Thompson et al., 2013; Wigman et al., 2008; Youngs et al., 2013).”

“On the basis of the results of research on neonatal attachment styles, they introduced adult attachment styles in three categories: safe, avoidant, and ambivalent.(12) The results of some studies such as Bekendm, Kafetsios, Amitay and Mongrain, Rick and Vanheule, and Oldmeadow and colleagues show that those with secur…”

“When entering adulthood, the romantic partner serves as one of the most significant attachment figures for many people (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007).”

“For example, affect (Russell et al., 1989), relationships (Aron et al., 1992), attachment styles (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), and life satisfaction (Campbell et al., 1976) have all found single item to be a proper method for more efficient measurement.”

“Consistent with this, those with secure attachment (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), who say, ‘It is relatively easy for me to become emotionally close to others’, may rate themselves more physically attractive.”

“AAI = Adult Attachment Interview (George et al., 1996); AS = Attachment Scale (Hazan & Shaver, 1987); DID = Diagnostic Inventory of Depression (Zimmerman, Sheeran, & Young, 2004); ECR = Experiences in Close Relationship Questionnaire (Brennan et al., 1998); ECR-R = The Experiences in Close…”

“According to attachment theory [26], attachment to parents influence relationships with others throughout life, namely, couple relationships in adulthood [57].”

“Individuals with avoidant attachment have difficulties in establishing intimate relationships and often seek to maintain independence and emotional distance from others [28].”

“They claimed that there are three attachment types in adult-hood: secure, avoidant, and anxious/ambivalent, and the functions of attachment are roughly the same as in infancy (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“…style is an adult personality construct that applies to adults in a romantic couple (married or dating relationships) and validated largely on an adult partner’s reported sexual satisfaction in their relationship (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1999; George & West, in press; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Other authors have pointed out that Hazan and Shaver’s (1994) hypothesis regarding the transfer of attachment from family to friends and romantic partners during adolescence requires more empirical data analysis.”

“Since it is impossible to understand the deeper connection of how adult relationships operate without ignoring childhood antecedents (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), this article looks on the romantic relationship functions of Machiavellian in a broader framework, without making childhood experiences part…”

“…evolutionary (Buss and Schmitt 1993), communicational (Altman and Taylor 1973) and economical perspective (Thibaut and Kelley 1959), but many investigated commitment processes (Rusbult 1983) or the impact of attachment style on romantic relationships (Hazan and Shaver 1987; Constant et al. 2018).”

“Adult attachment survey (AAS) The 18-item AAS (Collins & Read, 1990) arose from the work of Hazan and Shaver (1987), assessing adult attachment via three subscales: one measuring ability to be intimate with others (CLOSE; “I do not worry about someone getting too close to me,” “Romantic partners often want me to be cl…”

“This is 505 because attachment relationships are influenced by experiences in early childhood with 506 primary caregivers, but also continuously develop throughout the lifespan (Ainsworth, 1989; 507 Bowlby, 1988; Feeney, 2004; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; La Guardia et al., 2000).”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987), who may be considered pioneers in this regard, proposed a three-factor model of adult attachment, which is explained in relation to security, anxiety, and avoidance, reflecting the infant attachment patterns that were originally observed by Ainsworth et al. (1978).”

“Alternatively, these indicated gendered effects may possibly be understood as an expression of interactional patterns (e.g., demand‐withdraw or pursuer‐distancer interactions; Betchen & Ross, 2000; Heavey et al., 1995) and/or attachment styles (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Simpson, 1990).”

“In particular, numerous scholars including William James (1902) have likened the process of religious conversion to that of falling in love.”

“The intimate attachment and exclusivity between romantic partners is qualitatively different than the camaraderie of platonic friendship (Brehm et al. 2002; Hazan and Shaver 1987).”

“adult attachment styles (Collins & Read, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ) and are related to different forms of coping with the loss of the spouse (Bowlby, 1980).”

“On the basis of attachment theory (Bowlby, 1969), some authors (e.g. Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Shaver, Hazan, & Bradshaw, 1988) suggested an approach to love which argued that certain approaches – secure, avoidant and anxious/ambivalent – originate in early childhood.”

“Individuals high in avoidance are characterized by a lack of trust and excessive self-reliance (Griffin & Bartholomew, 1994a; Hazan & Shaver, 1987), whereas individuals high in anxiety are characterized by insecurity in the perceived availability of an attachment figure and fear of rejection and…”

“Attachment style in adulthood organizes beliefs about the worthiness of one’s self as a partner, as well as the intentions of significant others in relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Later, Hazan and Shaver (1987) applied this concept to adult romantic relationships, and numerous studies have been conducted examining the relationship between attachment styles and adult romantic relationships (e.g. Givertz et al., 2013; Hollist and Miller, 2005; Mikulincer et al., 2002;…”

“Individuals with a history of responsive attachment figures are low on avoidance and anxiety dimensions and are considered to be secure (Hazan & Shaver, 1987, 1994).”

“Additionally, Mania is likened to the anxious/ambivalent attachment style in which individuals desire to merge completely with their romantic partners (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Based on the pioneering early work by social psychologists and others interested in adult relationships, convincing evidence demonstrated that the same individual differences in attachment orientations identified in caregiver-child relationships also characterize adults’ attachment orientations toward others in adulth…”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) pioneered the transfer of parent–child attachment and its developmental impact (see Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978) toward adult relationships by proposing romantic bonds as being parallel to the bond between a child and his or her caregiver(s).”

“Hazan and Shaver [6] suggested romantic love as an attachment process.”