The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The causes, phenomenology, and consequences of hurt feelings.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Although the experience of social rejection is commonly accompanied by reports of various emotions (e.g., fear, sadness, anger, anxiety, and shame), it is generally assumed that these feelings cumulatively give rise to a unique experience of ' social pain ' (35 -37).”
From Social rejection shares somatosensory representations with physical pain (2011) · cites this paper as [36]
Citations
Cites
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life.
Naegele, K. D., & Goffman, E. (1956) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2089106 · Cited by 26,049
The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.117.3.497 · Cited by 23,245
Self-citationHuman Nature and the Social Order
Cooley, C. H. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203789513 · Cited by 4,847
Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis
Leary, M. R., Tambor, E. S., Terdal, S. K., & Downs, D. L. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.518 · Cited by 2,519
Self-citationSelf-conscious emotions: The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride.
Tangney, J. P., & Fischer, K. W. (1995) · Guilford Press eBooks · Cited by 1,430
Self-serving biases in the attribution process: A reexamination of the fact or fiction question.
Bradley, G. W. (1978) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.36.1.56 · Cited by 1,141
Positive illusions: creative self-deception and the healthy mind
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-4168 · Cited by 790
Point-Counterpoints: Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Baumeister, R. F., & Tice, D. M. (1990) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.1990.9.2.165 · Cited by 743
Victim and perpetrator accounts of interpersonal conflict: Autobiographical narratives about anger.
Baumeister, R. F., Stillwell, A. M., & Wotman, S. R. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.5.994 · Cited by 657
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Why Does Social Exclusion Hurt? The Relationship Between Social and Physical Pain.
MacDonald, G., & Leary, M. R. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.2.202 · Cited by 1,712
“In support of this notion, hurt feelings have been shown to arise from the perception that one is less valued by another person or group than one wishes (Leary et al., 1998, 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationNostalgia: content, triggers, functions
Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Arndt, J., & Routledge, C. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.975 · Cited by 1,252
Self-enhancement and self-protection: What they are and what they do
Alicke, M. D., & Sedikides, C. (2009) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463280802613866 · Cited by 952
Golden, T. D., Veiga, J. F., & Dino, R. N. (2008) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012722 · Cited by 841
Optimizing assurance: The risk regulation system in relationships.
Murray, S., Holmes, J. G., & Collins, N. L. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.641 · Cited by 811
Impoliteness: Using Language to Cause Offence
Culpeper, J. (2011) · Cited by 800
Interpersonal Rejection as a Determinant of Anger and Aggression
Leary, M. R., Twenge, J. M., & Quinlivan, E. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1002_2 · Cited by 748
“In fact, 80% of participants reported that they had expressed anger, and 62% indicated that they had said something "critical or nasty" to the person who had hurt their feelings (Leary et al., 1998).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSocial rejection shares somatosensory representations with physical pain
Kross, E., Berman, M. G., Mischel, W., Smith, E. E., & Wager, T. D. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1102693108 · Cited by 689
Teasing, rejection, and violence: Case studies of the school shootings
Leary, M. R., Kowalski, R. M., Smith, L., & Phillips, S. (2003) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.10061 · Cited by 691
“People who feel that another individual does not value their relationship as much as they would like often become hurt and angry, and sometimes behave aggressively [Leary and Springer, 2001; Leary et al., 1998].”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe disclosure dilemma for gay men and lesbians: "Coming out" at work.
Griffith, K. H., & Hebl, M. R. (2002) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.6.1191 · Cited by 586
“Our results are congruent with other research (e.g., Baumeister & Leary, 1995; Leary, Springer, Negel, Ansell, & Evans, 1998 ), which has shown that one of the most fundamental motivations that people possess is a need to belong and have social support, and this same motivation has profound implications in the workpla…”
ResultRobinson, S. L., O’Reilly, J., & Wang, W. (2012) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206312466141 · Cited by 591
Reactions to acceptance and rejection: Effects of level and sequence of relational evaluation
Buckley, K. M., Winkel, R. E., & Leary, M. R. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(03)00064-7 · Cited by 514
Self-citationBlackhart, G. C., Nelson, B. C., Knowles, M. L., & Baumeister, R. F. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868309346065 · Cited by 504
Sociometer theory and the pursuit of relational value: Getting to the root of self-esteem
Leary, M. R. (2005) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463280540000007 · Cited by 581
“For example, Leary et al. (1998b) found that rejecting events that hurt people’s feelings also tended to lower their self-esteem, and the magnitude of the reported change in self-esteem correlated with how rejected the individual felt.”
