Smartphones and close relationships: the case for an evolutionary mismatch

Sbarra, David A.; Briskin, Julia L.; Slatcher, Richard B.

doi:10.1177/1745691619826535

Cited by 162Attachment and Relationship DynamicsImpact of Technology on AdolescentsEvolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior

Smartphones and close relationships: the case for an evolutionary mismatch

Sbarra, David A., Briskin, Julia L., Slatcher, Richard B.·2019·Perspectives on Psychological Science

DOI 10.1177/1745691619826535

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Abstract

This article introduces and outlines the case for an evolutionary mismatch between smartphones and the social behaviors that help form and maintain close social relationships. As psychological adaptations that enhance human survival and inclusive fitness, self-disclosure and responsiveness evolved in the context of small kin networks to facilitate social bonds, promote trust, and enhance cooperation. These adaptations are central to the development of attachment bonds, and attachment theory is a middle-level evolutionary theory that provides a robust account of the ways human bonding provides for reproductive and inclusive fitness. Evolutionary mismatches operate when modern contexts cue ancestral adaptations in a manner that does not provide for their adaptive benefits. We argue that smartphones and their affordances, although highly beneficial in many circumstances, cue humans’ evolved needs for self-disclosure and responsiveness across broad virtual networks and, in turn, have the potential to undermine immediate interpersonal interactions. We review emerging evidence on the topic of technoference, which is defined as the ways in which smartphone use may interfere with or intrude into everyday social interactions. The article concludes with an empirical agenda for advancing the integrative study of smartphones, intimacy processes, and close relationships.

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“According to the interference hypothesis [24,25], the frequency of phone use is critical for understanding the effects of smartphones on well-being (Table 1).”
From The effects of smartphones on well-being: theoretical integration and research agenda (2020) · cites this paper as [25]
The frequency of phone use is critical for understanding the effects of smartphones on well-being.
“According to the interference hypothesis [24,25], the frequency of phone use is critical for understanding the effects of smartphones on well-being (Table 1).”
From The effects of smartphones on well-being: theoretical integration and research agenda (2020) · cites this paper as [25]

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Asthma-Related Immune Responses in Youth With Asthma
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Kaplan (2000) · doi:10.1002/1520-6505(2000)9:4

