Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process.

“Securely attached individuals view themselves and others in a positive light and are characterized both by an internalized sense of self-worth and comfort with intimacy in close relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Finally, there is considerable research to support the proposal that individuals of differing attachment patterns attend to their relationships with different interpersonal styles (e.g. Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Main, Kaplan, & Cassidy, 1985).”

“Drawing from attachment theory (e.g., Bowlby, 1969; Hazan & Shaver, 1987), it is assumed in EFT that adults form relationships to meet attachment needs and that much of relationship distress can be understood as attachment distress (Johnson, 2004).”

“Although the bulk of this evidence comes from studies of adults, Collins et al. (2002) successfully used a similar measure (the Hazan and Shaver three-paragraph measure; Hazan and Shaver, 1987 ) with a large sample of adolescents.”

“Because measures of attachment are not always consistently related (Holtzworth-Munrow et al., 1997), and because the typological instrument is basically a single-item measure, we decided to also use a 15-item, 7-point questionnaire (5 items per attachment style) that was constructed in Israel by separating the items o…”

“As researchers moved to examine the attachment patterns in adult romantic relationships, the notion of anxiously attached individuals holding ambivalent attitudes toward attachment figures (especially romantic partners) was retained (e.g., Collins & Read, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Historically, research on attachment in adult romantic relationships has built upon traditional attachment style classifications such as secure, anxious, and avoidant (Ainsworth, 1973; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) conceptualized adult romantic relationships as an attachment process.”

“In addition, Mikulincer and Shaver ([27], p. 92) write that they would acknowledge that there are inner working models of attachment, which are measurable, but they emphasize that these cannot be directly assessed by the major self-report attachment scales.”

“Hazan C, Shaver P. Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process.”

“attachment theory and a measure of attachment styles developed by Hazan and Shaver (1987)”

“Romantic love ive Neuroscience 25 (2017) 209–220 211 has been conceptualized as an important attachment process, and adults’ romantic attachment styles frequently mirror the styles they experienced with their parents as infants (Hazan and Shaver, 1987).”

“There are three primary patterns of infant attachment [15,16].”

“According to Hazan and Shaver (1987, 1990), secure adults emphasize trust and comfort with closeness.”

“The work of Hazan and Shaver (1987) suggests that attachment concepts learned in childhood are replayed in adult romantic relationships.”

“Numerous studies, beginning with Hazan and Shaver (1987) , indicate that as people pass through adolescence and enter early adulthood, many transfer their primary sense of attachment from parents to romantic or marital partners (e.g., Fraley & Davis, 1997; Hazan & Zeifman, 1999; Simpson, Collins, Tran, & Haydon, 2007;…”

“Romantic relationships are considered the primary attachment context in adulthood (Hazan & Shaver, 1987); thus, partner touch may promote state security more strongly than friend touch.”

“In pursuing these ideas in studies of adults, researchers have focused on a person’s attachment orientations — systematic patterns of relational expectations, emotions, and behaviors that result from a particular history of interactions with attachment figures [5,6,7 ].”

“For example, more anxiously attached individuals are more prone to jealousy than those who are securely attached (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Knobloch, Solomon, & Cruz, 2001; Sharpsteen & Kirkpatrick, 1997) and engage in more partner monitoring than less anxious people (Guerrero, 1998).”

“The theoretical basis for understanding adult love is adult attachment theory (Bowlby, 1969; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Since the 1980s (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), attachment theory has been one of the hallmark theories explaining people’s cognitive and behavioral tendencies that shape their relationship outcomes.”

“According to attachment theory, differences in attachment orientation are rooted in the representations of past relationship experiences in which facial emotional interaction with primary caregivers is thought to be of central importance [e.g., Bowlby, 1969; Hazan and Shaver, 1987; Stern, 1990].”

“As a result, Hazan and Shaver (1987) devised a self-report attachment scale to gauge the attachment styles of romantically successful and unsuccessful adults.”

“…people develop working models of their close relationships that are initially based on experiences with caregivers in childhood but are open to revision on the basis of experiences in later relationships (e.g., with romantic partners; Bowlby, 1973; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007).”

“Ever since Bartholomew (1990) convincingly drew a distinction between dismissing and fearful avoidance in the romantic relationship domain, investigators have known that the original Hazan and Shaver (1987) measure of avoidance tapped fearful, rather than dismissing, avoidance.”

“A growing body of research also supports the tenets of adult attachment theory, as first expounded by Hazan and Shaver (1987).”

“Typically, researchers have found a correspondence between the attachment styles observed in infants and those observed in adults (e.g., Bartholomew, 1990; Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Simpson, 1990).”