BackgroundSelf-citationAcetaminophen Reduces Social Pain: Behavioral and Neural Evidence
DeWall, C. N., MacDonald, G., Webster, G. D., Masten, C. L., Baumeister, R. F., Powell, C., Combs, D., Schurtz, D. R., Stillman, T. F., Tice, D. M., et al. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610374741 · Cited by 486
When rejection stings: How self-esteem constrains relationship-enhancement processes.
Murray, S., Rose, P., Bellavia, G. M., Holmes, J. G., & Kusche, A. G. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.83.3.556 · Cited by 386
Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., Routledge, C., Arndt, J., Hepper, E. G., & Zhou, X. (2015) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2014.10.001 · Cited by 348
Thwarting the Need to Belong: Understanding the Interpersonal and Inner Effects of Social Exclusion
Baumeister, R. F., Brewer, L. E., Tice, D. M., & Twenge, J. M. (2007) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00020.x · Cited by 312
“Hence, when people describe rejection experiences in physical terms (e.g., ‘hurt’ feelings; Leary et al., 1998), they are not entirely just using an analogy or metaphor.”
BackgroundEmotional responses to interpersonal rejection
Leary, M. R. (2015) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2015.17.4/mleary · Cited by 317
Self-citationSommer, K. L., Williams, K. D., Ciarocco, N. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2001) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2304_1 · Cited by 269
“…are consistent with a broader literature revealing that interpersonal rejection is painful and anxiety producing, causing lowered self-esteem (Leary et al., 1995, 1998; Nezlek, Kowalski, Leary, Blevins, & Holgate, 1997), depression (Garber, Robinson, Valentiner, 1997; Leary, 1990), and…”
BackgroundResult(2013) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp · Cited by 239
Hitlan, R. T., Cliffton, R. J., & DeSoto, M. C. (2006) · Cited by 227
Chen, Z.-S., Williams, K., Fitness, J., & Newton, N. (2008) · Psychology Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02158.x · Cited by 160
Am I Respected or Not?: Inclusion and Reputation as Issues in Group Membership
Cremer, D. D., & Tyler, T. R. (2005) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-005-7366-3 · Cited by 219
“Ample evidence exists that when people do not feel valued or included by their interaction partners, negative feelings like hurt and sadness may be elicited (Leary et al., 1998).”
BackgroundInfluentialWhen Words Hurt: The Effects of Perceived Intentionality on Interpersonal Relationships
Vangelisti, A. L., & Young, S. L. (2000) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407500173005 · Cited by 227
The doormat effect: When forgiving erodes self-respect and self-concept clarity.
Luchies, L. B., Finkel, E. J., McNulty, J. K., & Kumashiro, M. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017838 · Cited by 220
Affiliation, Acceptance, and Belonging: The Pursuit of Interpersonal Connection
Leary, M. R. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy002024 · Cited by 201
Self-citationFeeney, J. A. (2005) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1350-4126.2005.00114.x · Cited by 195
“First, consider the position that hurt feelings stem from the target’s perception that the offender values the relationship less highly than the target would like (Leary, 2001; Leary et al., 1998).”
Mosquera, P. M. R., Fischer, A. H., Manstead, A. S. R., & Zaalberg, R. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930701822272 · Cited by 208
“To ensure that participants reported insults that were significant to them, we assessed two core markers of the psychological significance of an insult: devaluation of self (Leary, Springer, Negel, Ansell, & Evans, 1998 ) and unfairness (Bourdieu, 1965 ).”
MethodLanguage exclusion and the consequences of perceived ostracism in the workplace.
