The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The causes, phenomenology, and consequences of hurt feelings.
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“Although the experience of social rejection is commonly accompanied by reports of various emotions (e.g., fear, sadness, anger, anxiety, and shame), it is generally assumed that these feelings cumulatively give rise to a unique experience of ' social pain ' (35 -37).”
From Social rejection shares somatosensory representations with physical pain (2011) · cites this paper as [36]
Citations
Cites
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Self-citationHuman Nature and the Social Order
Cooley, C. H. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203789513 · Cited by 4,847
Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis
Leary, M. R., Tambor, E. S., Terdal, S. K., & Downs, D. L. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.518 · Cited by 2,519
Self-citationSelf-conscious emotions: The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride.
Tangney, J. P., & Fischer, K. W. (1995) · Guilford Press eBooks · Cited by 1,430
Self-serving biases in the attribution process: A reexamination of the fact or fiction question.
Bradley, G. W. (1978) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.36.1.56 · Cited by 1,141
Positive illusions: creative self-deception and the healthy mind
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Point-Counterpoints: Anxiety and Social Exclusion
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Victim and perpetrator accounts of interpersonal conflict: Autobiographical narratives about anger.
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Koutsouros, V. M. (2003) · Digital Commons - PCOM (Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine)
The Effects of Self-Esteem on Attribution Making in Close versus Casual Relationships
O'Brien, P. (2003) · University of North Florida Digital Commons (University of North Florida)
Serial hurt in romantic relationships : toward an understanding of recurring hurtful interactions
Hampel, A. D. (2011) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library)
Managing relational transgressions with a social network member
Pederson, J. (2014) · doi:10.17077/etd.864llpl7
“Second, in terms of relational consequences, relational transgressions can pose a threat to either relational partner’s face (Metts, 1994), to a person’s goal of being loved (Feeney, 2005) and valued (Leary et al., 1998), and the perceived quality of the relationship (Afifi, Falato, & Weiner, 2001).”
BackgroundAssessing the Role of Remorse in Interpersonal Forgiveness
Gracyalny, M. L. (2011)
Forgive & Forget? Attitudes Towards Forgiveness in the Case of Multiple, Similar Offenses
DeSchiffart, E. (2013) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-759
“that one of the most common denominator of hurt feelings or being offended involves some kind of relational devaluation, meaning the perception that their partner does not view either themselves or their relationship as important, close, or valuable as they do (Leary et al., 1998).”
BackgroundInfluentialWhat are the Steps Involved in Self-Forgiveness?
Rourke, J. (2014)
Khalid, S., Ahmed, F., Ghalib, N., & Ahmed, F. (2014)
Xia, S. (2013) · ThinkTech (Texas Tech University)
Bippus, A. M., & Young, S. L. (2004) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.601983
Re-experiencing social versus physical pain and its influence on self-regulatory reserve
Knack, J. M. (2006) · UTA ResearchCommons (University of Texas Arlington)
Shadowed scar tissue: an in-depth literature review of interpersonal hurt in romantic relationships
Dickey, J. M. (2012) · K-State Research Exchange (Kansas State University)
Yandall, M. M. (2009) · Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver)
The Effect of Acetaminophen on Social Pain
Kozel, P. (2016)
Assessing Forgiveness: Development of a Brief, Broadly Applicable Self-report Measure
Law, M. K. (2009) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)
The impact of weight -related teasing on binge eating and mood.
Aubie, C. D. (2005) · Scholarship at UWindsor (University of Windsor)
SOCIAL TREATMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON SOCIALLY-ELEVATING CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
Popa, M. (2010) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3jh81
Hong, F., Cheng, K.-T., & Tran, T. P. T. (2018) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-018-9310-4
How do entrepreneurs react to investor rejection, try harder or move on?
Hua, Y. (2018) · doi:10.18297/etd/3134
“The emotions followed by a rejection that is expected can be sadness, remorse, shame, guilt, or self-pitying, while the emotions triggered by an unfair rejection are most likely to be anger, pain, powerlessness, and hatred (Fitness, 2012; Fitness and Fletcher, 1993; Leary et al., 1998; Richman and Leary, 2009).”
BackgroundRepair, Restoration, and Reintegration Following Work-Related Failures
Frey, E. (2018) · Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University)
Vallade, J. I. (2014) · The Research Repository @ WVU (West Virginia University) · doi:10.33915/etd.548
“…of a relational transgression or other negative relational event, there are often adverse consequences for the relationship (Cupach & Carson, 2002; Leary et al., 1998), which may include the decision to terminate a relationship (e.g., Afifi et al.; 2001; Breakwell, 1986) or the experience of…”
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Leone, J. (2020) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York)
Fonseca, A. L. (2019) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
Hovedoppgave ved Psykologisk Institutt
Maria, H. (2011)
Handle with Care: Agreeableness and Responses to Hurt Feelings
Kwok, S. M. (2021) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo)
A grounded theory of self-justifying : a life of rural women in Tanzania
Kaikkonen, R. (2021) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja
Seeking a balance: Women's experiences as mothers of young adolescents.