“…associated with trust in romantic relationships, whereas anxiously attached individuals have lower levels of trust (e.g., Brennan & Shaver, 1995; Collins & Read, 1990; Feeney & Noller, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Kirkpatrick & Davis, 1994; Mikulincer, 1998b; Mikulincer & Erev, 1991; Simpson, 1990).”

“Specifically, the researchers suggested that attachment patterns that develop during infancy could influence the quality of close relationships individuals formwhen they are adults (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“As for attachment patterns, Hazan and Shaver's (1987)”

“Initial studies (Hazan & Shaver, 1987, 1990) identified three adult attachment styles—secure, anxious, and avoidant—that correspond to the three infant attachment styles.”

“…mothers exhibited greater postdisclosure ambivalence, especially regarding their decisions about punishment and living arrangements for the offender (i.e., behavioral ambivalence), perhaps because of their greater emotional dependence on the partner (Feeney & Noller, 1992; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Thus, research on attachment in romantic relationships (e.g., Feeney & Noller, 1991; Guerrero; Hazan & Shaver, 1987) may not generalize to adult friendships.”

“1994). Individual differences in attachment styles and workingmodelshavebeenfoundinchildhood(Ainsworth et al., 1978), adolescence (Kobak and Sceery, 1988), and in adulthood ( Hazan and Shaver, 1987 ).”

“Highly anxious persons tend to be obsessed with their romantic partners and exhibit passionate, clinging, intrusive, and controlling patterns of relational behaviors (e.g., Collins & Read, 1990; Hatfield, Brinton, & Cornelius, 1989; Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ).”

“Given that romantic attachment has been demonstrated to be the most important attachment relationship in young adulthood (Hazan and Shaver 1987) and that the incidence of domestic violence has been demonstrated to peak during this age (Grandin and Lupri 1997), a sample of college age students was…”

“The attachment style developed in childhood is relatively stable over time (Bretherton, 1985), and it often continues to impact many relationships in adulthood (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Attempts to measure adult attachment security have included interviews (Hesse, 2008), single-item categorical measures (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), behavioral observation (Wampler, Riggs, & Kimball, 2004), the coding of narratives (George & West, 2001), and multi-item self-report inventories…”

“The respective items were derived from the Adult Attachment Scale (AAS) based on the original self-report measure of adult romantic attachment (Hazan & Shaver, 1987) that was later on revised (Collins & Read, 1990), and can be found in Supplementary Table 1.”

“…to explain the complex interplay between these factors, the attachment perspective (Bowlby, 1969) offers a vital contribution to the understanding of intimate relationships (Castellano, Velotti, Crowell, & Zavattini, 2014; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007; Velotti et al., 2011).”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) have argued that the adult intimate partner relation is a manifestation of the attachment system.”

“The Childhood Attachment Questionnaire (Hazan & Shaver, 1987) measured parental-bonding styles and rated the extent to which different attachment styles characterized the respondent’s relationships with caregivers (male and female) during childhood (e.g., I was worried about being abandoned; I was comfortable dependin…”

“Attachment theory (Ainsworth & Bowlby, 1991; Bowlby, 1969), which was initially focused on understanding of the infant–mother attachment, has been extended to the study of adolescent and adult functioning in their current relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Psychometric properties of the RSQ Consistent with previous explorations of the psychometrics of the RSQ (Kurdek, 2002), a series of measurement models were tested (see Table 2) using confirmatory factor analysis. With the exception of Magai, Consedine, Gillespie, O’Neal, and Vilker (2004) model, the first six models…”

““The couple” is perceived as the most important relationship and is a fundamental part of relationship scholars’ theoretical development (Day, Kay, Holmes, & Napier, 2011; DePaulo & Morris, 2005; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“The RQ has been criticized for its limited reliability, though research has also shown that attachment classifications according to the RQ correlate significantly with measures obtained by a three-category romantic attachment instrument [51–53].”

“Perhaps because they mistrust their partners’ love and commitment, highly anxious adults often feel jealous (Buunk, 1997; Collins & Read, 1990; Guerrero, 1998; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Knobloch, Solomon, & Cruz, 2001; Sharpsteen & Kirkpatrick, 1997).”

“…as assessed by the AAI and social competence with peers (Allen et al., 2002; Allen et al., 1998) and expressed wishes for autonomy in close relationships (Waldinger et al., 2003) as well as similar attachment security in romantic relationships (Berscheid & Reis, 1998; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“…beliefs, thoughts, and emotions about the self and others—an “internal working model”— which guides their relationships with significant others (romantic partners, close friends) in adulthood and shapes their style of adult attachment (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Our own work, beginning with Hazan and Shaver (1987), has involved extending and applying the theory to couple relationships, mainly in young adulthood.”

“This finding is in line with previous research showing that adults with an insecure attachment to their romantic partner are more lonely (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”