Hitlan, R. T., Kelly, K. M., Schepman, S., Schneider, K. T., & Zárate, M. A. (2006) · Group Dynamics Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/1089-2699.10.1.56 · Cited by 185
Experiences and interpersonal consequences of hurt feelings and anger.
Lemay, E. P., Overall, N. C., & Clark, M. S. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030064 · Cited by 175
Lemay, E. P., & Clark, M. S. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.4.647 · Cited by 176
Feeney, J. A. (2004) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407504044844 · Cited by 171
“In their retrospective study of hurt feelings across relationship types, Leary et al. (1998) proposed six categories of hurtful events: active disassociation (defined as explicit rejection, abandonment, or ostracism); passive disassociation (implicit rejection, such as being ignored); criticism;…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBallinger, G. A., & Rockmann, K. W. (2010) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2010.51141732 · Cited by 175
Vangelisti, A. L., Young, S. L., Carpenter‐Theune, K. E., & Alexander, A. L. (2005) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650205277319 · Cited by 180
“I was Only Kidding!”: Victims’ and Perpetrators’ Perceptions of Teasing
Kowalski, R. M. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167200264009 · Cited by 159
“According to Leary et al. (1998), who found teasing to be one of the seven primary elicitors of hurt feelings, “teasing may be interpreted as veiled criticism, or as an indication that the perpetrator does not adequately value the victim or the relationship” (p. 1233).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSocial Comparison and Women's Body Satisfaction
Lin, L. F., & Kulik, J. A. (2002) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/153248302753674622 · Cited by 157
DeWall, C. N., Deckman, T., Pond, R. S., & Bonser, I. (2010) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00695.x · Cited by 170
Bachman, G. F., & Guerrero, L. K. (2006) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407506070476 · Cited by 154
“Categorization of hurtful events Ratings of hurtfulness vary based on the type of event (Feeney, 2004; Leary et al., 1998).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialRelational Outcomes of Multicommunicating: Integrating Incivility and Social Exchange Perspectives
Cameron, A., & Webster, J. (2010) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.1100.0540 · Cited by 167
“Research supports the detrimental effects of incivility on future relationships: uncivil exchanges can spiral into more negative future exchanges (Andersson and Pearson 1999), reduce helpfulness on subsequent tasks (Porath and Erez 2007), and permanently weaken relationships (Leary et al. 1998).”
BackgroundRejected and Excluded Forevermore, but Even More Devoted
Gómez, Á., Morales, J. F., Hart, S., Vázquez, A., & Swann, W. B. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211424580 · Cited by 164
Toward a Conceptualization of Interpersonal Rejection
Leary, M. R. (2006) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195130157.003.0001 · Cited by 146
Self-citationCharacteristics and Consequences of Interpersonal Complaints Associated with Perceived Face Threat
Cupach, W. R., & Carson, C. L. (2002) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407502019004047 · Cited by 143
Zimmer‐Gembeck, M. J., Nesdale, D., Webb, H. J., Khatibi, M., & Downey, G. (2016) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0127-y · Cited by 159
“In other studies, individuals had heightened tendency to withdraw from interactions following the presentation of events that implied rejection (Leary et al. 1998; Williams 2001; Zimmer-Gembeck and Nesdale 2013).”
BackgroundSocial Support and Money as Pain Management Mechanisms
Zhou, X., & Gao, D. (2008) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/10478400802587679 · Cited by 134
“Extensive empirical research has shown that social support buffers pain (see Brown, Sheffield, Leary, & Robinson, 2003 ; Leary, Springer, Negel, Ansell, & Evans, 1998 ; Phillips & Gatchel, 2000 ).”
Workplace ostracism and deviant and helping behaviors: The moderating role of 360 degree feedback
Peng, A. C., & Zeng, W. (2016) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2169 · Cited by 144
Coping with Rejection: Derogating Those Who Choose Us Last
Bourgeois, K. S., & Leary, M. R. (2001) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1023/a:1010661825137 · Cited by 126
“Along these lines, hurtful rejections cause people to devalue their relationships with those who have rejected them ( Leary, Springer, Negel, Ansell, & Evans, 1998 ), and people with low (but not high) self-esteem express a lower need for relationships and devalue their romantic partners after experiencing a threat to…”
BackgroundSelf-citationForgiveness, Apology, and Communicative Responses to Hurtful Events
Bachman, G. F., & Guerrero, L. K. (2006) · Communication Reports · doi:10.1080/08934210600586357 · Cited by 123
“Forgiveness In past studies, researchers have used single items to measure forgiveness (e.g., Boon & Sulsky, 1997; Leary et al., 1998; McCullough et al., 1998).”