Harrison, C. G. (2000) · doi:10.24124/2000/bpgub149
Vangelisti, A. L. (2015) · The International Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication · doi:10.1002/9781118540190.wbeic178
Ostracism and Life Satisfaction among Turkish Adolescents: The Role of Self-Efficacy as Mediator
Mercan, Ç. S. (2022) · Education Quarterly Reviews · doi:10.31014/aior.1993.05.04.652
Ostracism; How it Influences Life: An Overview
-, D. S., & Pareek, S. (2023) · International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research · doi:10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i05.6419
Visual-related conflicts in close relationships
Lucchesi, F., & Lobinger, K. (2024) · Visual Communication · doi:10.1177/14703572231213936
“Conflicts commonly follow a situation perceived as a form of betrayal (Leary et al., 1998), for example, extradyadic sexual relations or sharing information meant to be private (Feeney, 2004).”
Ludwig, J. M., Koetke, J., & Schumann, K. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/vmjxu
Neoh, M. J. Y. (2024) · DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) · doi:10.32657/10356/174933
The Negative Effect of Ostracism and Other Forms of Social Exclusion on Emotions
Wesselmann, E. D., Pfundmair, M., Spoor, J. R., & Moons, W. G. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544754.013.42
Ray, C. D., & Floyd, K. (2025) · Communication Studies · doi:10.1080/10510974.2025.2532497
“Negative relational ramifications were measured using a subset of three items adapted from the Consequences of Hurtful Episodes Scale (Leary et al., 1998).”
The effects of emotion regulation on couples
Sha’ked, A., Rokach, A., & Zverling, E. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-31320-2.00029-8
Sanacore, P. (2011) · Cornerstone (Minnesota State University, Mankato)
The Effects of Social Support and Sensitivity to Ostracism on Smoking Outcomes in College Students
Levine, S. (2006) · University Libraries (University of Maryland)
Social smerte i det moderne arbejdsliv ud fra et arbejdspsykologisk perspektiv
Baldursson, E. B. (2012) · Tidsskrift for Forskning i Sygdom og Samfund · doi:10.7146/tfss.v9i16.6998
Your brain learns from rejection − here’s how it becomes your compass for connection
Babür, B. G. (2025) · The Conversation · doi:10.64628/aai.f5jxrrdeg
Wood, J. V. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009381949.013
How Communal Relational Contexts Shape (and Are Shaped by) Emotional Lives
Clark, M. S., Adkins, C., Chughtai, M. K., & Elizabeth, H. S. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009381949.019
Castro, I., & Fernández, S. (2026) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672261418066
Fekih‐Romdhane, F., Alhuwailah, A., Sakr, F., Chaibi, L. S., Helmy, M., Shuwiekh, H. A. M., Boudouda, N. E., Zarrouq, B., Naser, A. Y., Jebreen, K., et al. (2026) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2026.2650849 · Cited by 3
It’s not personal: the use of deflections in social rejections
Freedman, G., Lutz, S., Sonnenberg, A., Okland, S., & Beer, J. S. (2026) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2026.2661015
Exploration of Hurtful Events Among Ghanaian Couples
Quaye, R. A., Tutu, A. O., & Anum, A. (2026) · Marriage & Family Review · doi:10.1080/01494929.2026.2659143
“Participants in this study reported experiences of deception that align with earlier research, suggesting it undermines the security and integrity of relationships, resulting in distrust and uncertainty (Feeney, 2004; Leary et al., 1998).”
Social Ball: An immersive research paradigm to study social ostracismPreprint
Ren, D., Rosenbusch, H., Kip, A., van Dijk, E., Meral, E. O., & van Beest, I. (2023) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
(2026) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp.80.c3
Contrasting English and Polish Emotion Clusters
Lewandowska‐Tomaszczyk, B., & Wilson, P. A. (2026) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp.80
(2026) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp.80.c1
(2026) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp.80.index
Lewandowska‐Tomaszczyk, B., & Wilson, P. A. (2026) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp.80.c2
Appendix 5. GRID features characterised by the arousal dimension
(2026) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp.80.app5
(2026) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp.80.c13
(2026) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp.80.ack
(2026) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp.80.app1
Compassion, sympathy and empathy
(2026) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp.80.c5
(2026) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp.80.c7
(2026) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp.80.c6
(2026) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp.80.intro
Shame, guilt, embarrassment and humiliation
(2026) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp.80.c11
Research methodology and materials
(2026) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp.80.c4
Appendix 6. GRID features characterised by the novelty dimension
(2026) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp.80.app6
(2026) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp.80.pre
Appendix 3. GRID features characterised by the valence dimension
(2026) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp.80.app3
Appendix 4. GRID features characterised by the power dimension
(2026) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp.80.app4
(2026) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp.80.c10
(2026) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp.80.toc
(2026) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp.80.app2
Love, Happiness, Joy, Contentment and Ecstasy
(2026) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp.80.c12
(2026) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp.80.c8
(2026) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp.80.c9
(2026) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp.80.prelim
(2026) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp.80.refs
Greer, C. L. (2011) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/h93q-bt93
The Transgressor's Response to a Rejected Request for Forgiveness
Jennings, D. J. (2010) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/j4f6-w291
Professional Hurt: The Untold Stories
Brown, R. M. (2018) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Former SADF soldiers' experience of betrayal: a phenomenological study
Olivier, D. (2013) · Unisa Institutional Repository (University of South Africa)
Otabe, T. (2011) · The Japanese Journal of Personality · doi:10.2132/personality.20.127
Metadata
- Authors
- Leary, M. R., Springer, C., Negel, L., Ansell, E., & Evans, K.
- Affiliations
- Wake Forest University (US)
- University of Memphis (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1998-05
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1225-1237
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2076067670
- Cited by
- 485
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 7.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
- Keywords
- hurt feelings, emotional pain, interpersonal conflict, social rejection
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