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Computer-mediated communication, social media, and mental health: a conceptual and empirical meta-review.
Meier, A., & Reinecke, L. (2021) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650220958224 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
“Several reviews provide crucial syntheses of such mechanisms (e.g., Bayer et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2019; Sbarra et al., 2019).”
Background
Loneliness across time and space
Luhmann, M., Buecker, S., & Rüsberg, M. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00124-1 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Multimedia Pedagogical Agents Predicted by Diverse Theories: a Meta-Analysis
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The effects of smartphones on well-being: theoretical integration and research agenda
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Digital Overuse and Subjective Well-Being in a Digitized Society
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Why are smartphones disruptive? An empirical study of smartphone use in real-life contexts
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When do smartphones displace face-to-face interactions and what to do about it?
Verduyn, P., Schulte‐Strathaus, J. C. C., Kross, E. F., & Hulsheger, U. R. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106550 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Social Allostasis and Social Allostatic Load: A New Model for Research in Social Dynamics, Stress, and Health
Saxbe, D., Beckes, L., Stoycos, S. A., & Coan, J. A. (2019) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691619876528 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Screen Media Use and Mental Health of Children and Adolescents: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial
Schmidt-Persson, J., Rasmussen, M. G. B., Sørensen, S. O., Mortensen, S. R., Olesen, L. G., Brage, S., Kristensen, P. L., Bilenberg, N., & Grøntved, A. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.19881 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Gender differences in the relationships between parental phubbing and adolescents’ depressive symptoms: The mediating role of parent-adolescent communication
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Generating Content Increases Enjoyment by Immersing Consumers and Accelerating Perceived Time
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Effects of information and communication technology on the quality of family relationships: A systematic review
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Interpersonal Chemistry: What Is It, How Does It Emerge, and How Does It Operate?
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Problematic use of the internet, smartphones, and social media among medical students and relationship with depression: An exploratory study
Sserunkuuma, J., Kaggwa, M. M., Muwanguzi, M., Najjuka, S. M., Murungi, N., Kajjimu, J., Mulungi, J., Kihumuro, R. B., Mamun, M. A., Griffiths, M. D., et al. (2023) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0286424 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Mobile phone addiction and depression: Multiple mediating effects of social anxiety and attentional bias to negative emotional information
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Does Using Social Media Jeopardize Well-Being? The Importance of Separating Within- From Between-Person Effects
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Long-distance texting: Text messaging is linked with higher relationship satisfaction in long-distance relationships
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A third-person perspective on phubbing: Observing smartphone-induced social exclusion generates negative affect, stress, and derogatory attitudes
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Smartphone and social media addiction: Exploring the perceptions and experiences of Canadian teenagers
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Attachment Theory and Psychological Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review.
Rajkumar, R. (2020) · Psychiatria Danubina · doi:10.24869/psyd.2020.256 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
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Blocking mobile internet on smartphones improves sustained attention, mental health, and subjective well-being
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Mindful Parenting and Parent Technology Use: Examining the Intersections and Outlining Future Research Directions
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Mom, dad, put down your phone and talk to me: how parental phubbing influences problematic internet use among adolescents
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Evolutionary psychology’s next challenge: Solving modern problems using a mismatch perspective.
Li, N. P., Yong, J. C., & van Vugt, M. (2020) · Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1037/ebs0000207 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Perception and use of social media by Indonesian adolescents and parents: A qualitative study
Purboningsih, E. R., Massar, K., Hinduan, Z., Agustiani, H., Ruiter, R., & Verduyn, P. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.985112 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Confidence is sexy and it can be trained: Examining male social confidence in initial, opposite‐sex interactions
Li, N. P., Yong, J. C., Tsai, M., Lai, M. H. C., Lim, A. J. Y., & Ackerman, J. M. (2020) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12568 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Applications of Social Psychology
(2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780367816407 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
How Children Invented Humanity
Bjorklund, D. F. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190066864.001.0001 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Effects of fear of missing out, smartphone addiction, phubbing, and being phubbed on friendship satisfaction
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Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Short-Form Video Addiction and Adolescent Depression: The Mediating Role of Attentional Bias
Wu, Y., Bai, Y.-L., Liu, X., Xu, W., & Liu, Y. (2025) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2024.0442 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Listening and perceived responsiveness: Unveiling the significance and exploring crucial research endeavors
Itzchakov, G., & Reis, H. T. (2023) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101662 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Is decreasing problematic mobile phone use a pathway for alleviating adolescent depression and sleep disorders? A randomized controlled trial testing the effectiveness of an eight-session mindfulness-based intervention