BackgroundSocial Exclusion in Everyday Life
Wesselmann, E. D., Grzybowski, M. R., Steakley-Freeman, D. M., DeSouza, E., Nezlek, J. B., & Williams, K. D. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33033-4_1 · Cited by 129
Caution: Fragile! Regulating the interpersonal security of chronically insecure partners.
Lemay, E. P., & Dudley, K. L. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021655 · Cited by 115
Sabini, J., & Green, M. C. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204264012 · Cited by 111
Your Cheatin' Heart: Attitudes, Behaviors, and Correlates of Sexual Betrayal in Late Adolescents
Feldman, S. S., & Cauffman, E. E. (1999) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1207/s15327795jra0903_1 · Cited by 109
The Silent Majority: Manuscript Rejection and Its Impact on Scholars
Day, N. E. (2011) · Academy of Management Learning and Education · doi:10.5465/amle.2010.0027 · Cited by 110
Betrayal, Rejection, Revenge, and Forgiveness: An Interpersonal Script Approach
Fitness, J. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195130157.003.0004 · Cited by 104
“These findings support the central argument of this chapter that betrayal implies rejection and relational devaluation, or the realization that one's partner holds neither oneself nor the relationship in high regard (Leary et al., 1998).”
BackgroundContingencies of self-worth and responses to negative interpersonal feedback
Park, L. E., & Crocker, J. (2008) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860701398808 · Cited by 108
“Accordingly, when people are rejected by others they experience hurt feelings (Leary, Springer, Negel, Ansell, & Evans, 1998b ), anxiety (Leary, Koch, & Hechenbleikner, 2001 ) and loss of self-esteem (Leary, Tambor, Terdal, & Downs, 1995 ).”
BackgroundDePaulo, B. M., Ansfield, M. E., Kirkendol, S. E., & Boden, J. M. (2004) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2004.9646402 · Cited by 99
McLaren, R. M., Solomon, D. H., & Priem, J. S. (2011) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650210377896 · Cited by 97
“Previous studies have mainly focused on retrospective accounts of hurtful messages (e.g., Feeney, 2004, 2005; Leary et al., 1998; Vangelisti, 1994), which may be biased due to memory distortion (e.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA Script Analysis of Relational Boredom: Causes, Feelings, and Coping Strategies
Harasymchuk, C., & Fehr, B. (2010) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2010.29.9.988 · Cited by 96
Third-Party Forgiveness: (Not) Forgiving Your Close Other's Betrayer
Green, J. D., Burnette, J. L., & Davis, J. L. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167207311534 · Cited by 91
“We also note that first parties (who reported greater commitment to the perpetrator) reported greater negative affect (i.e., hurt, sadness, and depression) despite reporting less perceived offense severity; the willingness of those in close relationships to forgive in the face of strong hurt feelings is noteworthy (se…”
BackgroundShaver, P. R., Mikulincer, M., Lavy, S., & Cassidy, J. A. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511770548.007 · Cited by 91
Nostalgia’s place among self-relevant emotions
van Tilburg, W. A. P., Wildschut, T., & Sedikides, C. (2018) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2017.1351331 · Cited by 102
Tinder blue, mental flu? Exploring the associations between Tinder use and well-being
Her, Y., & Timmermans, E. (2020) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2020.1764606 · Cited by 86
“…close friends and partners than when in contact with strangers, implying that the better and the more serious the interpersonal relationship, the more likely people are susceptible to being hurt after rejection or exclusion (Leary et al., 1998; Rosen et al., 1987; Whitesell & Harter, 1996).”
