Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process.

“Ambivalent adults describe desires to merge with a partner (Hazan & Shaver, 1987); they portray themselves in relationships in ways classi ed as ‘preoccupied’ (J. A. Feeney & Noller, 1990); and they are particularly upset by relationship breakups (J. A. Feeney & Noller, 1992).”

“The theory of attachment extended to relationships throughout the lifespan (Hazan and Shaver 1987).”

“Recollections of childhood experiences with parents are generally predictive of adult attachment orientations in heterosexual samples (e.g., Hazan & Shaver, 1987) and there is no reason not to expect that the same processes would be observed in the development of gay men.”

“Izard (1992) used criteria similar to Ekman’s, although not as extensive: (1) innate neural substrates, (2) a unique and universally recognized facial expression, and (3) a unique feeling state.”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) identified three attachment styles (secure, avoidant, and anxious/ambivalent), which each differed in the way they experience romantic love.”

“The distribution of the styles among the latency age children was similar to that found in previous studies for adults ( Hazan and Shaver, 1987 ), infants, and toddlers (Campos et al., 1983).”

“A growing body of research has used adult attachment theory (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007) as a framework for studying the relational dynamics associated with functional and dysfunctional sexual interactions (for reviews, see Birnbaum, 2010; Dewitte, 2012; Mikulincer & Shaver,…”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) proposed a model in which early internal representations manifest themselves in adulthood as patterns of interpersonal behavior, particularly in close relationships.”

“…early interactions with caregivers provide a relational template for interacting with others throughout life, it is likely that later adult relationships play an important role in influencing people’s attachment styles and CSWs (Collins & Read, 1990; Feeney & Noller, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Rather, the bonding that occurs in many peopleplace interactions can be quite dynamic and developmental (Hazen & Shaver, 1987; Low & Altman, 1992).”

“Like previous retrospective research ( Feeney & Noller, 1990 ; Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ; Rothbard & Shaver, 1994 ), adults who reported higher levels of attachment anxiety and avoidance in their romantic relationships generally recalled their parents as being more rejecting, more controlling, or both than did other parti…”

“Based on this assumption of continuity, Hazan and Shaver (1987) proposed that attachment processes similar to those characterizing attachment to primary caregivers during childhood should govern an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in romantic relationships.”

“These results are consistent with previous research indicating that difficult relationships with fathers are associated with anxious attachment (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) extrapolated the childhood attachment paradigm to study attachment in adulthood by conceptualizing romantic love as an attachment process, translating Ainsworth’s patterns into a paper-and-pencil prototype-matching measure of adult attachment styles.”

“Beginning in the 1980s, the theory was extended conceptually and empirically to apply to adolescents and adults (eg, Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ).”

“The scale was designed to measure adult attachment in close relationships, speci fi cally the three attachment styles of secure, avoidant, and anxious-ambivalent attachment ( Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ).”

“Attachment style Current attachment style was assessed using three 4-point rating scales (1¼not at all like me and 4¼a lot like me) obtained from the Adult Attachment Questionnaire (Hazan and Shaver, 1987) which presented three brief paragraphs describing secure, anxious, and avoidant styles.”

“The Italian version of the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ; Feeney et al. 1994; Fossati et al. 2003) comprises 40 Likert-type items and assesses five styles of adult attachment related to two latent factors—anxiety and avoidance—formulated by Hazan and Shaver (1987) and Bartholomew (1990).”

“…a non-sexual long-term bond ensuring offspring survival (Acevedo, Aron, Fisher, & Brown, 2012; Bartels& Zeki, 2004; Feldman, 2017; Fisher, 1998; Fisher, Aron,& Brown, 2006; Fisher, Aron, Mashek, Li, & Brown, 2002; Fletcher, Simpson, Campbell, & Overall, 2015; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Xu et al., 2012).”

“The measures initially developed and used in attachment style research provided simple categorisations of individuals into one of the four attachment types defined by the combinations of the two dimensions (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“…quality and accommodation strategies (Collins & Read, 1990; Pistole, 1989; Scharfe & Bartholomew, 1995), longer romantic relationship length (Feeney & Noller, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987), and more relationship stability (Kirkpatrick & Davis, 1994) than their counterparts with insecure IWM.”

“Adult attachment theory (Hazan & Shaver, 1987, 1994; Simpson & Rholes, 1998) maintains that individuals develop mental models about close relationships during the course of repeated interactions with significant others.”

“…and following studies emphasize the necessity of not only intact social attachment in early life, but throughout the whole life span to avoid emotional pathogenic distress, since “attachment behavior characterizes human beings from the cradle to the grave” (Ainsworth, 1989; Hazan and Shaver, 1987).”

“Additionally there might be an unknown number of ‘‘dismissing’’ individuals in the avoidant category of the HSSR.”

