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Cited by 2,103Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMental Health Research TopicsPersonality Traits and Psychology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 11 of the 11 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The two general activation systems of affect: Structural findings, evolutionary considerations, and psychobiological evidence

Watson, David, Wiese, David, Vaidya, Jatin, Tellegen, Auke·1999·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.820
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Abstract

D. Watson and A. Tellegen (19X5') proposed a "consensual " structure of affect based on J. A. Russell's (1980) circumplcx. The authors " review of the literature indicates that this 2-factor model captures robust structural properties of self-rated mood. Nevertheless, the evidence also indicates that the circumplcx does not fit the data closely and needs to be refined. Most notably, the model's dimensions are not entirely independent: moreover, with the exception of Pleasantness—Unpleasantness, they are not completely bipolar. More generally, the data suggest a model that falls somewhere between classic simple structure and a true circumplex. The authors then examine two of the dimensions imbedded in this structure, which they label Negative Activation (NA) and Positive Activation (PA). The authors argue that PA and NA represent the subjective components of broader biobchavioral systems of approach and withdrawal, respectively. The authors conclude by demonstrating how this framework helps to clarify various affect-related phenomena, including circadian rhythms, sleep, and the mood disorders. On the basis of a review and reanalysis of the existing data, Watson and Tellegen (1985) concluded that "a basic twodimensional structure of affect emerges across a number of different lines of research and a very large number of analyses " (p. 234).

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Crossref · 10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.820

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11 of 11 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Metadata

Authors
Watson, D., Wiese, D., Vaidya, J., & Tellegen, A.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
1999-05
Volume
76
Issue
5
Pages
820-838
ISSN
  • 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-1315
DOI
10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.820
OpenAlex
W2147863532
Cited by
2,103
References
11
Citations by year
2026: 36 · 2025: 59 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 100 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 128 · 2018: 101 · 2017: 71 · 2016: 90 · 2015: 103 · 2014: 94 · 2013: 95 · 2012: 114
FWCI
56.54
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Keywords
circumplex model of affect, circadian rhythm, sleep, mood disorders, evolutionary psychology of emotion

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