BackgroundLeunissen, J. M., Cremer, D. D., Folmer, C. R., & van Dijke, M. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.12.005 · Cited by 83
Compassion revealed: What we know about compassion at work (and where we need to know more)
Lilius, J. M., Kanov, J. M., Dutton, J. E., Worline, M. C., & Maitlis, S. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · Cited by 82
Perspective Differences in the Construal of Lies: Is Deception in the Eye of the Beholder?
Gordon, A. K., & Miller, A. G. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167200261005 · Cited by 85
Theiss, J. A., Knobloch, L. K., Checton, M. G., & Magsamen‐Conrad, K. (2009) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2009.01364.x · Cited by 79
“Items assessing relational damage were derived from Leary et al.’s (1998) consequences of hurt scale, including perceptions that the hurtful episode weakened the relationship, decreased trust in the partner, and decreased liking for the partner.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSinclair, H. C., & Frieze, I. H. (2005) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-005-4203-4 · Cited by 78
“The person hurting the feelings of another individual views the situation very differently than the person having his or her feelings hurt ( Leary, Springer, Negel, Ansell, & Evans, 1998 ).”
BackgroundExperimentally Induced Security Influences Responses to Psychological Pain
Cassidy, J. A., Shaver, P. R., Mikulincer, M., & Lavy, S. (2009) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2009.28.4.463 · Cited by 82
“We used items gathered from previous studies that we expected to tap three dimensions: defensive/hostile responses, constructive responses, and crying (feeney, 2004; leary et al., 1998; vangelisti & young, 2000; vangelisti et al., 2005).”
Intentions in teasing: When "just kidding" just isn't good enough.
Kruger, J., Gordon, C. L., & Kuban, J. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.3.412 · Cited by 77
Johnson, H. D., Wernli, M. A., & LaVoie, J. C. (2013) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2012.670672 · Cited by 75
MacDonald, G. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511596544.034 · Cited by 75
“participant wrote, “Eventually I became angry, but initially it was just plain painful” ( Leary et al., 1998, p. 1235 ).”
BackgroundVerhallen, A., Renken, R., Marsman, J., & ter Horst, G. T. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217320 · Cited by 72
“To what extent the subjects were prone to experience hurt feelings was measured with the Hurt-Proneness Scale[19].”
MethodIn the wake of betrayal: Amends, forgiveness, and the resolution of betrayal
Hannon, P. A., Rusbult, C. E., Finkel, E. J., & KAMASHIRO, M. (2010) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01275.x · Cited by 73
Muise, A., Stanton, S. C. E., Kim, J. J., & Impett, E. A. (2016) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000046 · Cited by 72
“Given that in the context of romantic relationships, sexual rejection can be particularly painful (Leary et al., 1998) and people aim to minimize their vulnerability to rejection from their romantic partner (Murray et al.”
BackgroundKowalski, R. M. (2004) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.522 · Cited by 68
“Public teasing can lead to feelings of relational devaluation, lowered self-esteem, shame, and rage (Leary et al., 1998; Tedeschi, 2001).”
BackgroundMcDaniel, B. T., & Wesselmann, E. D. (2021) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1002/hbe2.255 · Cited by 68
“Indeed, psychological research demonstrates that participants report experiencing social exclusion as painful, both phenomenologically and neurologically (Eisenberger et al., 2003; Kross et al., 2011; Leary et al., 1998).”
BackgroundHard and soft emotion during conflict: Investigating married couples and other relationships
Sanford, K. (2007) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2006.00142.x · Cited by 66
McLaren, R. M., Solomon, D. H., & Priem, J. S. (2012) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01678.x · Cited by 65
Steer, O. L., Betts, L. R., Baguley, T. S., & Binder, J. F. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106297 · Cited by 82
Softening the Blow of Social Exclusion: The Responsive Theory of Social Exclusion
Freedman, G., Williams, K. D., & Beer, J. S. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01570 · Cited by 74
“Betrayal is one of the main elicitors of hurt feelings (Leary et al., 1998), and therefore ambiguous rejection may be problematic for protecting targets’ feelings.”
