Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process.

“More recently, researchers have emphasized that this attachment system remains active throughout their life and serves as a foundation for attachment between spouses as they raise children (Hazan & Shaver 1987; Hazan & Diamond 2000).”

“In fact, following Bowlby’s (1982) lead, other scholars (e.g., Ainsworth, 1991; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Hazan & Zeifman, 1994; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007) argued that attachment theory can be applied to adolescent and adult relationships that fulfill four criteria: (a) proximity maintenance –…”

“Anxiously attached individuals, on the other hand, are generally insecure about others' responses and fear separation and rejection by romantic partners (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“One theory of relational styles, adult attachment theory, asserts that people have internal working models, based on early experiences with caregivers, that regulate their reactions and needs for interpersonal closeness, security, and intimacy with others (Collins & Read, 1990; Hazen & Shaver, 1987 ).”

“…schemes for childhood bonds with caregivers (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978) and adulthood love relationships (Bartholomew, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987, 1990), Brennan, Clark, and Shaver (1998) have recently argued that two dimensions underlay most attachment classification…”

“Human social bonds are characterized by mutual positive emotions, such as trust and affection between the dyad, that maintain the individuals’ proximity to significant others and modulate interpersonal behavior (5, 6).”

“…bonds"; this is, however, a departure from Bowlby ' s original inclusive use of the term, and from the way the term is used by researchers on adult attachment such as Weiss (1988), Hazan and Shaver (1987) and Berman and Sperling (1994). using the other as a source of security and protection.”

“Consistent with past research, greater reported loneliness was associated with greater insecurity of attachment relationships (e.g., Cutrona, 1982; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Table 2. Adjective Checklists for Describing Relationship with Parents and Parents' Personalities (after Hazan and Shaver 1987 )”

“If early age attachment patterns have an effect in the development of adult life relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), Internet use could be used to compensate for the need to form new relationships, rewarding individuals with a sense of belonging and group identity (Estévez et al., 2009), all of…”

“Specifically, research assessing individual differences in attachment with measures that refer to specific significant others (e.g., Hazan & Shaver, 1987) and groupings of significant others (e.g., Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998) can be seen as tapping, respectively, relationship-specific and…”

“Anxious individuals harbor negative self-views and guarded but hopeful views of their romantic partners [13,14].”

“…this, insecure attachments have been shown to lead to less support-seeking behavior (DeFronzo, Panzarella, & Butler, 2001; Florian et al., 1995; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Kobak & Sceery, 1988), particularly during times of stress (Mikulincer, Florian, & Weller, 1993) or when the individual’s…”

“In the mid-1980s, researchers began to investigate how attachment styles and orientations might apply to people’s cognitive-emotional attitudes toward romantic love and sexual relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Likewise, CNM individuals are also invisible within arguably the most popular conceptualization of close relationships, adult-attachment theory (e.g., Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Shaver & Hazan, 1988).”

“Because people high in attachment anxiety experience more distress—including low selfesteem (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991), less mastery of the external world (Elliot & Reis, 2003), and greater insecurity regarding partner affection and commitment ( Hazan & Shaver, 1987 )—their resting level of need for a sense of emo…”

“For instance, Amichai-Hamburger (2002) suggested that a wide variety of personality measures such as Need for Closure (Kruglanski & Freund, 1983), Locus of Control (Rotter, 1966; Rotter, 1982), Attachment style ( Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ), and Risk taking (Levenson, 1990) may impact Internet usage.”

“Comparing the model of the self and of others to the typology of anxious and avoidant attachment (e.g., Hazan & Shaver, 1987), the model of the self has been regarded as closely related to anxious attachment and the model of others to avoidant attachment (see Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998).”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) provided empirical support for this notion by demonstrating striking parallels between attachment behavior during infancy and attachment to romantic/sexual partners during adolescence and adulthood.”

“This resemblance is not surprising, because attachment anxiety has been consistently associated with depression and similar emotional states, such as grief and loneliness (e.g., Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mickelson, Kessler, & Shaver, 1997; Wayment & Vierthaler, 2002).”

“Researchers have also suggested that place bonding develops over time and stages of people‐place intentions (Hazen & Shaver, 1987 ; Commons, 1991 ; Gerwitz, 1991 ; Kohlberg & Diessner, 1991 ).”

“The EFT perspective on close relationships is grounded in attachment theory, arguably now the most cogent theory of romantic love (Cassidy & Shaver, 1999; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“…of Parent and Peer attachment (Armsden and Greenberg 1987), AFAS Adolescent Friendship Attachment Scale (Wilkinson 2008), AQ Attachment Questionnaire (Hazan and Shaver 1987) * Psychiatric inpatients, ** alcohol-abusing parent’s individuals Table 5 Meta-analytic results of gender differences on…”

“Collins & Read, 1990 ; Hazan & Shaver, 1987 , 1990 ; Kobak & Sceery, 1988 ; Onishi et al, 2001 ; Shaver & Brennan, 1992 ).”

“The quality of romantic relationships at age 21 was assessed via the Love Experience Questionnaire (LEQ) designed by Hazan and Shaver (1987). The questionnaire contains 48 items pertaining to romantic relationships (for example, ‘‘Loving X is an extremely enjoyable experience.”