“Attachment theory is one way to study and understand interactions with significant others, both in infancy and throughout life (Bowlby, 1969, 1973, 1980; Hazen and Shaver, 1987).”

“The Adult Romantic Attachment measure ( Hazan and Shaver, 1987 ) was used.”

“Romantic relationships are precisely the type of close relationship that can shape attachment orientations (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“The anxious-ambivalent attachment style involves being uncomfortable without close relationships, worrying about being loved and valued, and nding that others are scared off because their desire for intimacy is so strong (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“of researchers (e.g., Hazan and Shaver, 1987; Bartholomew and Horowitz, 1991; Simpson, 1990) have found that late adolescents who endorse secure attachment styles (i.e., general belief that one can trust other adults; comfortable depending on others, etc.) are more likely to indicate higher levels of intimacy in roman…”

“Peer Influence on Dating Violence Attachment systems in close friendships and romantic relationships, in part, also reflect early patterns of parent– child interactions (Furman et al. 2002; Hazan and Shaver 1987).”

“Although close relationships are often confusing, distressing, and difficult for people with ACEs (Collins & Read, 1990; Fischer-Mamblona, 2000; Hazan & Shaver, 1987), they are paramount for countering the effects of ACEs on wellbeing, intergenerational transmission, and personal identity.”

“Predictive and reactive control systems specifies two levels of control—one predictive and one reactive—and the theory allows for a way to integrate thermal cues into broader representations, which are formed through the slow updating of information regarding one’s social world.”

“…and confidence (Foster, Kernis, & Goldman, 2007), can enter more easily into social relations (Buote, Wood, & Pratt, 2009; Gore & Rogers, 2010; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Shaver, Collins, & Clark, 1996; Ye, 2007), use successful strategies for coping with stress and behave in a balanced way in…”

“…friendships have long been thought to set the stage for future romantic relationships, little attention has been paid to whether early romantic relationships are important for future nonromantic friendships (Collins & Sroufe, 1999; Furman & Wehner, 1997; Hazan & Shaver, 1994; Miga et al., 2012).”

“These models develop early in childhood and are carried forward in life (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), influencing expectations for other interpersonal relationships and for people in the world in general (Bowlby, 1973; Bretherton, 1985; Collins & Read, 1990).”

“Because of these findings, research has begun to investigate the explanatory mechanisms that link attachment style to psychological states (Hazan and Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer et al., 1998; Simmons, Gooty, Nelson, & Little, 2009) which in turn may relate to workplace behavior.”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) observed, for example, that romantic love involves many of the same behavioral patterns that characterize the bond between infants and their caregivers.”

“Interview-based studies (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Main et al., 1985) purport to assess state of mind with respect to attachment relationships, whereas selfreports based on paper and pencil measures (e.g. Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Magai, Distei, & Liker, 1995), tap current relationship patterns.”

“29 Attachment theorists argue that the relationships one experiences with primary caregivers during infancy form working models that will shape how relationships un-fold across the life-span.”

“…relationships in general, and more recently, (c) specific individuals (e.g., Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998; Collins & Read, 1994; Cozzarelli, Hoekstra, & Bylsma, 2000; Furman, Simon, Shaffer, & Bouchey, 2002; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Simpson, Rholes, & Nelligan, 1992).”

“dimensions ( Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer, Florian, & Tolmacz, 1990).”

“The Dismissing and Preoccupied classifications and their corresponding infant classifications are frequently conceptualized as stylistically and strategically opposite (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978; Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Main & Goldwyn, 1994).”

“The general consen- sus is that there are four typologies of attachment (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Brennan, Shaver, & Tobey, 1991; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Hazan & Shaver, 1990).”

“…1978); however, a number of researchers in the last few decades have suggested that attachment characteristics influence adults’ relationship interactions (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2003; 2007; Dewall et al., 2011).”

“Avoidant individuals are characterized by feeling uncomfortable with closeness, trust, and dependency (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Extensive emotional, cognitive, behavioural and interpersonal correlates of these attachment styles have been empirically validated (Bartholomew, 1990; Ciechanowski et al., 2002; Cole-Detke & Kobak, 1996; Feeney & Ryan, 1994; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Hunter & Maunder, 2002; Mikulincer, 1995).”

“Adult attachment styles, theorized to have roots in early life experiences with caregivers, capture how we feel or expect to feel about ourselves in the context of close relationships (Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“In every case, participants responded to two well-established measures*/the Burnout Measure (Pines & Aronson, 1988) and the Adult Attachment Styles Measure (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“…modes of seeking nurturant dependencies with parental caregivers that have been found to be relatively stable over a person’s life course, and shape their romantic attachment to sexual partners as well (Hazan and Shafer 1987; Kirkpatrick and Hazan 1994; Kirkpatrick 1992; Shaver et al. 1988).”