BackgroundInfluentialPenhaligon, N. L., Louis, W. R., & Restubog, S. L. D. (2009) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013288 · Cited by 63
Face and resilience in divorce
Frisby, B. N., Booth‐Butterfield, M., Dillow, M. R., Martin, M. M., & Weber, K. D. (2012) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407512443452 · Cited by 62
“Leary et al. (1998) explained that relational devaluation is a significant cause of hurt in interpersonal rejection.”
BackgroundOnce hurt, twice shy: Social pain contributes to social anxiety.
Fung, K., & Alden, L. E. (2016) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000223 · Cited by 62
Cunningham, M. R., Shamblen, S. R., Barbee, A. P., & Ault, L. K. (2005) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1350-4126.2005.00115.x · Cited by 61
Bollmer, J. M., Harris, M. J., Milich, R. S., & Georgesen, J. C. (2003) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.7104003 · Cited by 60
Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., & Cordaro, F. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6953-8_5 · Cited by 60
Priem, J. S., & Solomon, D. H. (2011) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2011.01353.x · Cited by 60
“…personal traits or values that were especially salient to participants, in light of research indicating that people are hurt, at least in part, by messages that are critical or convey devaluation (e.g., Leary et al., 1998; Vangelisti, 1994; Vangelisti, Young, Carpenter-Theune, & Alexander, 2005).”
BackgroundThe Effect of Under- and Over-Benefited Support Gaps on Hurt Feelings, Esteem, and Relationships
McLaren, R. M., & High, A. C. (2015) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650215605155 · Cited by 71
Age differences in forgivingness: The role of transgression frequency and intensity
Steiner, M., Allemand, M., & McCullough, M. E. (2011) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2011.09.004 · Cited by 59
Stinson, D. A., Cameron, J. J., Wood, J. V., Gaucher, D. M., & Holmes, J. G. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167209338629 · Cited by 61
“People who doubt that they will be liked by others often experience negative mood (Leary et al., 1998).”
Hui, V. K., & Bond, M. H. (2009) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407508100312 · Cited by 59
Virtual harassment: media characteristics' role in psychological health
Ford, D. P. (2013) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/jmp-12-2012-0398 · Cited by 62
Peer Rejection in Everyday Life
Asher, S. R., Rose, A. J., & Gabriel, S. W. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195130157.003.0005 · Cited by 58
Hurt Feelings among New Acquaintances: Moderating Effects of Interpersonal Familiarity
Snapp, C. M., & Leary, M. R. (2001) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407501183001 · Cited by 57
Self-citationInteroceptive Awareness as a Moderator of Affective Responses to Social Exclusion
Werner, N. S., Kerschreiter, R., Kindermann, N. K., & Duschek, S. (2013) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027/0269-8803/a000086 · Cited by 66
Victim-perpetrator differences in reports of hurtful events
Feeney, J. A., & Hill, A. (2006) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407506065985 · Cited by 55
“Based on measures used by Leary et al. (1998), 3 of these items assessed each partner’s appraisal of the victim’s distress at the time of the incident; that is, how hurt, rejected, and accepted (reverse-scored) the victim felt.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialKowalski, R. M., Walker, S., Wilkinson, R., Queen, A., & Sharpe, B. (2003) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075030204003 · Cited by 55
“In other words, people betray us, lie to us, and maliciously tease us when they no longer value their relationship with us as much as they once did (Leary et al., 1998).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialFactors that Influence Recipients’ Appraisals of Hurtful Communication
Young, S. L. (2004) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407504042833 · Cited by 54
“Indeed, research has shown that hurtful comments can be assessed positively or negatively (Leary et al., 1998; Vangelisti & Young, 2000).”
BackgroundBeing valued and devalued at work: A social valuing perspective.
Dutton, J. E., Debebe, G., & Wrzesniewski, A. (2016) · Cited by 53
Potipiroon, W., & Ford, M. T. (2019) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12263 · Cited by 53
Metadata
- Authors
- Leary, M. R., Springer, C., Negel, L., Ansell, E., & Evans, K.
- Affiliations
- Wake Forest University (US)
- University of Memphis (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1998-05
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1225-1237
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2076067670
- Cited by
- 485
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 7.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
- Keywords
- hurt feelings, emotional pain, interpersonal conflict, social rejection
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