Liu, Q., Yang, X., Zhang, C., & Xiong, J. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2024.00034 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Parental Phubbing and Adolescents’ Depressive Symptoms: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Lin, C.-X., Qing, Z., Yan, C.-H., Tang, S.-J., Wang, C.-L., Yang, X., & Liu, X. (2024) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-024-00244-0 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Leader Phubbing and Employee Job Performance: The Effect of Need for Social Approval
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Association of parent-child relationship quality and problematic mobile phone use with non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents
Xu, H., Xiao, W., Xie, Y., Xu, S., Wan, Y., & Tao, F. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04786-w · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Testing relationships between smartphone engagement, romantic partner communication, and relationship satisfaction
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The Determinants of Phubbing Behaviour: a Millenials Perspective
(2019) · International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering · doi:10.35940/ijitee.l1184.10812s19 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Social media ills and evolutionary mismatches: a conceptual framework
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“These “social media ills” encompass the less-than-desirable outcomes commonly associated with social media usage, such as problematic use and relationship dissatisfaction (Bányai et al., 2017; Sbarra et al., 2019).”
Relationship difficulties and “technoference” during the COVID-19 pandemic
Zoppolat, G., Righetti, F., Balzarini, R. N., Alonso-Ferres, M., Urgancı, B., Rodrigues, D. L., Debrot, A., Wiwattanapantuwong, J., Dharma, C., Chi, P., et al. (2022) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075221093611 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citation
Do the offline and social media Big Five have the same dimensional structure, mean levels, and predictive validity of social media outcomes?
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Teknologi Komunikasi Smartphone Pada Interaksi Sosial
Basit, A., Purwanto, E., Kristian, A., Pratiwi, D. I., Krismira, Mardiana, I., & Saputri, G. W. (2022) · LONTAR Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi · doi:10.30656/lontar.v10i1.3254 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The more you connect, the less you connect: An examination of the role of phubbing at home and job crafting in the crossover and spillover effects of work–family spousal support on employee creativity
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Smartphones within Psychological Science
Ellis, D. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108671408 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
How can people benefit, and who benefits most, from using socialisation‐oriented social media at work? An affordance perspective
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Disentangling the good, the bad, and the neutral of co-present mobile phone use: A new perspective on “partner phubbing”
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The Moderating Role of Social Network Size on Social Media Use and Self-Esteem: An Evolutionary Mismatch Perspective
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Is the Smartphone Friend and Foe? Benefits and Costs of Self-reported Smartphone Use for Important Life Domains in a Representative German Sample
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TikTok and Romantic Relationships: A Qualitative Descriptive Analysis
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The paradoxes of smartphone use: Understanding the user experience in today's connected world
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Visions, Paradigms, and Anomalies of Urban Transport
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The Effect of Social Networking Site Use on Depression in Graduate Students: The Mediating Role of Negative Social Comparison and Moderating Role of Implicit Personality Theories
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Electrophysiological effects of smartphone notifications on cognitive control following a brief mindfulness induction
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Smartphones undermine social connectedness more in men than women: A mini mega-analysis.
Leitao, M., Proulx, J. D. E., & Kushlev, K. (2024) · Technology Mind and Behavior · doi:10.1037/tmb0000125 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Youth Attitudes Towards the effects of social media addiction A study on college students in the United Arab Emirates
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The Presence of a Mobile Phone Does Not (Necessarily) Change the Fundamental Processes of Face-to-Face Relational Conflict
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Smartphone use during the perinatal period: Findings from a longitudinal study with first-time parents
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Deviation from Design: A Meta-Analytic Review on the Link Between Social Media Use and Less Connection Between the Self and Others
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Do Boys and Girls Display Different Levels of Depression in Response to Mobile Phone Addiction? Examining the Longitudinal Effects of Four Types of Mobile Phone Addiction
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Authors: Sbarra, D. A., Briskin, J. L., & Slatcher, R. B.
Affiliations: University of Arizona (US)
Wayne State University (US)
Corresponding author: Sbarra, David A.
ORCID: Sbarra, David A.
Briskin, Julia L.
Slatcher, Richard B.
Venue: Perspectives on Psychological Science
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2019-04-19
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Pages: 596-618
ISSN: 1745-6916 (ISSN-L)
1745-6924
DOI: 10.1177/1745691619826535
OpenAlex: W2902638667
Semantic Scholar: f02a1245ac9c7b9b4e17fb55933afa073ac1fcea
Cited by: 162
References: 132
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 3
FWCI: 2.88
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Perspectives on Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) (acceptedVersion)
OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
Keywords: smartphones, close relationships, evolutionary mismatch, technoference, self-disclosure, responsiveness, attachment theory, intimacy, social interaction, inclusive fitness, family networks, social networking sites
MeSH terms: Smartphone, Biological Evolution, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Object Attachment, Social Behavior, Trust

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Smartphones and close relationships: the case for an evolutionary mismatch

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