“One of the fundamental assumptions of attachment theory is that there are individual differences in the way people organize their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in close relationships and that those differences are rooted, in part, in their representations of experiences in past intimate relationships (Bowlby, 1969…”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) facilitated the investigation of attachment in adults by drawing a parallel between infant– caregiver relationships and adult love relationships, and by demonstrating the direct applicability of Ainsworth’s tripartite framework to adult romantic attachments.”

“People with higher motivation to be affiliated with others, or people of the secure attachment style (Hazan and Shaver, 1987), have higher levels of self-esteem and self-confidence.”

“Attachment theory (37) was well-supported in that its two central individual difference constructs were the fourth and fifth most robust predictors.”

“Based on this notion, social and personality psychologists (e.g., Hazan & Shaver, 1987) began to study attachment-related aspects of adult relationships.”

“By contrast, evolutionary approaches in the field have largely neglected emotions such as romantic love (e.g., Buss, 2003; Hazan & Shaver, 1987), sexual arousal (Symons, 1979, 1995), sexual jealousy (Buss, 2000; Wilson & Daly, 1992), and parental love (Daly & Wilson, 1998).”

“…expectations about the social world compared to insecure adults (e.g., Baldwin, Fehr, Keedian, Seidel, & Thomson, 1993; Brennan & Bosson, 1998; Carnelley & Janoff-Bulman, 1992; Collins & Read, 1990; Feeney & Noller, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer, 1995; Pietromonaco & Carnelley, 1994).”

“Indeed, given that attachment—in the Bowlby (1969) and Hazan and Shaver (1987) sense of the term as a deep emotional connection—tends not to be a monogamous emotional system (Fisher, 1998), it is likely that a person would feel an important sense of attachment and intimacy with many of the people…”

“Construct validity (Hazan and Shaver, 1987) and stability of attachment style over time (Kirkpatrick and Hazan, 1994) have been demonstrated.”

“version of Hazan and Shaver’s (1987) categorical measure assesses secure, anxious-avoidant, and anxiousambivalent styles on a scale from 1 (strongly agree) to 7 (strongly disagree).”

“…to insecure individuals, are more likely tobeinstable,committedrelationships(Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Kirkpatrick & Davis, 1994; Kirkpatrick & Hazan, 1994), and to experience greater positive affect and satisfaction within these relationships (e.g., Feeney & Noller, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“While relatively new, these schemas have roots in earlier theories of development (Sullivan 1953; Dunphy 1963; Hazan and Shaver 1987).”

“The 18-item scale originally was based on Hazan and Shaver's ( 1987 ) adult attachment descriptions.”

“Securely attached individuals may interpret affectionate touch as indicating love and care most strongly because they view themselves as worthy of love and affection and trust that their partners care for them (Cassidy & Shaver, 2008; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007a).”

“F or p er so na l u se o nl y. PS70CH17_Fraley ARI 6 November 2018 15:55 Hazan & Shaver (1987) also proposed that the kinds of differences that Ainsworth et al. (1978) observed in the strange situation parallel differences in the ways in which adults think about and approach romantic relationships.”

“Like the relationships of people high in anxiety, theirs are characterized by low satisfaction and a high break-up rate (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Kirkpatrick & Davis, 1994) but are also characterized by low intimacy (Levy & Davis, 1988).”

“Both Fredrickson (1998) and Shaver (see Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Shaver et al., 1988; Shaver, Morgan, & Wu, 1996) have argued that love is an emotion with distinct evolutionary roots (see also Buck, 1999).”

“…(eg., see (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Cohn,Silver,Cowan,Cowan, & Pearson, 1992b; Crowell & Feldman, 1988; Fonagy,Steele, & Steele, 1992; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Kobak,Ferenz-Gillies,Everhart, & Seabrook, 1991; Main, Kaplan, & Cassidy, 1985; Owens,Crowell,Pan,Treboux,O'Connor, & Waters,…”

“These kinds of response sets are described and explained by adult attachment theory (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007).”

“Because anxious individuals tend to be dependent on others’ acceptance of them for a sense of personal wellbeing (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), we expected these caregivers’ support efforts to be motivated primarily by a desire to meet strategic relationship goals (e.g., closeness, control) and an…”

“…or perceiving an infant as interfering with the parents’ romantic relationship may be more strongly associated with anxiety than avoidance (see Collins & Read, 1990, and Hazan & Shaver, 1987, for relevant research within adult relationships), and this expectation was borne out in the literature.”

“In studies of adolescents and adults, tests of these theoretical ideas have focused on attachment style—the systematic pattern of relational expectations, emotions, and behaviors that results from a particular history of interactions with attachment figures ( Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ).”

“Within this research, attachment was originally defined categorically—individuals were described as secure, anxious, or avoidant based on their response patterns (Ainsworth et al., 1978; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“As adults, they worry excessively about their relationships with others and tend to get too close to others, often scaring them away (Hazan and Shaver, 1987).”

“For example, Hazan and Shaver (1987) found that participants who classified themselves as securely attached scored higher than insecure persons in beliefs about (a) the existence of romantic love and (b) the possibility that, although romantic feelings wax and wane, they may reach the intensity experienced at the star…”

“These expectations develop later in childhood into structured mental models that consist of beliefs about how one should behave toward significant others and expectations of how one should be treated by them (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Instead of using their forced-choice assessment, a 10-item questionnaire was created based on the established attachment descriptions used by Hazan and Shaver (1987) .”